Introduction: The pronation position can have an effect on increasing and stabilizing oxygen saturation in premature babies. The pronation position is given to premature babies when the premature baby's oxygen saturation is 90 percent with a pronation position intervention duration of 30 minutes to 3 hours. Analyzing the effect of the pronation position on the oxygenation status of premature babies using mechanical ventilation in the NICU Room at Sukabumi Hospital. Research Method: The research design used by researchers is Quasy experimental with a one-group pre-post test design approach. Data analysis in this study was a paired categorical bivariate comparative analysis which aimed to determine the effect of pronation position on the oxygenation status of premature babies using mechanical ventilation as measured using a questionnaire before being given the intervention (pretest) and after being given the intervention (posttest). Results: Most of the respondents, namely 40 babies or 95.2%, had oxygen saturation <95% before being given the pronation position. Most of the respondents, namely 36 babies or 86%, had oxygen saturation ≥95% after being given the pronation position. Conclusion: There is an influence of the pronation position on the oxygenation status of premature babies using mechanical ventilation in the NICU Room at a hospital in Sukabumi. The paired t-test p-value was obtained at 0.003 or smaller than the alpha value of 0.05.

Introduction: Industrial companies in the West Java region growing rapidly to the point of having strict work activities and still finding incidents of human error in the company works 1-2% which correlates with performance to minimize accidents Work through increasing the implementation of occupational health safety. Target: Analyzing the relationship between the implementation of occupational health safety and work accidents among industrial workers at companies in the West Java region. Research Method: Descriptive correlation research method with a cross sectional approach. The total sample was 125 workers with a sampling technique using random sampling. The instruments used were valid and reliable questionnaires including the occupational safety and health application questionnaire (Cronbach Alpha value 0.954) and the work accident questionnaire (Cronbach Alpha value 0.934). Univariate data analysis uses distribution frequency calculations and bivariate data analysis uses the Chi-Square test. Results: The results of the study showed that the majority (63.2%) of the implementation of occupational health safety among industrial workers in companies in the West Java region was good and the majority (57.6%) of industrial workers in companies in the West Java region were high, there were no incidents. work accident. There is a relationship between the implementation of occupational health safety (p-value 0.000) and work accidents among industrial workers at companies in the West Java region. Conclusion: Recommendations for Indonesian workers need to improve their personal competence through training or attending regular workshops on the implementation of occupational safety and health to minimize work accidents.

Introduction: Patient safety culture is an important factor in efforts to reduce incidents that can stimulate nurses' work stress. The implementation of a patient safety culture is carried out to protect nurses as providers of health services and patients as recipients of health services from management errors or injuries resulting from interventions into comprehensive, fair, open, learning and informative reporting, so that work stress can be controlled. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between the implementation of patient safety culture and the work stress of Indonesian nurses at Kuwait Regional Hospital. Research Methods: The research method uses quantitative descriptive correlation type research using a cross sectional approach. The population is 60 Indonesian nurses and the sampling technique uses total sampling. Data collection techniques using primary data by distributing questionnaires. The questionnaire consists of implementation of patient safety culture variables (reliability value 0.91) and work stress variables (reliability value 0.98). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Results: The research results showed that the implementation of patient safety culture was going well and very well at (68%), work stress shows a high level of work stress of 75% category and there was a significant relationship (p-value 0.015) between of the implementation of patient safety culture and the work stress of Indonesian nurses in hospitals in the Kuwait region. Conclusion: It is hoped that the results of this research will provide information for hospitals to further improve patient safety culture and the need to design workshop programs or training on coping mechanisms and work stress management on a regular basis as well as implementing Family Gathering of Nursing.

Background: Color blindness, a condition affecting the accurate perception of certain colors, holds unique significance in the diverse terrain of Himachal Pradesh, known for its cultural vibrancy. Despite its prevalence globally, there exists a research void concerning the awareness levels, types, and socio-cultural impact of color blindness in this region. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed to gauge color blindness awareness among 400 adults in Himachal Pradesh. A Google Form questionnaire, including socio-demographic details and 20 knowledge-related questions, was utilized. Participants were scored based on their responses, categorized into Very Good, Good, Fair, and Poor knowledge levels. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: The study revealed varying knowledge levels, with 31.75% demonstrating Very Good knowledge, 41% Good, 16.25% Fair, and 11% Poor. Identified knowledge gaps include limited awareness of assistive technologies (16.5%) and low recognition of famous individuals with color blindness (2.75%). Region-specific insights highlighted 40.25% awareness of local initiatives supporting individuals with color blindness. Conclusion: The study underscores the need for targeted awareness campaigns, educational initiatives addressing knowledge gaps, and region-specific interventions. Findings contribute to the broader discourse on color blindness, emphasizing the importance of context-specific strategies for inclusive well-being.

