Background: Thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and goiter, significantly impact health and quality of life. If left untreated, these conditions can lead to complications like cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment. In Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, the prevalence of iodine deficiency and limited healthcare access exacerbate these issues. This study aimed to assess public knowledge of thyroid disorders, including symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and treatment options, while exploring socio-demographic factors influencing awareness.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 400 Shimla residents aged 18 and above was conducted from August to October 2024. A structured questionnaire included socio-demographic details and 20 knowledge-based questions about thyroid gland function, disorders, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. Scores were categorized as "Very Good" (>80%), "Good" (60–79%), "Fair" (41–59%), and "Poor" (<40%). Data were collected via Google Forms and analyzed using Epi Info V7.Results: Moderate awareness levels were observed, with 22.75% scoring "Very Good," 35.75% "Good," 32.50% "Fair," and 9.00% "Poor." While 51.00% identified common thyroid disorders, only 48.25% understood the thyroid's primary function. Preventive knowledge, including awareness of iodine’s role (56.25%) and iodine-rich foods (52.00%), was relatively strong, but knowledge of diagnostic methods (46.50%) and treatment options (42.75%) was limited. Awareness was lower among rural residents and those with less education.Conclusion: The study highlights significant gaps in public awareness of thyroid disorders in Shimla. Targeted education initiatives focusing on symptoms, prevention, and treatment, especially in rural areas, are essential to improving thyroid health outcomes and reducing undiagnosed cases.

Background: Pott’s Spine, or spinal tuberculosis, is a severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that can lead to debilitating deformities and neurological complications if not diagnosed and treated early. Public awareness and knowledge about Pott’s Spine, particularly in rural and semi-urban communities, remain limited, contributing to delayed healthcare-seeking behaviors. This study aims to assess the awareness and knowledge of Pott’s Spine among the community members of Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, to identify gaps and inform targeted health education interventions.Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 residents of Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, using a structured questionnaire. Participants were selected through stratified random sampling. The questionnaire collected socio-demographic details and assessed knowledge of Pott’s Spine through 20 multiple-choice questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with knowledge scores categorized as Very Good (>80%), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%), and Poor (<40%).Results:The study revealed a diverse socio-demographic profile, with 53.5% female participants and 65% residing in rural areas. Most participants (33%) were aged 26–35 years, and 27.5% had secondary education. Awareness of Pott’s Spine was encouraging, with 78% identifying it as tuberculosis of the spine and 82% recognizing its potential to cause deformities. However, knowledge gaps were evident in understanding diagnostic tools (63.5%) and early symptoms (66%). Preventive knowledge, such as the role of BCG vaccination (72%) and nutritional support (77.5%), was moderately high. Knowledge scores showed that 27% had very good awareness, while 27% and 10% demonstrated fair and poor knowledge levels, respectively.Conclusion: The study highlights a reasonable baseline understanding of Pott’s Spine among the Hamirpur community but identifies critical gaps in technical knowledge and early symptom recognition. Addressing these gaps through targeted health education initiatives and community engagement programs is crucial for improving early detection and management of Pott’s Spine. Enhanced awareness can contribute to reducing the burden of spinal tuberculosis and improving health outcomes in the region.

Background: IAP growth charts are used as standard for measuring anthropometric parameters in Indian children. Previously published growth charts for Down syndrome are based on Americans, Arab, Sicilian and Dutch population. The American DS growth charts are frequently used all over world. There is no specific chart available for children with Down’s syndrome in India.Objective: To compare the anthropometric parameters (weight, height and head circumference) of children less than 5 year with Down’s syndrome in combined WHO- IAP and Standard U.S Down syndrome specific growth charts. Methods: A comparative prospective study was conducted among children with cytogenetically confirmed cases of Down syndrome aged less than 5 years. The study variables included weight, length (for children under 2 years or unable to stand) or height for 2-5 years, head circumference. Data were collected using questionnaires and growth charts, specifically the combined World Health Organization (WHO)-Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP) chart and the U.S. Down Syndrome Specific Growth Charts. Descriptive statistics  and comparison of mean scores of anthropometric parameters in combined WHO-IAP and US Down syndrome specific growth charts and correlation analysis were performed.Results: In children less than 5 years, there was an increase in trend noted in weight and height Z score with age. Statistically significant difference was noted in weight, height and head circumference Z scores when these parameters where compared on WHO-IAP Vs US Down syndrome growth charts. Conclusion:On comparison of anthropometric measures when plotted on IAP/WHO growth charts against US Down syndrome growth charts, IAP/WHO growth charts overestimated wasting, stunting and microcephaly. This signifies that the IAP- WHO growth charts are meant for growth assessment in normal children and hence cannot be used to assess growth in children with Down syndrome. As the  currently used US Down’s  syndrome specific growth charts take into account the growth parameters of US population, these charts are less than ideal for assessment of growth in Indian children with Down’s syndrome taking into consideration the genetic make-up, racial, ethnic and social factors. Hence there is a need for Down syndrome specific growth charts prepared for Indian children for more accurate growth monitoring of these children.

