Background: Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century that is characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that may impair health . In the past decade ,overweight and obesity among children has become a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. Objectives:To assess the prevalence of obesity in primary school children in Baghdad city. Methods: The methodology used to obtain the prevalence of obesity in primary schools in Baghdad city will involve a cross-sectional study design. This design will allow for the collection of data at a single point in time, which is suitable for obtaining information on the prevalence of obesity. The study will involve the use of questionnaires and physical measurements to collect data from a sample of primary school students. Results: This study was carried out on 575 primary school students aged 6-12 years. two hundred seventy-one (47%) were girls, and 304 (53 %) were boys. The prevalence of obesity was one third (33%) of all students that were studied. the higher percentage of obesity and overweight in middle socioeconomic status (61%) but this result was statistically not significant, (p-value 0.081). Also, there was significant association between mother educational level and pupils’ BMI (p-value 0.006). But the working mothers’ children present with high prevalence of obesity 88%. Conclusion: From this study we conclude that the prevalence of overweigh and obesity among primary school children was relatively high in Baghdad city. Socioeconomic class, Dietary pattern and sedentary lifestyle are important factors contributing to the high prevalence among this group of children. 

Background: Adolescence is marked by significant physical, emotional, and psychological changes, with the added challenge of navigating the digital age. The study explores the knowledge of screen time and sleep habits among adolescents in Himachal Pradesh, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 400 school-going adolescents was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from April to July 2023, and statistical analysis was performed to assess knowledge levels. Results: Findings indicate that the majority of adolescents have a good understanding of screen time's significance, its potential health effects, and its impact on sleep patterns. Participants also exhibited knowledge of sleep hygiene strategies. However, awareness of the importance of a consistent sleep schedule and the effects of caffeine on sleep quality showed room for improvement. Overall, 33.25% had very good knowledge, 37% good knowledge, 15.5% fair knowledge, and 14.25% poor knowledge. Conclusion: Adolescents in Himachal Pradesh demonstrate commendable awareness of screen time and sleep habits, but targeted interventions are needed to enhance knowledge in specific areas. This study underscores the importance of ongoing educational programs to promote healthier screen time and sleep patterns among adolescents. 

We present a rare case of an 11-year-old girl with an unusual clinical presentation of bluish patches on the trunk and legs accompanied by gum bleeds, ultimately diagnosed as TB-associated secondary ITP. Despite the absence of typical TB symptoms and negative serological tests, a lymph node biopsy revealing necrotic lymph nodes positive for AFB, along with a reactive tuberculosis skin test, confirmed the TB diagnosis, leading to anti-tubercular therapy initiation. This case emphasizes the importance of considering TB as an underlying etiology in secondary ITP, particularly in regions with high TB prevalence, highlighting diagnostic challenges and the need for early intervention to prevent complications. 

Background: In the digital age, screens have become integral to daily life, impacting various aspects of health and well-being. This study assesses awareness and knowledge of screen time habits among residents of District Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, recognizing the need for region-specific insights. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with 400 adults was conducted, measuring knowledge across 20 screen time-related aspects. Data was analyzed using Epi Info V7, and knowledge levels were categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Results: 66.5% knew the recommended average screen time, 64.75% acknowledged health risks, and 63.25% identified physical health effects. Awareness of mental health impacts stood at 45.75%, while 24.25% were aware of blue light effects. Only 18% knew the 20-20-20 rule. Knowledge of screen time limits for children was at 33.25%, with 62.25% naming leisure alternatives. 31.25% recognized impacts on children's cognitive development, while 34% were familiar with parental control tools. Signs of screen addiction were identified by 42.25%. Sedentary behavior and its physical health impact were known by 57.5% and 56.5%, respectively. 55% named strategies for balancing screen time with physical activity. Social consequences were recognized by 46.25%, and 35.75% were familiar with screen-free zones. Signs of disrupted sleep patterns were identified by 36.5%, and 37% knew the importance of setting screen time boundaries. Awareness of resources for screen time management was at 22.75%. Conclusion: District Bilaspur residents exhibit varying levels of awareness and knowledge regarding screen time habits, with strengths in recognizing health risks and physical health effects. This study informs tailored interventions and educational initiatives to promote balanced screen time practices. 

Background: Stroke is a significant global public health concern, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. India is witnessing a rising burden of stroke, posing challenges to healthcare systems. Understanding stroke awareness and knowledge gaps among the public in specific regions, such as District Kangra in Himachal Pradesh, India, is essential for effective public health interventions. Methods: This cross-sectional survey, conducted from May to July 2023, assessed stroke awareness and knowledge among 400 adults residing in District Kangra. A structured questionnaire covered socio-demographics and 20 questions evaluating knowledge on stroke risk factors and prevention. Knowledge was categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor based on scores. Results: The study revealed that 30% of participants exhibited very good knowledge, 38.25% had good knowledge, 19.5% had fair knowledge, and 12.25% had poor knowledge of stroke risk factors and prevention. While many participants correctly identified common risk factors and preventive measures, gaps in knowledge existed regarding age groups vulnerable to stroke, the role of family history, and stroke symptoms. Additionally, awareness of community resources for stroke prevention was limited. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of tailored public health campaigns to address stroke knowledge gaps in District Kangra. Despite areas of strong awareness, efforts are needed to improve recognition of vulnerable age groups, the significance of family history, and stroke symptoms. Community-based interventions, involving healthcare professionals and local leaders, are vital for disseminating accurate information and enhancing stroke prevention and management in this region. 