Background: The healthcare landscape has witnessed a transformative shift towards opioid-free anesthesia, necessitated by the challenges posed by the opioid epidemic. This study explores the knowledge dynamics surrounding opioid-free anesthesia among healthcare workers in District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. Drawing from the unique cultural and geographical context, the research aims to contribute insights that can inform tailored interventions and elevate anesthesia practices in the region. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August to November 2023 among 100 healthcare workers in District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. A descriptive research approach was employed, utilizing a Google Form questionnaire comprising 20 structured questions. The questions covered socio-demographic data and assessed knowledge regarding opioid-free anesthesia. Data analysis employed Epi Info V7 Software, incorporating descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed diverse knowledge levels among participants. Of the 100 healthcare workers surveyed, 21 exhibited very good knowledge, 36 demonstrated good knowledge, 25 had fair knowledge, and 18 displayed poor knowledge. Responses varied across specific knowledge areas, with higher proficiency in defining and enumerating the benefits of opioid-free anesthesia. However, opportunities for improvement were identified in areas such as the mechanisms of action of opioids, alternative analgesic agents, and economic considerations. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of targeted educational interventions in enhancing knowledge about opioid-free anesthesia among healthcare workers in Kinnaur. Benchmarking against existing Indian studies reveals a broader imperative for comprehensive training and awareness initiatives. The study's implications extend to healthcare practices in Kinnaur, emphasizing the potential benefits of opioid-free anesthesia and the need for addressing knowledge gaps to facilitate successful implementation.

Background: Menstrual hygiene is a vital aspect of women's reproductive health, influencing overall well-being. This study addresses the knowledge gaps and awareness levels regarding menstrual hygiene practices and common menstrual disorders among women in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh. Recognizing the cultural and regional nuances in menstrual health, this research aims to contribute insights for targeted interventions in this picturesque Himalayan region. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between August 2023 and November 2023 in District Solan. The study included 400 women of reproductive age, both urban (41.75%) and rural (58.25%), residing in the district for at least 12 months. A Google Form questionnaire assessed socio-demographic information and knowledge on menstrual hygiene and disorders. The tool's validity was ensured through expert evaluation. Data collection employed online modes, and statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study revealed a commendable overall awareness level, with 82% correctly identifying essential menstrual hygiene practices. While 74.25% demonstrated good knowledge of sanitary products, 59.75% lacked clarity on selection factors. Regarding disposal, 55.5% understood hygienic practices. Additional personal hygiene practices were recognized by 69.75%, and 54.75% were aware of the environmental impact of menstrual products. Community awareness strategies were acknowledged by 71.5% of participants. Knowledge about common menstrual disorders varied, with 32% demonstrating very good knowledge, while 13.5% exhibited poor knowledge. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to enhance menstrual hygiene awareness in District Solan. While overall awareness is encouraging, specific areas, including product selection and disposal, require focused educational initiatives. The study provides a foundation for community-specific interventions, emphasizing the importance of holistic menstrual health education for improved reproductive outcomes.

Background: The escalating prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, notably low backache (LBA), necessitates a comprehensive understanding of preventive factors and practices. "Lumbar Literacy" delves into the awareness and knowledge levels among the general public in Himachal Pradesh, considering the region's unique demographic and cultural nuances. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed in the state of Himachal Pradesh from July 2023 to October 2023. The study encompassed 400 adults residing in the region for a minimum of 12 months. Utilizing a Google Form questionnaire, participants were assessed on socio-demographic factors and knowledge regarding preventive measures for LBA. The scoring system categorized knowledge levels as very good, good, fair, or poor. Results: Of the 400 respondents, 25.75% demonstrated very good knowledge, 31% good knowledge, 25.5% fair knowledge, and 17.75% poor knowledge regarding preventive factors for LBA. While a majority showed awareness of posture and engagement in physical exercises, knowledge gaps were identified in dietary habits and specific stretching exercises. Conclusion: The study underscores the need for context-specific public health strategies in Himachal Pradesh, acknowledging the influence of lifestyle factors, age, and cultural practices. Bridging knowledge gaps could enhance lumbar literacy, contributing to proactive approaches in mitigating the burden of low backache.

