Pulau Seri Buat is a part of the infamous Marine Park of Tioman, off Pahang waters, yet little is known about its coral reef community. Therefore, a study was conducted in 2016 to investigate the community structure of coral reefs in Pulau Seri Buat. The coral survey was conducted using a Point Intercept Transect method at three sites. The result showed that the average live coral cover of Pulau Seri Buat was 52.6%.  In total, 30 genera of scleractinian corals from 11 family and 2 scleractinian incertae sedis have been recorded, with Acropora and Porites were the most abundant genera. No recently killed corals was found at any site.  The coral diversity was highest at Site 1 (ST1) with Shannon Diversity Index (Hˈ) and Evenness index (HE) was 1.43 and 0.45 respectively. These results suggested that the coral reefs of the island were still in good condition.  This study could provide an important assessment of the coral condition of Pulau Seri Buat.

A survey to determine the ecological character focusing on the condition and vegetation structure of the dambo wetland eco-system in the upper sub-catchment of the Chongwe River, central Zambia was carried out focusing on five dambos and associated forests in Kanakantapa area. Line intercept method was used to evaluate herbaceous cover which also included shrubs and forbs, while woody plants were assessed using Point Centred Quadrat (PCQ) method and species importance values. Results of the study showed that dambos were largely dominated by Loudentia simplex (Nees) Hubbard (30.5%), Digitaria milanjiana (Rendle) Stapf (21.7%), Setaria ciliolata (26%) and Setaria anceps Stapf ex Massey (20.0%). Important woody plant species were Julbernardia globiflora (97.56 IV), Monotes katangensis (66.91 IV), Julbernardia panniculata Tropin (57.33) Acacia sieberana DC. (52.39 IV), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (40.72IV), Brachystegia boehmii (35.99 IV) Albizia antunesiana (33.43 IV). All dambos studied showed shrub encroachment with relatively high number of shrub species in Kanakantapa and Mwiinde dambos ecosystems. Highest shrub canopy cover was observed in Kanakantapa dambo. It was concluded that dambos were largely at high risk of degradation due to mainly siltation influenced by deforestation, overgrazing and shrub encroachment. Further research is required to guide sustainable land use and future plans of possible catchment management as well as determining hydrological implication and possible ways of conservation of dambos.

Rice is an important staple food crop for more than 60% of the world population and is subject to various biotic and abiotic stresses which cause yield losses up to 20-30%. Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is a potentially devastating fungal disease under suitable conditions. Studies on correlation between the development of sheath blight of rice and changing climatic factors was carried out by taking six weather parameters as independent variables and cumulative and periodical increment in disease severity as dependent variables. Disease severity significantly correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, evening relative humidity, and evaporation. It revealed that high temperatures (30-34 ⁰C) and high relative humidity (above 90%) were responsible for the establishment of sheath blight disease in rice.

This study was carried out at the farm of the College of Animal Production of Science and Technology, Sudan University of Science and Technology at Hillat Kuku. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of Sorghum with Millet and its effect on cockerels’ performance included: Feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality. A total of forty (Bovans White Strain) commercial hybrid broiler cockerels in age sixteen weeks old in this study were used. The cockerels were randomly distributed in 4 treatments experimental groups; each group has 3 replicates of 10 chicks. Millet replaced sorghum: 0% - 20% - 40% - 60% in group a, b, c and d respectively. The results showed that there is no significant difference among experimental groups on cockerels’ performance, live weight, body weight gain, or feed conversion ratio among the experimental treatments when replaced the Sorghum by Millet. The adding of millet did not show any negative effect in the stock health and there is no any mortality throughout the experiment period. The results also did not show statistically significant in Thyroxine (T₄) level in blood data among the treatments. In conclusion, additions of millet and sorghum-based diets of broilers do not compromise cockerels’ performance

The climbing beans varieties are more productive than dwarf varieties. However, the expansion of their culture is limited by the availability of stakes. In addition stakes must meet certain criteria (eg length) for good plant growth. It is therefore important to research optimal staking methods for good production of climbing beans. It is for this purpose that a test was conducted in the agro pastoral area of ​​Mushweshwe, in the Bushumba area, Kabare territory. The experimental set-up was complete random block with 5 repetitions and 5 types of staking: the stake of the tripod, the outside T stakes + string + spike, the single stake of 3 m, the crossed stakes and the single stake of 1 m considered as control treatment. Single stake of 3 m has the same yield 4 to 5 t/ha as outside T stakes + string + spike. The following staking: crossed stakes and single stake of 3 m are so vigorous than rope or outside T stakes + string + spike, stake of the tripod and single stake of 1 m. Crossed stake plants are taller or giants and also a higher number of seeds per pod than single stake of 3 m, rope, stake of the tripod and single stake of 1m. The leaf area of climbing bean is the same for all applied stake systems. Single stake of 3 m (P3) has the same yield as outside T stakes + string + spike which has a high performance (4-5 t / ha) than stake of the tripod, crossed stake and, single stake of 1m .For a better future of our households, and also for a good economy and development, we recommend to the practice of climbing beans by sowing in rows and using the single stake of 3 m and the outside T stakes + string + spike or a rope.  Let climbing bean farmers know that the ideal long stake is 3 m. The production increases steadily with the length of stakes up to this level and remains unchanged beyond this height.

