With the increasing importance of the digital economy, digital services trade has become a new focus of international trade competition. Based on the analysis of the current situation of global digital trade, this paper constructs an evaluation index system and uses the data of the DTE database to empirically measure the barriers to digital services trade of 34 countries. The research finds that the digital trade barriers of developing countries are stronger than those of developed countries and the level of barriers to cross-border data flows is increasing especially in BRICS.

This research was carried out for the period January 2011 to June 2013 and July 2018 to December 2020. The Researcher had made efforts to compare the above mentioned time periods. Time period January 2011 to June 2013 was chosen as it immediately followed the Pan India launch of Mobile Number Portability (MNP) on 20^th January 2011. Equivalent time period of 30 months from July 2018 to December 2020 was chosen to take into account the Merger between Vodafone India and Idea Cellular Ltd. During the period January 2011 to June 2013, the Researcher focused on the GSM Market in India while during the period July 2018 to December 2020, the Researcher focused on the entire Mobile Market in India after the exit of the CDMA Players. Hence everything mentioned in this research paper should be appropriately viewed in the context of the mentioned time period. This research paper attempts to conceptually determine the applicability of ‘Butterfly Effect’ in consumers’ choice and continuity with a telecom service provider in India. Butterfly Effect was coined by Edward Lorenz. In Chaos Theory, Butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions that lead to widely dispersed outcomes at a later stage. Today, Telecom Service in Indian market is seen more as a Commodity. Based on current market developments there are certain areas that need to be focused such as Innovation in offerings that can trigger incremental revenues, harnessing Big Data to obtain a Single View of the Customer (SVoC), changing Strategy to keep pace with Customers’ increased presence in digital landscape and enhanced Customer Engagement. These areas can offer some points of differentiation on successful implementation. At Micro level in the Indian GSM market, monthly incremental addition had declined and had become negative during the second half of 2012. Overall wireless teledensity as of end December 2012 was at 70.82%. However, changes happened during the first half of 2013 such as Consolidation after the exit of certain telecom players post Jan 2013, positive monthly incremental additions and increase in voice tariffs. During the period July 2018 to December 2020, average monthly incremental additions had declined and had become negative during both first half and second half of 2019 and first half of 2020 before recovering to become positive in the second half of 2020. Overall wireless teledensity as of end December 2020 was at 84.90%. Market Structure of Indian Wireless Telecom Service is Oligopoly in nature. Two important aspects of an Oligopoly Market are interdependence between firms and the need for a clear strategy especially for smaller firms. Further, the focus of telecom service providers will shift from customer acquisition towards Mobile Number Portability (MNP), Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) and closing the gap between active and total subscribers.

The digital age inspired the concept of E-leadership. This article reviewed research related to E-leaders and E-leadership in the context of the growing focus on E-leadership in organizations. Specifically, this article not only discussed the benefits of exercising E-leadership in organizations but also the challenges faced by E-leaders in organizations from the perspective of E-technology, organizational communication, organizational size and organizational culture and operations management. Additionally, this article also discusses how to better exercise E-leadership from the aspects of technology, organizational communication and coordination, organizational culture, human resource management, operations management and leadership and ethics.

Investment and economic growth are very crucial for any country. Investment accelerates economic growth and economic growth also influences investment in further increment. There is a strong bidirectional causality between these two variables. This paper investigates the causal relationship between the investment and economic growth of Bangladesh in the period of 1984-2021, utilizing a Johansen Co-integration Test and Granger Causality Test. In light of writing survey, the model additionally incorporates total investment, current GDP, total consumption and export. The study found that all variables are stationary by implying Augmented Dickey Fuller Test and Phillips-Perron Test. Johansen Co-integration Test shows that there is a long run relationship between GDP and investment, which is highly significant. To put in other words the evidence bidirectional causality between economic growth and investment in the long-run indicates that both economic growth and investment reinforce each other in a longer term perspective.