Background: Cervical cancer poses a significant global health threat, necessitating targeted awareness and knowledge initiatives. This study explores the landscape of cervical cancer awareness in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, considering the unique interplay of tradition and modernity in the region. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, encompassing 400 adults residing in District Shimla from August 2023 to November 2023. A Google Form questionnaire assessed socio-demographics and knowledge about cervical cancer, with scoring categorized as very good, good, fair, and poor. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, emphasizing frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed a mixed knowledge landscape, with 30.5% demonstrating very good knowledge, 34.5% good knowledge, 23.5% fair knowledge, and 11.5% poor knowledge. Gaps in understanding the role of HPV (47.75%) and the stages of cervical cancer (31%) were identified. However, community awareness initiatives, such as campaigns (73%), exhibited positive impact. Conclusion: The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to enhance cervical cancer awareness in District Shimla. Addressing knowledge gaps, particularly regarding HPV and cancer stages, is crucial. Tailored initiatives considering cultural and socio-economic factors can amplify the success of awareness campaigns.

Background: Breast cancer poses a significant health challenge globally, particularly in India, where it ranks as the most prevalent cancer among women. District Chamba in Himachal Pradesh reflects the broader complexities faced by women in accessing timely information and resources related to breast health. This study aims to comprehensively assess awareness of breast cancer warning signs and self-examination practices among reproductive-age women in District Chamba. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August to October 2023 in District Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. The study included 400 women of reproductive age residing in the district for at least 12 months. A Google Form questionnaire, comprising socio-demographic and breast health knowledge questions, was employed. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7, and knowledge scores were categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Results: Of the 400 participants, 40.75% were from urban areas, and 59.25% were from rural areas. While 64.5% could name three common breast cancer warning signs, gaps in knowledge were evident, with 44.75% aware of global breast cancer prevalence. Notably, 50.25% reported performing breast self-examinations. Knowledge scores revealed 24.25% with very good knowledge, 30.75% with good knowledge, 29.5% with fair knowledge, and 15.5% with poor knowledge. Conclusion: The study highlights variations in breast cancer awareness among women in District Chamba, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Disparities in knowledge, misconceptions, and underutilization of clinical examinations and mammography underscore the necessity for context-specific awareness campaigns. The findings contribute valuable insights for developing comprehensive strategies to empower women in District Chamba with accurate knowledge and practices for early breast cancer detection.

Peripheral smear study is used to diagnosis the disease condition in blood components, for the peripheral smear stain the most commonly used staining is Romanowsky-type stain they are neutral stain and it is most widely used for the examination of blood from the blood films. Leishman stain is the type of Romanowsky stain, Leishman stain is the mixture of Methylene blue and Eosin dye, it stains the blood cells in violet color, Leishman stain is habitually used stain in hematology. Field’s stain is named after physician John Willian Field, he developed it in 1941. Field’s stain is the combination of Methylene blue, Azure I, Eosin Y dye and the fixative is methanol. Field’s stain is rapid stain used primarily on thin films for malarial parasites, Field’s stain is routinely used in hematology and cytopathologyp. Field’s satin is extremely fast stain. In the present study was comparing the Leishman stain and Field’s stain for this study 60 patient sample is used. Two peripheral smears were prepared from each sample and totally 120 smears, each patients samples were stained in parallel with Leishman stain and Field’s stain. Staining time taken for Leishman stain is 15 minutes and the staining time taken for Field’s stain is 1 minute and the slides were observed under microscope 4, 10, 40 and 100× with oil immersion. The percentage were analyzed statistically. This study shows that Field’ stain better alternative for Leishman stain for routine peripheral smear study and this Field’ stain has advantages in the staining time, clarity view of blood cells and easy to identify the different leukocytes with crisp and clear view of granule of cell and the cytoplasm. Field’ s stain is the better alternative for Leishman stain.

Trichomonas vaginalis, Gene expression, Protein expression, Interleukins ,qPCR , Basrah.

Background: Sore throat, a pervasive health concern, impacts individuals globally, prompting medical attention due to its discomfort. This study delves into the awareness landscape of sore throat in District Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, recognizing the potential influence of environmental factors and local practices on health awareness. Materials and Methods: Employing a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, the study targeted adults residing in District Kullu for at least 12 months. A robust sample size of 400 participants was determined through a structured questionnaire, covering socio-demographic details and knowledge about sore throat. Data collection occurred between July 2023 and October 2023 using online platforms. The study utilized Epi Info V7 Software for data analysis. Results: Of the 400 participants, 81.5% demonstrated prior knowledge of sore throat. While a commendable understanding of causes (71.75%) and symptoms (80.25%) was observed, gaps in basic knowledge were identified. Notably, 66.25% recognized potential complications, emphasizing the importance of prompt medical attention. Environmental factors influencing sore throat were acknowledged by 65.25% of participants, while vaccination awareness stood at 26%. Hydration (44.5%) and home remedies (58%) received notable recognition. Participants expressed a collective self-awareness (42.75%) about sore throat in their community. Encouragingly, 69.75% exhibited interest in participating in community-based health education programs. Conclusion: District Kullu manifests a commendable baseline knowledge of sore throat, accentuated by nuanced gaps. Targeted health education initiatives, especially in vaccination awareness and care-seeking behaviors, are imperative.