The study of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) propagation using patch budding was undertaken with a view to assess the bud union of various rootstocks with cv. Phule Bhagwa Super by using patch budding. The results revealed that the rootstocks Bedana Suri and Alandi took the minimum time for bud sprout (20.00 days). The highest bud sprout (80.00%) at 30 days after budding (DAB) was recorded in Bedana Suri. The maximum per cent survival (76.67%) of buds at 90 DAB was recorded in Bedana Suri. The highest shoot growth rate was registered on Bedana Suri rootstock. Rootstock Bedana Suri gave the longest shoot length (80.50 cm), highest number of shoots and number of internodes. Shoot length and internodal length also showed significant increase with respect of time. The maximum girth at bud union (12.86 mm) was recorded in Bedana Suri. Bedana Suri rootstock produced longer shoot and root and also highest fresh shoot (45.80 g) and root weight (33.60 g). The highest shoot/root weight ratio (1.38) was recorded in Alandi.

This research is an important stage to provide an overview of the business in the utilization of crab waste. Marine and fisheries industries generally produce solid waste, such as carapace, bones, skin, gills and fish heads and other wastes. These wastes with technology and innovation can be transformed into output beneficial for the economic development of society. A creativity and innovation are needed in solving problems and opening up new opportunities, by transforming previously useless material into a very valuable product. The idea of ​​turning waste into something more valuable is needed in solving the waste problem. The case studies analyzed involved innovation and technology in utilizing crab shell waste in Central Java. This study presents an empirical perspective covering (1) the business potential of crab shell waste; (2) the use of crab shell waste as a source of umami food through the role of innovation technology; (3) business analysis and commercialization. Finally, a presentation related to new business concepts to get environmental balance, namely connecting innovation theory with technology transfer.

The salinity of irrigation water is a serious problem facing crop plants in the Mediterranean region, where plants are exposed to high temperatures and severe shortage of water in the dry season. So, this study was carried out in order to test the effects of five different salinity levels of sodium chloride (0.0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mM) on seed germination and early seedling growth of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Fifty homogenous and cleaned seeds were germinated in Petri dishes inthree replicates. The salt stress decreased seed germination, the response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to salt stress and water stress was evaluated at the germination stage. The severe reduction in germination percentage and particularly germination speed with prolonged lag period by moderate salinity level at 100 mM NaCl, suggests that Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a salt-sensitive species during germination. Salinity reduced germination uniformity and germination synchrony and might delay start of germination but accelerates its termination with a consequent shortening of the time spread of germination. The recovery percentage was lower but speed of recovery was higher compared with the corresponding parameters of the control seeds. Recovery percentage was slightly improved with increasing in the concentration of NaCl .

Marmosa mexicana, a small semi-arboreal marsupial with a Central-American distribution, from the southern portion of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas to western Panama, remains one of the least-represented species in small-mammals inventories, and one of the least known. Capture is usually done with traps placed on the ground, baited with peanut butter and oats. In the Neotropical realm, the vertical placement of traps on trees with different baits has proved to be more efficient in the capture of marsupials. In this study, we comparatively evaluated the effectiveness of different types of bait and trap placement (ground versus tree) in the capture of M. mexicana in a peri-urban park in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. From January to July 2017, six linear transects 200 m long were randomly established for the placement of 40 Sherman® traps every 5 m, alternating ground and tree locations (at a height of 4 m). Traps were baited with four items: banana with meat and crickets, apple with blueberries, papaya with sweet corn, and peanut butter with oats. A factorial ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of the type of bait and site on the number of catches. In a sampling effort of 5,040 trap nights, 75 catches were recorded, which represents a success rate of 1.48%. We found that only the site of trap placement was significant. Our results suggest that, with any of the baits, the placement of traps on trees can make the capture of M. mexicana more successful.

Western Kenya faces high population pressure and this has increased demand for food. Smallholder farmers in the region have been forced to practice poor farming practices such as continuous cultivation and clearing of forests to put more land to crop production. This has resulted in severe land degradation, climate change and reduced farm productivity. Agroforestry trees have been reported to improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation coupled with leaves and twig decomposition. However, this has not been ascertained in maize-banana agroforestry systems in Vihiga County. Understanding the effects of intercropping of maize and banana with Sesbania sesban, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena diversifolia agroforestry trees on nutrient uptake may be a remedy to the challenges. Therefore there is need to fully understand the effects of intercropping selected agroforestry trees with maize and banana on nutrient uptake of maize and banana. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intercropping agroforestry tree species on maize and banana tissue N, P, K, Mg, Ca uptake and partitioning. The study was conducted at Maseno university farm located in Vihiga County. The Williams varieties of banana of the same age were obtained from KALRO-Thika., Seeds of selected agroforestry trees were purchased from KEFRI – Muguga, planted in a seedbed and the seedlings raised in nurseries. Hybrid maize seed, H513 was purchased from an agrovet. Banana holes were dug 2x2 feet, 20 Kg of decomposed cow dung manure + 20 Kg of top soil + 200g of NPK fertilizer added in each banana hole and banana planted. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications were used with seven treatment levels of i.e. maize, banana, maize + banana + Calliandra, maize + banana + leucaena, maize + banana + sesbania, maize + banana, and fertilized maize. Maize were planted at 0.75 m inter row by 0.3 m spacing. Five maize plants per treatment and per replication were sampled randomly from the eight middle rows at harvest and partitioned in to leaves, shoots, roots, cobs and maize grains. Two banana plants were sampled and its leaves taken for mineral tissue analysis. The maize roots were washed in water to remove soil. The samples were oven dried to a constant weight at 72 ⁰C. The samples were then ground into powder for determination of nutrient analysis. Procedures by Motsara and Roy (2008) was used to determine the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium mineral nutrient in various plant tissues. Data was subjected to Analysis of Variance using Genstat statistical package Version 15.2. Maize and bananas that were intercropped with trees recorded highest nutrient uptake and partitioning. Sesbania sesban recorded higher nutrient uptake as compared treatments without tree intercrops. These findings can be used to advice smallholder farmers of Vihiga County on the best intercropping system to adopt for maximum maize and banana production.