The rising wave of insecurity in Nigeria has fuelled crime rate and terrorists attacks in different parts of the country, leaving unpalatable consequences for the nation’s economy and its growth. Despite the plethora of security measures taken to address the daunting challenges of insecurity in Nigeria, government efforts have not produced the desired result. When there is insecurity it will be difficult for women to participate in entrepreneurial activities. This study therefore, sought to establish armed robbery as a determinant of women’s participation in entrepreneurial activities in Ondo State. The study adopted descriptive research of the survey type. It employed simple random sampling technique. The sample consisted eighty (80) women entrepreneurs randomly selected from age range (20-54 years). Findings of the study revealed that demographic characteristics of the respondents have effect on women’s participation in entrepreneurial activities. It shows that armed robbery incidence hindered women from participating in entrepreneurial activities. In conclusion, armed robbery cases have adverse consequences on entrepreneurial activities by discouraging them from expanding their businesses. It was recommended among other that Government should put in place welfare packages to cushions the effect on women entrepreneurs who lost to armed robbers while families, friends and general public should lend a hand to concerned women entrepreneurs.

Institutional shareholders mean these financial institutions that receive money from other and investment them in their own name. They include Private Commercial Banks, Non-Bank Financial Institutions, Investment Corporation of Bangladesh (ICB), Insurance Companies, Leasing Companies, Provident and Pension Funds, Mutual Funds, Other Manufacturing Companies. The aim of the research is to find out the impact of % of institutional share ownership on the number of no executive independent directors on the board, executive remuneration, firm’s profitability and average institutional shareholding in different sectors of Bangladesh. Here the dependent variables are the number of independent directors on the board, executive remuneration, firm’s profitability and independent variable is % of institutional shareholding. The sample of this paper includes 312 firms listed in DSE across all of the sectors for the year 2019. Data are collected from these companies’ website and Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) website. Least square regression analysis is also used to analyze the impact of institutional share ownership on company’s corporate governance and firm’s profitability measure. This research finds out positive and a significant relationship between % of institutional share ownership with the number of independent directors on the board composition, executive directors remuneration and profitability of firms. It has been identified that private commercial banks are the largest institutional shareholders. At the end, along with the conclusions few points are proposed as suggestion for encouraging the involvement and increasing participation of institutional shareholders depending on the findings of our analysis.

Today every country is facing the problem of corona virus. As the years are progressing this problem is becoming terrible and formidable for every country. Due to corona virus, the economic condition of every country has been badly affected. Even underdeveloped and developing countries like India have not been able to escape from the effects of the corona, the one who broke all of those economies, every country, society, nation and social agency of the world are also doing their best to fight this disease. The impact of corona virus pandemic in various on India has been largely disruptive in terms of Economic. Loss of human lives as well as activity. It was necessary to apply lockdown because of the increasing effect of the corona and it is more important to save people's lives. This era has proved bad for the common man. The economy is crumbling since the corona period. On the other hand, the government has also taken the help of lockdown to save the lives of the people. The pandemic has been affecting the entire food system and laid bare its fragility. Millions of enterprises face an existential threat. Even before the arrival of this epidemic, the condition of the Indian economy was not very good. The study also emphasized corona virus impact on the Indian Economy but due to this, the tourism sector, international trade, agriculture and food supply has suffered a major setback also unemployment rate totally went up in India. In this paper, we will describe the condition of the Indian Economy with the impact of corona virus. As the condition of our Economy has deterioration the policy suggestions of the government have been presented to bring it back on track.