There is a growing interest in metal oxide nanoparticles with unanticipated features that are different from traditional materials to fulfill the demands of these applications. Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were created by sol-gel and co-precipitation methods. In this study, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) were prepared by co-precipitation using NiCl₂ salt as a source of nickel nanoparticles and sodium hydroxide solution as a precipitating agent at room temperature and via sol-gel using citric acid (C₆H₈O₇.H₂O) and n-propanol (C₃H₇OH). The nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)₂ precipitate was obtained, then it was calcinated at 500°C to obtain the nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs). The structural, morphological, and spectral properties were confirmed and investigated by using   FE-SEM, TEM, and XRD, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the nickel oxide nanoparticles was investigated against several pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the well diffusion method. The results showed good to excellent activity.

Eosinophil counts in Covid 19 patients have been followed up as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator for the recovery or death of these patients by various workers. However, controversies still exist. In addition, there is little data to show if Absolute Eosinophil Count (AEC) would start to show a rising trend during patient’s road to recovery. This study hypothesized that AEC values would start to return towards normal as patients recovered from this illness. This study included 43 patients with Covid-19 infection treated in the ICU at Khoula Hospital, Muscat from 10th of May to 5th of August 2020. Seven readings of Absolute Eosinophil Count (AEC1 to AEC7) from the time of admission (AEC1) to discharge or death of patient (AEC7) from the ICU were statistically analyzed using paired ‘t’ test for patients who recovered or those who died. The aim of this study was to identify whether the sequential estimation of AEC with a rising trend can be a prognostic factor of recovery in our Covid 19 patient in Khoula Hospital ICU at Oman as compared to those who died. Our results showed that the values of AEC1 was zero in 38 out of 43 patients with the mean of 0.0190. Comparisons were made between AEC1 with other readings (AEC2 to AEC7) and they demonstrated no definite trend that could be attributed to the changes in treatment modality in patients while in ICU.

Diabetes and thyroid diseases are caused by endocrine dysfunction and both have been demonstrated to mutually impact on each other .Variation in thyroid hormone levels, even within the normal range, can trigger the onset of T2DM particularly in people with prediabetes. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common.T2DM reduces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) impairs the conversion of T4 to T3 in the peripheral tissues. Poorly managed T2DM can lead to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia which cause thyroid tissue proliferation and increased nodule formation and goiter size. Maternal and foetal health can be affected by both DM and TD. A significantly higher prevalence of hypothyroxinaemia is found in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Hypothyroidism can complicate the pregnancy include hypertension, preeclampsia, abruptio placentae, postpartum haemorrhage, impaired neuro development of the infant, preterm delivery and low birth weight. Hypothyroidoism in adults cause Cardiovascular problems, nerve injury, myxedema coma, death. Whereas diabetic patients with hyperthyroidism experience worsened glycaemic control. Complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis and endothelial dysfunction which increases the risk of cardiovascular comorbidities. A randomized cross sectional study of 50 patients comprising of 41 females and 9 males who were selected on the basis of diabetic group and non diabetic group for the study of samples who attended medicine OPD and IPD in A.C.S medical college and hospital. After getting consent from the patients, blood sample was collected. Serum sample taken for thyroid profile. Plasma sample taken for FBS and PPBS. Blood sugar level estimated by GOD-POD method. Serum T3, T4, TSH estimated by ELISA method. Out of 50 samples, 25 diabetic subjects, investigated (50%) i.e 24% had overt hypothyroidism and 10 % of overt hyperthyroidism and 8 % had subclinical hypothyroidism. thus .a total of 42 % patients showed thyroid disorder. Out of 50 samples, 25 control subjects, only 30% had abnormal thyroid status.