Early and accurate assessment of auditory function in infants and young children is essential for timely intervention in cases of hearing impairment. This review article examines the optimal approaches for evaluating auditory abilities in this age group. By delving into developmental milestones, assessment techniques, and technological advancements, the review offers a practical guide for clinicians and researchers. The review outlines key auditory milestones during infancy and early childhood, underlining their importance in selecting appropriate assessment tools. It explores non-invasive behavioral observation audiometry and visual reinforcement audiometry as effective methods for gauging auditory responses. Objective measures like otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) are discussed for their utility in identifying peripheral and central auditory issues. Advances in technology are considered, particularly the role of tele audiology and portable devices in facilitating accessible and convenient auditory assessments. Genetic testing and neuroimaging's integration is explored in cases of congenital hearing loss, emphasizing personalized diagnostic possibilities. Ethical considerations in pediatric auditory assessment are addressed, highlighting the need for patient comfort and interdisciplinary collaboration. The review provides practical insights into optimizing auditory assessment in infants and young children, enabling early intervention and fostering healthy auditory development. 

This Original research provides a comprehensive overview of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, a regional anesthesia technique used for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgeries. The abstract discusses the efficacy of TAP block in reducing postoperative pain and the need for analgesics. It also highlights the potential challenges and considerations when performing TAP block in specific patient populations, such as pregnant patients and those undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. The importance of proper training and proficiency in ultrasound-guided TAP block is emphasized, as it improves procedural success and reduces complications. Ultrasound guidance is shown to enhance the accuracy and safety of TAP block by providing real-time visualization of needle placement. Overall, this abstract emphasizes the need for further research and training in TAP block to optimize its use in clinical practice. 

Background: Menstrual hygiene is a crucial aspect of women's reproductive health, yet it often remains shrouded in stigma and misconceptions, especially in regions like Himachal Pradesh, India. The lack of accurate information and hygienic practices can lead to health issues and affect women's well-being. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in the outpatient department of Zonal Hospital, Dharmshala, Himachal Pradesh, between January 2023 and March 2023. The study population comprised women aged 15-45 years. A sample of 400 participants was selected using a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through a demographic survey instrument and a questionnaire containing 20 structured menstrual hygiene knowledge-related questions. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Among the 400 participants, 26.5% had very good knowledge (16-20 marks), 49.5% had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 16.25% had fair knowledge (8-11 marks), and 7.75% had poor knowledge (<8 marks) regarding menstrual hygiene. Most participants demonstrated solid knowledge of basic menstrual concepts, hygiene practices, and health risks associated with poor menstrual hygiene. However, knowledge gaps existed in areas such as the components of menstrual blood, environmental impacts of disposable menstrual products, and menstrual disorders. Conclusion: The study highlights a range of knowledge levels regarding menstrual hygiene among women attending the Zonal Hospital OPD in Himachal Pradesh. While foundational knowledge is relatively strong, targeted educational interventions are needed to address specific knowledge gaps. Improving awareness of sustainable menstrual hygiene options, menstrual disorders, and cultural sensitivities can contribute to enhanced menstrual hygiene practices and overall well-being. 

Infertility is a medical disorder marked by the failure to conceive a pregnancy after one year of consistent and unprotected sexual intercourse; the key factors determining the treatment approach for this problem are the underlying cause, the patient's age, and the duration of the condition.  A cross-sectional analysis of 200 patients who sought consultation at Al-Batool University Hospital's Infertility Unit between January 1, 2013, and July 31, 2016, was used to identify infertility causes and patient characteristics. Data was acquired from hospital Infertility Unit records and a questionnaire on age, place of residence, occupation, type of infertility, causes length, and blood groups; each response was analyzed in a table to determine its impact. The study revealed that most patients were females, constituting 92% (184), while male patients accounted for 8% (16). Among females, the most common age group was 21-30, representing 65% (120) cases. On the other hand, most male patients fell within the 31-40 age range, comprising 56% (9) of cases. The majority of patients, consisting of 62% females and 56% men, resided in metropolitan areas; all female patients, constituting 66% (149) of the total, were engaged in homemaking, whereas all male patients, constituting 100% (16) of the total, were employed, the whole female patient population, accounting for 100% (184) of the cases, were diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). All 16 occurrences of hypogonadism were diagnosed in male patients, accounting for 100% of the cases of the female patients; 126 (68%) had primary infertility, while 58 (32%) had secondary infertility.  Conversely, every single one of the 16 male patients (100%) encountered primary infertility; among the female patients, 102 individuals, accounting for 55% of the total, sought consultation at the Infertility unit for 1-3 years.   Conversely, the Infertility unit received the bulk of male patients, precisely ten individuals (62.5%), who sought consultation after a duration exceeding 3 to 5 years; most female patients with blood group O had a receptivity percentage of 62%. In contrast, most male patients with blood group O displayed a receptivity rate of 75%. The study found that female infertility in Diyala City is similar to global rates, with younger women and urban women being the most affected. Primary infertility is the most common form.   Polycystic ovarian syndrome causes female infertility, and blood group O people are more likely to get it.   It appears that occupation does not affect this condition in men or women. 

Altered voice due to vocal cord palsy may be the only manifestation of an underlying serious medical condition. Malignancy (especially lung cancer) and iatrogenic trauma (following thyroid surgery) are the most common causes. The longer intrathoracic course of left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) makes it vulnerable to involvement by numerous conditions mainly of mediastinal origin. Vocal cord palsy due to RLN involvement by mediastinal lymphadenopathy of benign and inflammatory aetiologies is uncommon, but includes pulmonary tuberculosis. Involvement of RLN in mediastinal disease is rare. We describe such a case of mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis presenting as right vocal cord palsy diagnosed by computed tomography scan. A-24 years-old female presented with acute history of hoarseness of voice and right neck swelling. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed paramedian position of right true vocal cord. CECT chest confirmed the mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Supraclavicular lymph node cytology came positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis on CBNAAT. Patient was started on category 1 anti tubercular treatment and is on follow up.