Background: Thyroidectomy is a common general surgical procedure involving a class 1 surgery(clean). Although the procedure requires a small surgical incision and a short duration, however, doctors still have misgivings prophylactic antibiotic( PA) about infection events. the use of antibiotics is connected to higher costs, resistance and risks of adverse effect(AE) on the patients. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether prophylactic antibiotics are necessary in clean thyroid surgery, to explore ways to reduce the cost and potential adverse effects of antibiotic use, and to identify any risk factors that may contribute to surgical site infections (SSI).Patients and methods: A total of 112 patients were involved in this an interventional clinical trial comparative study that's carried over a period of 12 months from 1-12-2021 to 1-12 2022 at Tikrit Emergency hospital, 13 patients was male and 99 patients was female. they are divided in to two groups, group A received prophylactic antibiotic while group B dose not. 3rd generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) 1g, one time daily for 1 day was used as prophylactic antibiotic. Results: The thyroid surgery is class1 surgery (clean surgery) performed under conditions of sterility, so prophylactic antibacterial therapy may not be required. I recommended that the routine using of pre-operation antibiotic is not needed unless risky patients ( elderly patient, chronic disease, male gender etc) undergoing thyroidectomy. 

The current research aims to identify adipose tissue hormones and their relationship with certain diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure, Adipose tissue essential for maintaining physiological function and serves as an energy reservoir, divided in two types: - white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. Adipose tissue hormones have various important functions that regulate energy, insulin secretion, inflammation, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, including chemerin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin. These hormones, particularly chemerin, enhance insulin-dependent glucose uptake in fat cells, indicating chemerin's involvement in glucose balance. Ithas also been associated with the high blood pressure. Adiponectin plays role in controlling insulin sensitivity and increasing fat metabolism. Decreased levels are linked to diabetes patients and high blood pressure. Additionally, resistin, visfatin hormones contribute to occurrence of diabetes and high blood pressure.

This review article delves into the crucial role of nutrition and fluid management in the therapeutic landscape, particularly emphasizing its significance in oncological care. It articulates the complex interrelationship between malnutrition and cancer, highlighting how tumor-induced metabolic alterations, the side effects of anticancer therapies, and the direct impact of tumors themselves contribute to a patient's nutritional status. The physiological adjustments to starvation and stress, including the metabolic response to trauma and sepsis, are explored to underscore the body's adaptive mechanisms in dire conditions. The article systematically covers the methodologies for nutritional assessment, stressing the importance of a comprehensive approach through laboratory tests, anthropometric measurements, and clinical evaluations. It further elaborates on the pre-treatment optimization strategies aimed at improving nutritional status before major surgeries to enhance recovery outcomes. The intricacies of enteral and parenteral nutrition are dissected to illustrate their respective roles, formulations, methods, and the pivotal considerations for avoiding complications such as refeeding syndrome and chyle leaks. Additionally, the discussion extends to the management of cancer cachexia, the balancing of fluids and electrolytes, and the precision required in calculating infusion rates, all within the context of personalized patient care. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols and the necessity of multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs for patients with head and neck cancers are also examined, highlighting the integration of nutritional management in addressing common complications like dysphagia and xerostomia. This comprehensive review underscores the indispensable role of individualized nutrition and fluid management strategies in clinical care, advocating for tailored approaches based on each patient's unique needs and medical conditions.