Background: Adolescence is a critical period marked by unique dietary habits that influence long-term health. In Himachal Pradesh, concerns have arisen regarding the dietary habits of school-going adolescents. This study aims to evaluate knowledge regarding healthy dietary habits and snacking patterns among school-going adolescents in Himachal Pradesh. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the entire state of Himachal Pradesh between April and July 2023. A sample of 400 school-going adolescents was surveyed using a Google Form questionnaire, covering socio-demographic data and 20 knowledge-related questions on healthy dietary habits. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Of the 400 respondents, 30.25% had very good knowledge, 38.25% had good knowledge, 17.25% had fair knowledge, and 14.25% had poor knowledge regarding healthy dietary habits. Key findings included 74.5% correctly identifying the importance of a balanced diet, 69% naming three essential food groups, and 54% recognizing the benefits of adequate water intake. However, knowledge gaps were identified in recommended fruit and vegetable servings, sugary drink limitations, and whole grain intake. Conclusion: This study highlights varying levels of knowledge among school-going adolescents in Himachal Pradesh regarding healthy dietary habits. While awareness exists in certain areas, opportunities for improvement remain, especially in aspects like fruit and vegetable servings and limiting sugary drinks. Targeted educational interventions are recommended to enhance dietary knowledge and promote healthier eating habits among adolescents in the region.

Vitamin D is crucial for maintaining healthy, mineralized bones and for preventing diseases like rickets and osteomalacia. Sunlight, diet, and supplementation are the three major ways that most individuals get their vitamin D. In the previous ten years, a number of diseases, including diabetes mellitus and hypertension, have been connected to low blood concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). People with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are far more likely to be vitamin D3 deficient Conclusion: The possibility of developing T2DM is linked to Vit D deficiency. Lower levels of Vit D3 is highly common in the trial participants, and its percentage was higher in females. Diabetic elders exhibited significantly lower serum levels of vitamin D3.Iraqi patients had high rates of vitamin D deficiency; inadequacy was considerably increased by age, gender, and diabetes or hypertension. The presented review summarizes some studies done in Iraq and some other countries in regards to the link between a lack of vitamin D3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Corneal blindness is a global health issue affecting millions of individuals, and eye donation coupled with corneal transplants offers hope for restoring vision. However, awareness and knowledge about these critical aspects of eye healthcare vary across different regions, including District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. This study, titled "Vision of Hope," aims to assess the levels of awareness and knowledge regarding eye donation and corneal transplants in District Kangra, providing insights into the current understanding and identifying areas for improvement. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 adults residing in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, using a structured questionnaire. The survey spanned from April 2023 to July 2023, targeting residents aged 18 and above. The questionnaire covered socio-demographic information and 20 knowledge-related questions related to eye donation and corneal transplants. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software, and results were presented in frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed that 69% of participants understood the concept of eye donation and its contributions to medical advancements. However, only 30.25% could explain the importance of corneal transplants in restoring vision. Approximately 33% were aware of the eye donation process, and 21.75% had considered becoming eye donors. Knowledge about eligibility criteria, timely donation, and family roles varied. Moreover, 35.75% acknowledged the influence of religious and cultural beliefs. While 63.5% recognized the need for public education, only 6.25% identified potential financial or logistical barriers. Conclusion: This study highlights the varying levels of awareness and knowledge regarding eye donation and corneal transplants among District Kangra's general population. While there is a commendable understanding of the significance of eye donation, knowledge gaps exist in several areas. The findings underscore the importance of targeted awareness campaigns, educational programs, and community engagement initiatives to foster a culture of hope and empathy. Ultimately, these efforts can contribute to restoring sight and transforming lives through eye donation and corneal transplants.

Background: Colors are an integral part of our world, shaping our experiences and perceptions. However, for many, this colorful tapestry is altered due to color blindness, a condition that affects the accurate perception of specific colors. This study explores the levels of awareness and knowledge about color blindness among the general population in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, a region characterized by its diverse activities and landscapes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in District Kangra from April to July 2023, involving 400 adults. A structured questionnaire, covering socio-demographic data and knowledge about color blindness, its types, and its impact, was administered. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software, and ethical considerations were maintained. Results: The study revealed that 58.25% of participants could define color blindness, but significant knowledge gaps existed, particularly regarding types and prevalence. Only 49.75% could name common types, and 30.25% estimated its prevalence accurately. Awareness about gender-related aspects was limited, with 44% unaware of its higher prevalence in males. However, 53.25% recognized the impact on daily life and careers, emphasizing the need for support and accommodation. Knowledge regarding tools and support mechanisms was low (16.25% and 24.5%, respectively). Local initiatives and awareness campaigns were known to 39.5%, and 38.5% believed that schools should include color blindness awareness in their curricula. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for comprehensive color blindness awareness campaigns in District Kangra, emphasizing types, prevalence, and gender-related aspects. Educational institutions can play a pivotal role in promoting understanding and support. Additionally, efforts should focus on disseminating information about available tools and support mechanisms. By addressing these knowledge gaps, District Kangra can foster inclusivity and empathy for individuals affected by color blindness.