Background: L. bryoniae is a Palearctic species which probably originates from southern Europe, where it occurs commonly outdoors but has now spread to many parts of central and northern Europe and is also reported in North Africa (Morocco and Egypt), as well as in several countries in Asia. L. bryoniae is polyphagous and as such can feed indiscriminately on plants from a number of different orders, including many vegetables and ornamental species. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the population abundance of the tomato leafminer L. bryoniae on three selected host plants. On the other hand, host plant preference by L. bryoniae was investigated. Methods: 100 infected leaves were collected from each host plant. Samples were kept in plastic bags and transferred to be examined in the laboratory. Number of living L. bryoniae larvae were counted and recorded. Results: L. bryoniae larvae recorded low abundance on Kidney bean in early May, then the population increased recording three peaks of abundance recording (127, 158 and 179 individuals/100infested leaves) occurred in 22^th of May, the 19^th of June, 24^th of July. On tomatoes L. bryoniae recorded low numbers in early May, then the population increased recording three peaks of abundance (109, 121 and 104 individuals/100infested leaves) occurred in 22^th of May, the 3^rd of July, 31^th of July. On bell pepper L. bryoniae recorded low numbers in early May, then the population increased recording three peaks of abundance (87, 103 and 88 individuals/100infested leaves) occurred on 29^th of May, the 10^th of July and the 7^th of August. Conclusions: L. bryoniae larvae recorded low numbers in the beginning of the growing season in early May on the three summer host plants, then the population increased recording 3-4 peaks of abundance.

The study was conducted with the aim of callus induction and indirect and direct shoot formation from culturing the axillary buds of the tulip cv. Arma on the MS medium equipped with 1.0 mg L^-1 NAA and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mg L^-1 BA. The results showed that the callus tissue did not grow when the axillary buds were cultured on the MS medium which supplied with 1.0 mg L^-1 NAA and 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg L^-1 BA after eight weeks from culture. However, the axillary buds cultured on the MS medium which supplied with 1.0 mg L^-1 NAA and 2.0 or 2.5 mg L^-1 BA which led to callus induction after eight weeks from culture. The treatment of 1.0 mg L^-1 NAA and 2.5 mg L^-1 BA was a significant increase in the percentage of callus induction and indirect shoot formation and the number of shoots. The results showed that the callus cultured on the MS medium that supplied with 1.0 mg L^-1 NAA and 2.0 or 2.5 mg L^-1 BA led to the formation of the adventitious shoots formation eight weeks after culturing. While, the axillary buds cultured on the MS medium which supplied with 1.0 mg L^-1 NAA and 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg L^-1 BA led to the direct adventitious shoot formation eight weeks after culturing. The MS medium that supplied with 1.0 mg L^-1 NAA and 1.5 mg L^-1 BA was a significant increase in the percentage of response to direct adventitious shoot formation and the number of shoots.

The present study was conducted to know the present status of turkey production, existing system of rearing, feeding and management practices of turkey production in Patuakhali district of Bangladesh during March 2020 to September 2020.  A total of 10 turkey raisers were surveyed from different Upazilla of  Patuakhali region. The data were collected about status of farmers, size of the farm, rearing system, feed intake, breeding policy, and management practices and production performances. Among 10 turkey keepers 57% were women and their occupation were housewife remaining 43% were men and their occupation were business and farming. No vaccination schedule was maintained by most of farmers. Among them only 43% farmers vaccinated against only RDV, Fowl Pox, Coryza diseases. Hosing system were mainly traditional housing system which are practiced by most of the rural farmers. They have very little idea about breed or variety, management procedure and prevention of diseases. We know in Bangladesh there is no specific feeding standard of turkey as like as broiler and layer chicken. Most of the farmers fed the birds using broiler and layer feed along supplemented with kitchen waste, water hyacinth different grasses etc. For this reason more research needed to develop feeding standard of turkey, improvement of production, and their suitability in rearing all over the area of Bangladesh.

Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most frequent idiopathic clinical occurrences in geriatric cats which are marked by the irreversible loss of kidney function. The present study shows the clinical and biochemical findings of CKD and proposed therapeutic recommendations for a geriatric cat. The cat was bought to the SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) with a history of abnormal drinking and urination behaviour for few weeks along with sudden abdominal swelling and debilitation. The most predominant clinical findings recorded in that 8 years old cat were dullness with recumbency, polyuria with dysuria, ascites, polydipsia, paleness of mucosa, anorexia, and bloody diarrhoea. After haematological and biochemical analysis, according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system, the cat was diagnosed with stage III CKD. Though the prognosis is poor, proper medication and dietary supplements were suggested to increase the lifespan of the affected cat.

Current status of Sonali chicken farming in Rajshahi Division has been assessed and interpreted in the present study during a period of one year from March 2019 to February 2020. Data on some socioeconomic parameters of Sonali farming such as farm age, shed types, farmers’ education and training, bio-safety measures, and availability of bank loan and help from the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) were considered for 41 randomly selected poultry farms from six adjacent districts, namely, Bogura (n=4), Joypurhat (n=4) Natore (n=6), Pabna (n=4), Rajshahi (n=20) and Sirajgonj (n=3). Moreover, both farmers’ and consumers’ attitudes toward Sonali chickens, consumers’ demand and the prevailing marketing systems of the birds were evaluated during the study. District-, farm- and season-wise variations in day-old chick (DOC) price, number of marketable chickens produced per farm, mortality, and prices of live Sonali, broiler (Cobb 500) and Deshi (indigenous, non-descript) chickens along with profitability components like feed cost, medicinal cost, miscellaneous costs, gross cost (GC), gross return (GR), net profit (NP) and profitability index (PI) per flock were estimated. Finally, associations between socioeconomic parameters and productivity, mortality and profitability components have been assessed and interpreted. Findings of the present survey are quite encouraging, which clearly demonstrated that Sonali chicken farming is a popular, commercially viable and profitable enterprise in study area. 