The aetiology of many diseases is often attributed to the combined influence of genetic and environmental factors. The discovery of noteworthy genetic features has value in both medical and scientific domains. In the medical field, it aids in the creation of drugs and tailored treatment, while in the scientific realm, it provides insights into the mechanical and evolution aspects of illnesses. Linkage analysis, a method that identifies loci with a tendency to be inherited together, and study of association are among the several genetic techniques that have shown associations between diseases and specific genomic regions, therefore mapping the link between alleles at distinct loci. A multitude of genes are scrutinised in these sorts of investigations, beyond the capacity for experimental testing as probable illness genes. The use of computational techniques to evaluate the potential of certain genes within a given chromosomal region as disease-causing genes is very advantageous. Considerable evidence has been presented on the susceptibility of several illnesses. Alterations in the tempo at which genetic material is transcribed into functional molecules throughout different cellular lineages. In the event when an individual gene or genetic cluster exhibits a higher prevalence among persons with illnesses compared to those who are healthy, it is probable that such gene or genetic cluster contributes to the development or manifestation of the respective illnesses. Microarray studies have been widely used as the primary approach for identifying variations in gene expression levels.

The operational parameters for the evaluation and management of kids and young adults with depressive disorders are summarised in this summary. Depressive illnesses in adolescents and adults have fundamental symptoms; however, symptom manifestation varies dramatically with growth. Early detection and treatment of these prevalent, chronic, and recurring diseases may improve outcomes and reduce concomitant mental problems. Treatment planning and length vary. Successful therapy requires patient-family interaction. All depressed children and adolescents should get psychotherapy. Antidepressants are prescribed for psychotic and bipolar depression, especially severe depression. All patients need post-acute care, and some need long-term maintenance. Early intervention improves psychological outcomes. Anxiety and depression frequently occur concurrently and sequentially in young people and adolescents, increasing the risk of the other. Major depressive disorders and depression are the most prevalent depression and anxiety diagnoses in adolescents. Family clusters of anxiety and depressive illnesses span generations. This cannot include all literature on internalising comorbidity. 15.9%–61.9% of youngsters have anxiety and depression. Despite this wide range, studies agree that high comorbidity rates are clinically significant. A study shows these disorders have common phenomenology and diagnostic overlap. The scientific and medical relevance underlying concomitant depression and anxiety remains a mystery. 

While food allergy rates are rising, little is known about its practical effects. This research sought to identify food allergy sufferers' issues, measure how much they affect daily life, explore how demographic and psychological factors affect food allergies, and devise solutions to help them. Study 1's qualitative results informed Study 2's quantitative findings. (2). The first research examined dietary allergies and health-related quality of life. Focus groups with four demographics helped researchers understand food allergy problems. Lifelong consumer susceptibility. Vulnerability depended on demographics, food allergy awareness, prejudice and stigma, pricing and availability of allergen-free choices, food label clarity, and restaurant wait staff skill (external conditions). The second research examined how much food allergy symptoms affected daily living (in terms of stress, mood, and energy levels). An online survey collected demographic, psychosocial, and allergic data from 108 food allergy sufferers (85% female; 18-87). Following that, participants completed a two-week online diary survey on stress, mood, and energy and a 25-item food allergy checklist (based on iii Study 1) throughout the day. Daily polls show widespread allergies. Food allergies, the cost of avoiding particular foods, the anxiety of food safety concerns, the difficulty of maintaining a balanced diet, and the pressure of social activities centred on food were all issues. Allergy days increased stress and negativity, according to multilevel studies. Seniors were less energetic on allergy days. Rural and suburban communities frequently do better than smaller cities. Character may affect food allergy management. This study supports the first's results on food allergy prevalence and stress.

Recent years have seen a rise in interest in neodymium manganite, or NdMnO3, because of its unusual chemical characteristics and its medicinal uses. This research explores the gastroprotective benefits of NdMnO3, specifically looking at how it might reduce stomach lesions caused by ethanol and NSAIDs, among other stresses. Our evaluation of NdMnO3's effectiveness in decreasing stomach mucosal injury was conducted via in vivo research using mouse models. Our results show that NdMnO3 has a strong protective effect against stomach lesions, reducing their frequency and severity. When compared to the control group, the groups treated with NdMnO3 showed less inflammation and more preservation of gastric mucosa integrity according to histopathological investigation. Additional biochemical experiments demonstrated that NdMnO3 promotes an enhanced antioxidant defence system by raising glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels while simultaneously decreasing lipid peroxidation. Based on these findings, it seems that NdMnO3's antioxidant characteristics are the key to its gastroprotective effect, which helps reduce stomach damage caused by oxidative stress. Overall, NdMnO3 shows great promise as a potential novel therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of stomach ulcers due to its strong gastroprotective effects. To further understand its possible therapeutic uses and the exact molecular processes behind its protective properties, more research is necessary.