Background: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are burgeoning global non-communicable diseases (NCDs) with profound public health implications. This study explores the levels of awareness and knowledge concerning the risk factors and prevention of hypertension and diabetes in Himachal Pradesh, a state nestled in the Himalayan foothills, where unique cultural and geographical factors may influence disease understanding. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 400 adults in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, was conducted from April to June 2023. A structured questionnaire assessed socio-demographic information and knowledge about hypertension and diabetes. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, and ethical considerations were adhered to throughout. Results: The study revealed that 31.0% (124) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards Risk Factors and Prevention of Hypertension and Diabetes, 39% (156) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 15.5% (62) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 14.5% (58) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). While awareness was generally high, there were opportunities for improvement in knowledge related to risk factors, prevention strategies, and specific aspects of diabetes management. Nevertheless, the majority recognized the importance of early detection, lifestyle modifications, and community-level initiatives. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of maintaining and enhancing awareness and knowledge about hypertension and diabetes in Himachal Pradesh. It highlights the success of previous public health campaigns while identifying areas for targeted interventions. By promoting awareness and informed actions, this region can strive for improved well-being and reduced NCD burden.

Background: Menopause is a significant life transition, marking the end of a woman's reproductive years and bringing hormonal, physical, and psychological changes. Despite its importance, women's awareness of menopause varies due to factors like education and location. This study assesses menopausal awareness among women in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, aiming to identify knowledge gaps for targeted interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and July 2023 among 400 menopausal women. A Google form questionnaire covered socio-demographics and 20 knowledge-related questions. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7. Results: Findings revealed varying levels of awareness among participants. Notably, 68.75% recognized sudden menstruation cessation during menopause, but only 25.75% understood hereditary factors affecting menopause timing. Misconceptions existed, such as thinness accelerating menopause (30.5%). Some aspects, like hot flashes (71%) and osteoporosis risk (66%), were well understood. However, only 37.75% recognized increased cardiovascular risk, highlighting an essential knowledge gap. Addressing misconceptions and gaps through targeted campaigns and education is vital. Conclusion: While many women displayed good awareness, specific aspects of menopause require attention. Empowering women with accurate knowledge is essential for informed health decisions during this transformative phase. This study forms a foundation for public health initiatives to enhance menopausal awareness in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a persistent global health challenge, with millions of lives affected and a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Despite medical advancements, TB endures, particularly in regions like Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, where public awareness plays a crucial role in disease control. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shimla between April and July 2023, assessing TB knowledge among 400 adults using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, and knowledge levels were categorized into four groups. Results: The study revealed robust awareness among participants, with 94.75% correctly identifying TB and 77.75% recognizing its symptoms. Awareness of transmission (58.75%), risk factors (49.5%), and diagnosis (81.75%) was substantial. However, gaps existed in vaccination awareness (22%), differentiating latent and active TB (23.25%), and preventive measures for latent TB (21.75%). Respondents recognized government programs (64.5%) but lacked knowledge of drug-resistant TB treatment (31%) and the role of directly observed therapy (47.25%). Importantly, 78% acknowledged the community's role in raising awareness and reducing stigma. Conclusion: Shimla's residents exhibit commendable TB awareness but require targeted education on vaccination, latent TB, and preventive measures. Tailored public health campaigns are vital for addressing these gaps and strengthening the community's role in TB control.

Background: The Indian subcontinent, including Shimla, has witnessed a surge in diabetes cases. Shimla, located in the Himalayan region, has experienced a transition to an urbanized lifestyle, exacerbating diabetes prevalence. Addressing this challenge necessitates understanding the public's awareness of diabetes and its preventive aspects. Methods: A descriptive research approach was employed to assess diabetes knowledge in the general public of Shimla. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April 2023 to July 2023. The study targeted adults (n = 400) residing in Shimla for ≥12 months, using a structured Google Form questionnaire. The survey encompassed socio-demographic data and 20 questions evaluating participants' diabetes knowledge. Correct responses were scored, and knowledge levels categorized (very good, good, fair, poor) for analysis. Data was collected online and analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: Among the 400 participants, 69.75% were urban and 30.25% rural residents. The survey revealed varying levels of knowledge: 90.25% were familiar with diabetes mellitus, 81.75% could name common symptoms, and 71.75% recognized risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Family history's impact (68.5%) and physical inactivity's relevance (63.75%) were understood, yet awareness of obesity's role (63%) and lifestyle factors (55.75%) was lower. Participants acknowledged benefits of a balanced diet (68%) and the importance of regular health check-ups (67.25%). However, awareness of glycemic index (25.5%) and recommended screening guidelines (30.5%) was limited. Smoking/alcohol's influence (48.75%) and specific complications (35.5%) also exhibited knowledge gaps. Conclusion: This study underscores the need for enhanced diabetes awareness in Shimla. While participants exhibited understanding of fundamental concepts, disparities emerged in awareness of risk factors and preventive measures. Addressing these gaps through targeted educational campaigns could contribute to reducing diabetes prevalence.