The quantitative effect of different growth parameters like temperature, pH and dextrose to produce extracellular polysaccharide from the mushroom Agaricus heterocystis (AGH) was studied by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) three factor Box-Behnken design. The experimental data obtained from this study was exactly fitted with a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis. The surface contour plots of the model predicted that temperature of 30.9°C, pH 4.9±0.2 and dextrose concentration of 1.99 g/100 ml were the optimum growth condition required for the maximum production of extracellular polysaccharide. The predicted yield of extracellular polysaccharide reached around 2469 µg/ml which was relatively significant with the validation experiment. The extracted polysaccharide was purified partially for NMR studies confirmed the presence of glucan-protein complex. The partially purified polysaccharide under ex vivo condition showed anti-angiogenic property needs further study to screen for antitumor and antimetastatic properties.

The article points out natural and anthropogenic factors contributing to the formation, development and alteration of agricultural landscapes in western Georgia, specifically, in the Colkheti coastal plain and the adjacent hilly foothill zone, where subtropical agriculture used to be heavily developed (tea and citrus plantations, etc.). The former state-owned tea farm zone in the borough of Laituri, Ozurgeti municipality, Guria was selected as the study location. GIS technologies were applied to digitalize the 1960 landscape map of the zone and create its new version (1:50 000) as of 2017 based on the topographical map of 1960 (1:50 000), satellite images and field observations (2010-2017). 

The analysis of the Laituri 1960 and 2017 landscape showed that 66% of tea plantations have been amortized and degraded: they have gone wild and are overtaken by weeds. Due to high costs involved, only 10% of the area was cleared to cultivate hazel nuts, blue huckleberry and persimmon. 24% of tea plantations survive to varying degrees and are currently harvested.

Beans are an important crop in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is consumed in three forms green beans, fresh seeds and dry seeds sometimes as vegetables. The aim of this study was to assess the main production constraints of common bean in Birava Kabare North area at the South Kivu province and east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. A questionnaire consisting of structured, semi-structured and unstructured items was designed based on published literature on the subject as well as experiences of the authors in the field. The results of this study have shown that 36% of the farmers affirmed that the pests’ bean crop attack such as black aphids and 89.2% observed the diseases in their bean crops. The  farmers practice plowing on mounds or ridges, while this plowing favors interventions on the soils that risk injuring the roots which leads to an increase in the frequency of diseases and a reduction in the cultivable area. According selected seeds, a large number of farmers (74.2%) used seeds found on the local market, this seed is of average to poor quality and often contaminated. Cultivable land per household is still insufficient because 60% of the population has an area of less than 0.5 hectares. Additional, a large number of farmers (29.2%) did not stake on climbing beans, while staking can double production. Indeed, the lack of financial means which prevent a large number of farmers from obtaining chemical fertilizers (61.7%) and the majority of small holders (95%) did not receive any technical training. In addition, as elsewhere, factors linked to the climate have a negative influence on yield, such that 99.1% of farmers mentioned the problem of the prolonged dry season which arises from year to year. We recommend accentuating extension efforts in the field of cultivation techniques, fertilization without forgetting the integration of agro-forestry tree and granting long-term agricultural loans with an interest rate that is bearable by farmers.

Changes in the activities of some antioxidants which include catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Lipid peroxidase (LPO) and Glutathione (GSH) in the plasma of Tilapia guineensis treated with Atrazine were evaluated spectrophotometrically to assess the level of oxidative stress in fish exposed to the chemical.  Blood samples were collected from juveniles and adult’s sizes of T. guineensis and were analyzed with Randox test kits. Results from the antioxidants analysis showed that the values of SOD and GSH reduced significantly (p<0.05), while CAT and LPO increased in both sizes when compared to the control. These alterations were concentration dependent and more critical in the juvenile than the adult fish.

This study assessed the effects of smoking on proximate composition of some marine fishes: Ethmalosa fimbriata, Pseudotolithus enlongatus, Mugil cephalus and Lutjanus goreensis. The fishes were purchased from Creek Road Market in Port Harcourt.  Four kilograms each of the fish species were used for the analysis in both the fresh and smoked processing using the improved NIOMR kiln. Each of the four fish species were replicated three times. The fish were prepared and placed in the kiln for smoking. The time and weights were recorded attained after smoking was recorded. The Fresh and Smoked fish samples were then analyzed for proximate composition such as moisture content, crude protein, crude fat and total ash using standard methods.  Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. A decrease in moisture content was observed during smoking and constant weight was obtained within 10-20 hours. An inverse relationship was observed between the moisture and protein content in the smoked fish samples. The crude fat and ash contents in each of the species of the fish samples were significantly (P<0.05) higher in smoked fish samples than the fresh ones. In conclusion, the smoked fish samples recorded higher values for all the nutrients except for the moisture content which was higher in the fresh samples.

This study evaluated various marketing approaches of catfish in  Obio Akpor Local of Rivers State, Nigeria. Seventy five  (75) fish marketers were selected using random sampling procedure. The data were collected through the use of questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of the socioeconomic characteristics revealed that most of the respondents (45.33%) were within the age bracket of 36-50. Majority of the respondents (94.67%) in the study area were women.  In addition, , 48.00% had only secondary education, 77.33% were married. Furthermore, the results indicated that, 41.33% of catfish marketers in the study area had marketing experience of 11 to 15 years. In the study area a greater part (53.33%) of the marketers sourced their fish from private individual farms. Moreover, most (73.33%) of the catfish marketers pass through the channel: Source to Retailers to Consumers as the most common channel in the study area. Most of the marketers (70.67%) sold their catfish in fresh form. A good number of the sellers (53.33%) engaged in open market display to sell their fish. The major constraints faced by the respondents in marketing of catfish in the study area was insufficient finance, lack of good storage facilities , purchase price instability, poor coordination of markets, inadequate local markets and high transport cost. Based on the results of the study, catfish marketers should be organized to form cooperatives society, so as to attract funds from government and nongovernmental organizations to support their business.