Background: Plantar fasciitis is a prevalent cause of foot pain, impacting individuals globally, particularly those engaged in physically demanding activities or those with sedentary lifestyles. Despite its widespread occurrence, awareness and understanding of plantar fasciitis, especially in rural regions like District Kangra in Himachal Pradesh, remain limited. This study aims to assess public knowledge of plantar fasciitis and foot pain, focusing on symptoms, causes, risk factors, prevention, and treatment options. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 2024 and May 2024 in District Kangra. A robust sample of 400 adults, determined using a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, participated in the study. Data were collected using a pre-tested Google form questionnaire that included socio-demographic details and 20 structured knowledge-related questions on plantar fasciitis. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, and frequencies and percentages were calculated. Results: The study revealed that 78.8% of participants had heard of plantar fasciitis, with 72.0% recognizing heel pain as a symptom. However, awareness of other symptoms, such as morning stiffness (66.3%) and difficulty walking (64.3%), was lower. Knowledge of risk factors like prolonged standing (60.5%) and improper footwear (59.0%) was moderate, with gaps in understanding the role of foot structure (53.0%). Preventive knowledge was limited, with 53.8% aware that proper footwear could help prevent foot pain, and only 45.0% recognizing the importance of taking breaks during prolonged standing. Awareness of treatment options was also low, with 47.5% knowing that rest and ice could help manage the condition. Overall, 25.5% of participants demonstrated very good knowledge, while 18.0% fell into the poor knowledge category. Conclusion: This study highlights significant gaps in public knowledge about plantar fasciitis in District Kangra, emphasizing the need for targeted educational interventions. Improving awareness about symptoms, risk factors, prevention, and treatment options is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management of this condition. Enhanced public health strategies and educational efforts can help reduce the prevalence and impact of plantar fasciitis, ultimately improving foot health and quality of life in the community

Himachal Pradesh, renowned for its serene landscapes and traditionally perceived as a low-risk area for chronic diseases, is now confronting an escalating cancer crisis. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted factors contributing to the rising cancer burden in the state, including lifestyle changes, tobacco and alcohol use, environmental and occupational hazards, and limited access to healthcare. The article highlights the prevalent types of cancers, such as breast, cervical, oral, and lung cancers, and the socio-economic challenges that exacerbate the issue, particularly in rural areas. Furthermore, it outlines the critical gaps in healthcare infrastructure and the psychosocial hurdles faced by cancer patients. The review also discusses governmental initiatives aimed at improving cancer care, from screening programs to financial assistance, while emphasizing the need for expanded healthcare services, public awareness, and preventive measures. This article serves as a call to action, urging for a multi-pronged approach to address the growing cancer crisis in Himachal Pradesh, with a focus on early detection, improved treatment access, and comprehensive support systems.

This study involved 66 patients with thyroid diseases treated at the Surgical Unit at the Republican Hospital in Mosul during two periods: from October 1, 2020, to October 1, 2021, and from October 2022 to March 2023. Comprehensive preoperative evaluations included clinical examinations, biochemical tests, and radioactive iodine scans. The cohort comprised 59 females (89.4%) and 7 males (10.6%), with an average age of 34.3 and 35.2 years, respectively. Patients suffers from thyrotoxicosis received preoperative medical treatment with Carbimazole, Propranolol, and Lugol's Iodine.All surgeries were performed under general anesthesia, with using of specific techniques witch employed  in order to avoid damage in the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands.Surgical procedures included subtotal thyroidectomy and hemithyroidectomy, with meticulous attention to preserv vital structures and ensuring hemostasis.Postoperative complications included recurrent laryngeal nerve injury with percentage (3.0%), hematoma (4.5%)  and hypoparathyroidism (9.0%).Treatment for these complications ncluding re-exploration for hematoma and management of hypoparathyroidism through calcium deprivation testing was provided as needed. No cases of postoperative hypothyroidism were reported in this study due to lifelong thyroxine supplementation for all patients. This study emphasizes the importance of careful surgical technique and thorough preoperative and postoperative management in minimizing complications and improving outcomes for patients undergoing thyroidectomy.

In this study, we report a novel imine derivatives synthesis (A and B) by reacting pure amoxicillin drugs with 2-aminobenzaldehyde and 2-methylbenzaldehyde. Spectroscopic techniques, such as FT‐IR spectroscopy, characterized the derivatives (A and B). All the synthesized derivatives (A and B) were evaluated in vitro against microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and E. coli by zone inhibition method and screened for antimicrobial activities and anti-breast cancer MCF-7 cell viability cell lines.