Caesarean Scar Pregnancy (CSP) is an uncommon form of ectopic pregnancy where embryo implantation occurs within the scar tissue of a previous caesarean section. This case report presents a detailed analysis of a 35-year-old woman with Type-2 CSP, characterized by placental development within a scar niche. Transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis. The patient underwent surgical management with successful excision of the Caesarean Scar Pregnancy. The report discusses the diagnostic challenges, management options, and potential complications associated with CSP. Timely diagnosis and specialized care are crucial to mitigate life-threatening risks. This case underscores the significance of transvaginal ultrasonography, expert evaluation, and appropriate management for optimal outcomes in Caesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancies.

Background: Breast cancer poses a global health challenge transcending geographical boundaries, necessitating a profound understanding of awareness and knowledge dynamics for effective public health interventions. This study unfolds the tapestry of breast cancer awareness in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, a region uniquely blending diverse cultures against the backdrop of the Himalayan ranges. Materials and Methods: Employing a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, this study targeted adults aged 18 and above in District Shimla. A robust sample size of 400 residents was surveyed using a Google Form questionnaire assessing socio-demographic information and breast cancer knowledge. The validity of the tool was ensured through expert consultation. Data collection spanned from August 2023 to November 2023, with analysis performed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: Of the 400 respondents, 34.75% hailed from urban areas, and 65.25% from rural areas. A noteworthy 91.25% demonstrated awareness of breast cancer, though knowledge gaps were identified, especially regarding risk factors (65.25%), genetic factors (24%), and preventive measures (26.75%). The study revealed a moderate overall knowledge level, with 31.5% categorized as having "very good" knowledge. Conclusion: While District Shimla exhibits commendable breast cancer awareness, targeted interventions are crucial to address identified knowledge gaps. The presence of a segment with "very good" knowledge highlights the potential for community-driven initiatives. Collaborative efforts involving informed individuals and healthcare authorities can amplify the impact of awareness campaigns in this unique cultural and geographical context.

Introduction: Company workers need supervision in the implementation of activities to be able to achieve compliance with company management activities. Occupational safety health management system is an issue to support worker safety and comfort. Information shows that the lack of oversight functions for workers in the company's industrial sector results in low compliance in carrying out the implementation of the occupational health and safety management system for work safety and comfort. Objective: The study aims to analyze the relationship between of worker supervision function with compliance implementing occupational safety health management system in the industrial companies West Java region. Research Methods: The research method uses quantitative descriptive correlation type research using a cross sectional approach. The population is 60 workers and the sampling technique uses total sampling. Data collection techniques using primary data by distributing questionnaires. The questionnaire consists of monitoring variables (reliability value 0.94) and compliance variables (reliability value 0.99). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Results: The results of the study show that the majority (63%) of the supervisory function of workers is in the optimal category, the majority (75%) of employee compliance is in the high category and there is a significant relationship (p-value 0.000) between the function of worker supervision function with compliance implementing occupational safety health management system. Conclusion: Companies and workers need to synergize in implementing daily routine briefings, training and periodic evaluation monitoring of the occupational health and safety management system as an effort to improve the supervisory function of self-employed workers and worker compliance in implementing the occupational health and safety management system.

Background: Ear discharge, also known as otorrhea, is a common medical condition characterized by the abnormal discharge of fluid or pus from the ear. Proper understanding and adherence to ear hygiene practices are essential for preventing and managing ear discharge and its associated complications. This research article aims to investigate the understanding and attitudes regarding ear discharge and hygiene among patients attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital Jogindernagar. Material amd Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted between January 2023- April 2023 among the patients attending civil hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh and selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results: A total of 400 respondents including 278 (69.5%) Male patients and 122 (40.5%) female patients were participated in the study. Among the total, 141 (35.25%) were from urban area and 259 (64.75%) were from rural area. In the present study 24.25% (97) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards ear discharge and hygiene , 35.75% (143) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 28.5%(114) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 11.5% (46) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate a lack of accurate information about ear discharge and hygiene among study participants, which could potentially lead to misconceptions or inadequate self-care practices. It is crucial to address the knowledge gaps identified in this study and implement educational initiatives to enhance public awareness and understanding of ear discharge and hygiene.