The study on the propagation of banana seedlings took place in Lwami in the Cirunga area, Kabare territory. The aim was to improve banana production in South Kivu in general. The rapid multiplication of bulbs in the macro propagator as the sampling method experimentation coupled with observations in the field. The multiplication rate in situ was 15.5 for dessert banana (FHIA 23 variety), 6.4 for plantain (FHIA 21 variety) and 5.3 cooking banana (FHIA 17) compared to the beer banana (CHIBULULA variety) which multiplication rate was 1. In the field cultivation, FHIA 21 and FHIA 23 have a large size and offspring than CHIBULULA and FHIA 17 but they are no difference into FHIA 21 and FHIA 23 according number of offspring and l size.  Again, the number of banana leaves emitted and banana pseudostem heights of those varieties are the same in ex situ cultivation. The multiplication of banana seedlings is an asset in the middle of South Kivu to have the suckers quickly exempt from diseases. This work recommends the Agriculture Inspectorate to make the banana offspring available to farmers, allowing them to multiply this crop.

Bermuda grass is a warm-season, drought resistant, salt tolerant grass and has the ability to grow in a broad range of temperatures.  While nitrogen fertilization is one the technologies for which optimization is being sought in order to increase foliar development, much is lost through various processes such as leaching, volatilization.  Foliar fertilization allows the plants to obtain equally distributed and easily absorbable essential nutrients however the amount of N lost due to volatilization has not been quantified in previous studies.  Hence, the study was designed to assess the quantity and rate of volatilization of nitrogen from foliar fertilizers applied on different cut-heights of Bermuda turf in golf courses.  Volume of N gas escaped was analyzed using a gas analyzer SKY2000-M4 with respect to the time elapsed after application.  Results showed a graphical relationship for the volatility of nitrogen and factorial 1.15823% could be taken into consideration to meet the optimum crop nitrogen requirement while doing foliar fertilization.

This study assessed  the enzymes activities in the plasma of Clarias  gariepinus  and Heterobranchus  longifilis reared in different culture systems. A total of two thousand eight hundred and eighty (2,880) fingerlings of two species consisting of 1440 Clariasgariepinus(mean length 5.42cm ± 0.67 and mean weight 3.34g± 0.33SD) and 1440 H.longifilis (mean length 5.43cm ± 0.88 and mean weight 3.35g± 0.31SD) were reared in four different  aquaculture enclosures namely: earthen ponds, tarpaulin, concrete and plastic tanks of the same dimension (1.0 x 1.0 x1.2m³) for a period of 12 weeks.  The results obtained, indicated that enzymes activities such as Acid Phosphatase (ACP); Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP); Aspartate Transsaminase (AST); Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Lactate Dehydrogennase  were significantly (P <0.05) elevated in the plasma of cultured fish, which was more pronounced in those reared in concrete and plastic tanks. Based on the results of this study, rearing of C. gariepinus and H. longifilis in tarpaulin tank is most effective and ideal method for fish production if the target is to attain fast growth and good health condition of the fish.

Background: Women's acne, which can start in youth and last into age, is frequently linked to anxiety and sadness. Its etiopathogenesis is influenced by genetic and hormonal variables, and because of the clinical progression, maintenance therapy is necessary, typically for years. Recurrent acne, a third form of acne that has lately been proposed in addition to chronic and late acne and that first appears in adolescence, improves for an undetermined amount of time, and then reappears in maturity. [6] There aren't many papers on this since modern research seldom asks the patient if acne returned after an adolescent era, while querying the age of acne start.Materials and methods: Nonpregnant females with acne aged 25 years who had not been on hormone medication for the previous three months were the subjects of this prospective research conducted at the R V M Medical College's Department of Dermatology's Outpatient Clinic. A thorough history was obtained, and a proforma that had been authorized in advance was followed. A pre-designed proforma was used to examine patients with acne under the age of 25 in order to identify trigger factors and rate the severity of the acne using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS). Total testosterone (TT), AMH, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin were all measured as part of a thorough hormonal evaluation.Result: just 4.28% of acne patients were beyond the age of 40, while the majority of acne patients (58.57%) were between the ages of 21 and 30. 70 adult female acne patients were seen, and 61.42% of the women had late-onset acne, whereas 38.57% had chronic acne. Papules were the most prevalent lesion at the time of presentation (61.42%), followed by mixed lesions, which included pustules and nodules. The severity of the patient's acne was rated as mild (72.8%), moderate (25.71%), or severe (1.42%). According to the subjective assessment, 21.3% of women experienced a clear premenstrual flare. The objective evaluation found that nutrition had a role in the health of 23.33% of patients, with "oily" and dairy products being prevalent items, sugar products and cosmetics, fairness creams, foundations, facials, and change of life style, with lack of physical excessive, obesity. Fairness creams, foundations, and facials were among the cosmetics that were at fault. While sunscreens had the highest maximum frequency per month, "fairness creams" were found to have the highest mean duration.Conclusion:Diet, stress, and cosmetics may all contribute to adult female acne, and a specific hormonal environment is responsible for both hyperandrogenemia and elevated levels of adrenal androgen. We discovered that stress and sleep deprivation were both prevalent in a significant number of individuals with high levels of adrenal hormones, suggesting a shaky connection between stress and acne. We have also established that adult female acne patients had elevated AMH levels, and more research on this hormone in adult acne patients is needed.