Background: Noise pollution is a significant environmental concern that has adverse effects on human health and well-being. Understanding the level of knowledge among individuals regarding noise pollution is crucial in developing effective strategies for its prevention and mitigation. This research aims to assess the knowledge regarding noise pollution among patients attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh, India. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted between January 2023- April 2023 among the patients attending civil hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh and selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results: A total of 400 respondents including 210 (52.5%) male patients and 190 (47.5%) female patients were participated in the study. Among the total, 123 (30.75%) were from urban area and 277 (69.25%) were from rural area. In the present study 41.25% (165) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards noise pollution, 31% (124) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 16.5% (66) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 11.25% (45) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: The current study findings indicated a generally positive level of knowledge, with a significant proportion of participants demonstrating a good knowledge about noise pollution. Promoting awareness and understanding of noise pollution is crucial for the adoption of preventive measures and policy interventions to mitigate its adverse effects on public health and well-being.

Groove pancreatitis (GP) is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis that imitate pancreatic malignancy specifically adenocarcinoma. Groove pancreatitis involves pancreaticoduodenal groove whichis potential space between the head of the pancreas, duodenum and common bile duct (CBD). Accurate radiological diagnosis of groove pancreatitis is a challenging task because of overlapping imaging findings with the pancreatic head neoplasm.Common radiological findings in groove pancreatitis include duodenal wall thickening, CBD stricture, enlargement of pancreatic head, pancreatic duct dilatation.In this paper we report  a case of  male patient  with groove pancreatitis diagnosed on computed tomography and also review clinical and imaging features of  groove pancreatitis.

Background: In the present study, β-HCG was evaluated in patients with ectopic pregnancy for the early prediction and correlating it with course of ectopic pregnancy. It was also compared with the control group which includes normal pregnancies. Material and Methods: A tertiary care based prospective case control study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Kamla Nehru State Hospital for Mother and Child, IGMC, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) from 1st March 2021 to 28th February 2022. In our study, total 148 patients were screened of which 74 were in case group and 74 in control group. The evaluation of the demographic and clinical characteristics of all patients was done. Comparison of the β-HCG level of two groups was done. Results: Among cases mean age of subjects was 29.97±5.32 which was comparable to mean age of subjects that was 27.95±4.48. In the case group β-HCG ranged from 246-8903 mIU/mL (Mean 1658mIU/mL) and in the control group it ranged between 1089- 56500 mIU/mL (Mean 14683 mIU/mL). It was statistically significant (p-value <0.05). On comparing β-hCG value in ruptured and unruptured ectopic pregnancy patients, β-hCG was more towards higher side in ruptured ectopic with Mean of 1895±1637 mIU/mL, but it was statistically significant. On comparing β-hCG between patients responsive to MTX treatment, the value β-hCG was low in this group (mean 828.22mIU/mL) when compared to the nonresponsive group (mean 22226.8mIU/mL). Conclusion: Our study showed that Low level of β-HCG clearly indicates ectopic pregnancy. β -hCG was more towards higher side in ruptured ectopic and there was higher β-hcg value in cases which had failure of methotrexate treatment as compared to patient who were successfully treated after methotrexate regimen.

Football commentary language is an important issue due to media coverage, financial investments, and large audience.Commentary is defined as "a spoken account of events that are actually taking place." The role of the commentator is to enlighten the viewers about what is going on on the pitch. This reporting must accurately reflect what is happening in real time, which is often a difficult assignment given the fast-paced nature of football.The purpose of this study is to examine how commentators communicate in sports, particularly football games, using language. It makes use of a theoretical framework that Leech and Short provided as stylistic categories. Football commentators use their own vocabulary, body language, and images to accurately describe every action that takes place on the pitch and communicate it to the audience.The study concluded that a variety of linguistic strategies are used by Arab commentators. Their use of unique word structures and rhetorical strategies draws in and holds the audience's interest. The exquisite internal consistency of the commentary—achieved by employing anaphora, metaphors, and ellipses—certainly defined the discourse's artistic shape. Participants or contextual components are examples of linguistic elements. This includes demonstratives, pronouns, definite articles, and adverbs.