Community forestry is considered one of the successful programs in terms of natural resource regulation and protection in Nepal. It was started with the focus on the forest conservation through peoples’ participation and also satisfying their basic forest product’s needs. Later on, its limitation of tasks expanded and started working also on many cross cutting issues including institutional sustainability, good governance, sustainable livelihood, community development, democratic civic engagement and equity aspects of forest management (e.g. distribution of costs and benefits, access to decision-making). This review paper was designed to contemplate constraints and challenges on the social inclusion and equity aspect of forest management in community forestry and find out solution collectively. Many related peer reviewed research articles and government documents were taken into account and the result analysis was done based on the existing literatures. The study showed that there is not satisfactory inclusion of women, poor, lower caste and other disadvantage groups in community forestry in terms of distribution of costs and benefits and access to decision-making as a result of weak implementation of gender equality and social inclusion policies, weak institutional structure and capacity, inadequate awareness, inadequacy of gender disaggregated data, insufficient inclusion of gender and social inclusion criteria in monitoring and evaluation or in budgeting programmes and so on. To cope with these issues, fully implementation of policy provisions; formulation of strategies based on national debate, past research and their implementation; continuation of empowerment, formal and informal education through different ways at local level to improve literacy and awareness about rights of women and excluded groups; putting some preconditions on development assistance; strengthening of local institution to tackle equity and social inclusion; provision of adequate fund  and regular assessment of policy, implementation and the revision might be helpful.

The present work synthesizes the publications concerning the arachnological fauna of Côte d'Ivoire. Work on spiders began in 1962 and continued until 2008. They were carried out in the center, east, west and north of the country. These spiders have interested 10 authors who have written 20 publications. The main authors are Patrick Blandin (spider community ecology) and Rudy Jocqué (Ctenidae, Lycosidae and Zodariidae). To date, more than 331 species belonging to 168 genera and 46 families have been recorded in Côte d'Ivoire. Lycosidae are the most abundant with the most species described in Côte d'Ivoire.

Agro-tourism is a means of increasing added value, opening jobs, expanding markets for agricultural products, and supporting efforts to increase income and farmers' welfare. Characteristics of agro-tourism is a resources-based industry, the direction of its development strategy must be based on a potential resource area approach while still based on the concept of comparative advantage. Plantation agro-tourism development should refer to a superior commodity approach. Production diversification has not yet developed and its by-products have not been utilized. This study aims to formulate a cocoa commodity agro-tourism development strategy. The research object was cocoa farmers in Melaya District, Jembrana Regency using the SWOT analysis method. The results showed that the cocoa commodity agro-tourism development strategy was in quadrant I or a strategy made using all strengths to take advantage of opportunities, namely aggressive strategies. Aggressive strategy based on internal strength factors and opportunity factors which are external factors with alternative strategies: increasing farmers' independence through coaching and counseling, developing partnerships in agro-tourism activities to add value-added production of cocoa commodities.

This research work investigated the synergistic interaction of consumption of low proteinous staple cassava diet and nitrate and nitrite-containing water with a view of assessing the chronic toxicity of cyanide toxicity to animals feeding on cassava diet and evaluating the level of nitrate in water sources consumed by students in the university community viz-a-viz studying the link between cyanide and nitrate metabolism amongst the people of Akoko environs of Ondo State, Nigeria. The metabolism of a low protein cassava diet and nitrate/nitrite-containing water was investigated in albino wistar rats fed on a low protein cassava diet. The cassava roots were harvested, peeled, washed and cut into smaller sizes to aid quick homogenization, blended with cold ortophosphoric acid until complete homogenate and the homogenate were centrifuged to obtain a clear supernatant. The assays and activity of total and free cyanide, determination of urinary thiocyanate contents, sodium thiocyanate assay, linamarin contents, determination of crude linamarase enzymes, reduction of nitrate to nitrite in water by cadmium column, hematological assay and serum enzyme assay were performed using standard methods. Fifty-five recently weaned albino Wistar rats were acclimatized and used for this research work. They were placed on commercial rat’s pellets and or on a formulated diet containing 80 % cassava and 20 % pellets. A dose of 100 µg/kg body weight of sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) or a sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) and free drinking water were administered throughout the duration of two month of the experiment. The animals were divided into five groups of five animals each; animals in group one were administered cassava diet and free nitrate water, group two received cassava diet and 100 µg/kg body weight nitrate water, group three animals received pellet and 100 µg/kg body weight nitrate water, group four animals received pellet and 100 µg/kg body weight nitrite water and group five animals received pellet and nitrate free water. The animals in group five served as the control. Urine samples were collected weekly and analyzed. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture for enzyme, hematological, and liver and kidney function tests. Results showed markedly increased urinary excretion of nitrate, nitrite, hydrogen cyanide, and thiocyanate ions in the test group compared to controls. Weight loss, reduced packed cell volume, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin concentration were observed in test rats. Elevated serum enzymes and hepatomegaly further indicated the toxic effects of cyanide and nitrates. Nitrate levels in water sources from towns in Akoko North East and South West of Ondo State, Nigeria, were also assessed. Borehole water, particularly in Akungba Akoko and its environs, showed the highest concentrations. The study concluded that cyanide toxicity is prevalent in this area due to consumption of cassava-rich diets combined with nitrate-contaminated water, possibly explaining the high incidence of related diseases.

This paper is designed to demonstrate contribution of community forestry management practice in Nepal for the improvement of livelihood assets and identify the overall ongoing challenges that are hindering the sustainable livelihood development. Many related peer reviewed research articles and government documents were taken into account and the result analysis was done through using sustainable livelihood framework of DFID, 2000. The results showed that successful implementation of community forestry has been able to bring many positive changes in overall livelihood assets (natural, social, physical, financial and human capitals) in comparison with the previous situation. However, many obstacles in sustainable livelihood development have also been observed at the same time. The observed shortcomings are lack of mainstreaming biodiversity and ecosystem services, poor PES strategy implementation, lack of linking forest to food security, lack of measuring the sustainable use of forests and other natural resources(natural capital), weak and inefficient governance, equity, cost and benefit sharing (social capital), lack of community forest based enterprise development(financial capital), lack of literacy in poor, ethnic and lower cast, women(human capital) which need to be curbed. 

Green, black and fresh tea leaves are all produced from leaves and shoots of Camellia sinensis, the only difference is how they are processed. The aim of this study was to compare the endogenous tea either produced or processed at National tea and High Value Crops Research Institute Shinkiari. Fresh tea leaves, processed black tea and processed green tea were selected for comparative analysis i.e. Biological activities and secondary metabolites composition. Antimicrobial activity was determined by well diffusion method against bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E.coli. Green tea showed highest antimicrobial activity against both strains followed by fresh tea leaves and black tea. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites having medicinal importance.

This research was carried out using fish excreta as a fertilizer treatment for sweet pepper plants. The fish excreta solution was obtained from a tank containing a specie of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum var. annuum (Grossum Group) ‘Jumbo Sweet F1’) were grown in three (3) different beds, while each bed was treated with a different fertilizer treatment; fish excreta, cow manure and N.P.K 6.25.25. The difference in vegetative growth, reproductive yield and effect of the fertilizers on the soil’s pH was observed and recorded. The differences in vegetative growth recorded for the plants treated with fish excreta compared to cow manure and N.P.K treatments were not statistically significant. The total weight of fruit harvested on plants treated with fish excreta was significantly higher than the weight of fruit yielded from the plants treated with N.P.K and cow manure. The soil pH of the cow manure and the fish excreta treatment stabilized at a range which was suitable for the sweet pepper plants between pH 5.5 and pH 7.5, whilst soil pH of the N.P.K treatment expressed a drastic decrease to a more acidic pH range below the tolerance level of the plants.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts of different halo-priming seed treatments on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The research was done at the registred farmer field at Balangoda secretariat division in Sri Lanka during the period of May to October 2020. Rice variety at 362 was used for this experiment. 1% ZnSO_4, 2% ZnSO_4, 1% CaCl₂, 2% CaCl_2, 1% KNO₃, 2% KNO_3, 1% KCl, 2% KCl were used as halo-primed seed treatments.Water is used as the control treatment. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used as an experiment design with three replicates. As growth parameters total leaf area, number of leaves, number of tillers per plant, plant height and shoot dry weight were measured. Filled grain percentage, panicle weight, the effective number of panicles, thousand grain weight, total grain yield According to the results, among all osmopriming techniques, seed halo-primed seeds showed higher performances in all measured growth and yield parameters compared to hydro-priming treatment (control). Among them, halo-primed with 2% KNO₃ solution reported the highest leaf area/plant (1319.0±10.38 cm²), number of leaves (45.7±1.2), number of tillers (15.7±0.3), filled grain percentage (51.0±3.10%), 1000 grain weight (16.9±0.13g) and total yield (9.0±0.34 tons/ha) compared to hydro priming. Therefore, this study concludes that seed osmopriming with 2% KNO₃ be employed for better crop growth and yield of rice.

This study was carried out on the White Nile at Khartoum state , to determine the impact of industrial sanitation and effluent of Aluozoab discharge channel carrying sewage and other waste water from different industrial places around to the White Nile water quality ,Samples were taken from four locations: (A) the discharge water opposite the current (B) southern discharge channel with the current northern discharge channel at a distance 100m (C) and at a distance 200m (D), to analyze some characteristic Physical total suspended solid (T.SS) , Turbidity, Temperature and electric conductivity .( E.C.). Chemical characteristic , dissolved oxygen the statistical analysis launched that there were significant differences (P≤ 0.05) at location (A)for most characteristic when compared with others sites ,the value of (E.C ) electric conductivity were ( 1.333 ms/cm) in site A. (0.1663ms/cm) in site B. (0.1664ms/cm) in site C. (0.1692ms/cm) in site D. the mean total suspended solid (T.SS) value were( 6.3000g/l) in A site , (2.0375g/l ) in site B, (3.3875g/l) in site C, (3.2875 g/l) in site D. the mean Turbidity value were( 23.500cm ) in the site A, (31,875 cm ) in site B, (39. 375) in site C and (43.000cm) in the site D. Except the Temperature there was no significant change in four locations. As for Chemical characteristic, biochemical. The mean dissolved oxygen concentration recorded the lowest value in site A (2.5900mg/l), the decrease in (DO) contributed to existence of pollutants in the discharge from organic and inorganic materials , ( 6.4088 mg/l ) in the site B , 7.3475mg /l in the site C and ( 6.9375mg/l in site D. The study concluded that the White Nile water was seriously affected by the sewage effluent water this appeared in increasing and decreasing values of some physical, chemical and properties.

The study used a developer phase of Sentul chickens aged 18 weeks in 20 cages. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments consisting of R₀ (basal diet), R₁ (basal diet with Chitin 0.5%), R₂ (basal diet supplemented with 1.0% Chitin), R₃ (basal diet supplemented with Chitin 1.5%), and R₄ (basal diet supplemented with Chitin 2.0%). Each treatment was repeated four times with the observed variables were the number of red blood cells (RBC), blood haemoglobin levels, haematocrit levels and blood cholesterol. The results showed that the use of 0.5% Chitin feed supplement can meet the health requirements of blood parameters. The use of chitin supplement feeds improved the haematocrit and blood cholesterol parameters at the chitin level by 1.0%, while the optimal red blood cell count was 2.0% in Sentul chicken rations.

This study was carried out on the White Nile at Khartoum state, to determine the impact of industrial sanitation and effluent of Aluozoab discharge channel carrying sewage and other waste water from different industrial places  around to the White Nile water quality ,Samples were taken from four locations: (A) the discharge water opposite the current (B) southern discharge channel with the current northern discharge channel at a distance 100m (C) and at a distance 200m (D), to analyze some characteristic Physical total suspended solid (T.SS) , Turbidity, Temperature and electric conductivity .( E.C.). Chemical characteristic , dissolved oxygen the statistical analysis launched that there were significant differences (P≤ 0.05) at location (A)for most characteristic when compared with others sites ,the value of (E.C ) electric conductivity were ( 1.333 ms/cm) in site A. (0.1663ms/cm) in site B. (0.1664ms/cm) in site C. (0.1692ms/cm) in site D. the mean total suspended solid (T.SS) value were( 6.3000g/l) in A site , (2.0375g/l ) in site B, (3.3875g/l) in site C, (3.2875 g/l) in site D. the mean Turbidity value were( 23.500cm ) in the site A, (31,875 cm ) in site B, (39. 375) in site C and (43.000cm) in the site D. except the Temperature there were no significant change in four locations. As for Chemical characteristic, biochemical. The mean dissolved oxygen concentration recorded the lowest value in site A (2.5900mg/l), the decrease in (DO) contributed to existence of pollutants in the discharge from organic and inorganic materials, (6.4088 mg/l) in the site B, 7.3475mg /l in the site C and (6.9375mg/l in site D. The study concluded that the White Nile water was seriously affected by the sewage effluent water this appeared in increasing and decreasing values of some physical, chemical and properties.

The growth and yield performance of “sakurab” scallion green onion (Allium fistulusom) was determined by the use of different rates of chicken dung (5 tons/ha, 10 tons/ha, 15 tons/ha) and soil amendments: rice hull, carbonized rice hull, rice hull ash and mushroom spent with the following objectives namely to: “Evaluate the plant height of scallion green onion. Determine the number of tillers. Identify the number of leaves of scallion green onion bulb. Measure the diameter size of scallion green onion. Determine the percent recovery of marketable of scallion green onion. Analyse the Percent of Return of Investment. The study employed a two factor experiment under Randomized Complete Block Design. The results showed significant differences among treatments in the different rates of chicken dung in the average plant height, initial weight (intact leaves) and final weight (detached leaves). Non-significant differences among treatments were noted in the number of leaves, number of tillers, diameter of bulb and percent recovery. In the interaction of different sources of soil amendments and chicken dung, A2B1 (Rice Hull + 5 tons/ha chicken dung) obtained the highest return of investment with 263.63% and also noted with the highest net income (Table 8). Thus, the different sources of soil amendments and rates of chicken dung greatly affect the growth and yield performance of scallion green onion. Hence, rice hull, an agricultural waste that is a bane for rice millers and considered a problem by environments, is now a source of cash for farmers. Therefore, it is recommended to the local “Sakurab” farmers to use 10 tons/ha of rice hull as soil amendment and incorporate 5 tons/ha of chicken dung.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the first service pregnancy rate in cows at the selected coastal areas of Bangladesh. The study was conducted during the period from September 2015 to September 2016 in 10 Upazilas in Barisal district of Bangladesh. Data were recorded by checking their record book, collecting information from Upazila Livestock Office and asking the farmer. A total of 1431 cows were selected considering potential factors of, breed, age, parity, body weight, time of artificial insemination (AI) and feeding system. A descriptive analysis expressed as binary logistic regressions were done to measure the association and strength of association of different factors. The overall first AI pregnancy rate (PR/FAI) was 29.1%.  The PR/FAI of Local, Cross and Sahiwal breed were 28.3, 30.9 and 20.0%, respectively, In the experiment the PR/FAI of cows aged on 2.0 to 4.0, 4.1 to 8.0, 8.1 to 12 and, 12.1 to 16.0 were 32.5%, 27.2%, 26.2% and 33.3%, respectively the PR/FAI of 100-150, 151-200, 201-250 and >251 kg body weight was 28.5, 30.5, 29.4 and 31.7%, respectively. In this experiment, The PR/FAI of Parity-0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were 29.3, 30.1, 28.1, 6.9, 27.4, 29.7, 29.4, 32.0, 50.0 and 20.0%, respectively. The PR/FAI at 0 to 8 hr, 8.1 to 16 hr and 16.1 to 24 hr were 39.1, 41.3 and 41.2%, respectively. The PR/FAI of good, moderate and poor feeding system of cows was 45.1, 33.5 and 21.1%, respectively. It may be concluded that the first service pregnancy rate is not significantly influenced by the breed, age and parity of cows. It is suggested that training on dairying with community veterinary care improves the PR/FAI in Bangladesh. 

A survey was conducted in Gurara LGA, Niger State, Nigeria to assess the Adoption of Improved Fisheries Technologies by Fish Farmers. A sample of 125 fish farms out of the 250 existing farms identified during the survey was randomly selected for the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to the managers of the selected fish farms to elicit information. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The mean age of the respondents was 40.5 years. Commonly adopted improved fish technologies were floating feeds (84.8%), standard feeding regimes (84.0%), improved breeds of fingerlings (80.0%) and provision of inlet and outlet devices in pond (78.4). Most of the respondents were small-scale producers with a mean stocking rate of 3,789 fingerlings. The study concluded that the use of fish improved technology had positively influenced harvest of catfish farmers in the study area. The study recommends the need to establishing modern fish hatcheries by the fish farmers’ cooperative societies, and other stakeholder agencies so as to supply quality fingerlings. This would reduce cost of production, reduce susceptibility to early mortality, improve the production of fast maturing fish and thereby increase general output level.