The whole world is now buffering for the COVID 19 pandemic. Bangladesh is not beyond that. The COVID 19 pandemic began in November 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China (COVID-19 pandemic-Wikipedia, 2022). In Bangladesh, this COVID 19 virus was identified in the human body on 8th March 2020 (IEDCR, 2020). To arrest the mass outbreak of this virus along with observing this pandemic situation, The Government of Bangladesh had decided to shut down all educational institutions from 18 March until 13th September in 2021. As a consequence, Bangladesh's public education system, like that of most other countries throughout the world, has been severely impacted by the covid-19 pandemic. To mitigate the loss of the students and keep going on education, the government of Bangladesh decided to implement an online education system without physical attendance in classes. This pandemic has a huge impact on every aspect of human life from day-to-day life to the economy of the whole world. As a result, the way of the education system of Bangladesh has been changed dramatically like any other country in the world. The whole world is now moving towards an online education system. This online education system has some positive and negative aspects. The objective of this study is to explore the challenges faced by teachers, especially primary school teachers in rural areas of Bangladesh while conducting online classes. This study is conducted in the Barishal division of Bangladesh during COVID 19 pandemic from the year 2020 to 2021. This study identifies and explains the challenges faced by the primary school teacher in the Barishal division of Bangladesh while conducting online classes. This is a qualitative study and exploratory in nature. The purposive sampling procedure was used to select the 30 respondents of the study. The respondents were primary school teachers of rural villages from different primary schools of the Barishal division of Bangladesh. The semi-structured in-depth interview method was used to collect Primary data extending from 30 to 45 minutes. The collected data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method and six themes were developed. (Familial Support as a Determinant of Women Career Development: A Qualitative Study, 2020).

The concept of Human Resources has evolved and developed rapidly. At the beginning of its development, the concept of HR was known as the welfare office or the welfare industry, then it developed into labur management, then into personnel management, then into human resource management and the last stage of development was known as human capital or people management. At this stage it should be time for the concept of HR to change, starting from its definition, strategy, challenges and also the concept of HR in the digitalization era but unfortunately the development of comprehensive literature at this stage is still lacking. The rapid development of technology in the Industrial 4.0 era has had an impact on the shift in the role of humans as strategic elements in an organization. The transfer of technology marked by the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has led to the shift of most of human work to machines. The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has had an impact on the automation of most jobs. The concept of Big Data with a large volume, speed and variety of data has shifted the role of humans in obtaining, processing and analysing data for managerial decisions. In addition, there is a tendency in the future for companies to turn into a Smart Industry which has an impact on the lack of recruitment and applying high selectivity in the selection of their employees. This phenomenon will continue to grow to a point where humans themselves begin to doubt the existence of humans as a critical and important resource in an organization. Companies are starting to ask “is it still important for people to be retained in their organizations?”. Even if some people must be preserved, who should be retained in the organization. This situation becomes a big problem for the continuity of human importance in the industrial world. A concrete solution must be sought to solve the problem of the loss of the role of humans "in their own homes". This study aims to formulate a digital human-based human capital development model by synergizing the roles and responsibilities of educational institutions, government and industry in preparing humans who are able to survive, meet the requirements and exist in the growing "Smart Industry". The research is directed to formulate a digital human model with the research phase starting with a systematic literature review following a structured manuscript.

Present Indian tax system is very complex as it includes cascading effects of tax. GST, being one single indirect tax scheme for the entire nation will attempt to make India united common market. GST referred as Goods and services tax is major taxation scheme developed for achieving economic growth. GST is huge reform for indirect taxation of India, the likes of which the country has not seen post Independence. GST will simplify indirect Taxation, reduce complexities and remove the cascading tax effect. Expert believes that it will have a huge impact on businesses both Big and small and change the way the economy Functions.

Objectives: This study examines the effect of public policy on entrepreneurship in Southeast Nigeria on the objectives, to determine the extent of awareness of entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial approaches, examine the extent to which the implementation of entrepreneurial policies are hindered, determine to what time the poor performance of procedures has impaired entrepreneurial development and the extent to which incompatible policies have affected entrepreneurship in South-east Nigeria. Research Design and Methods: the survey research design was applied to this research and questionnaires were used to collect data. Findings: The Government's fiscal policies are ill formulated and ill implemented, thus slowing down the pace of entrepreneurship development in Southeast Nigeria. Also, most public policies are so complex that the problem solution's cost is higher than the benefit. The study concluded that adequate resources are not always available to pursue a public policy to make SMEs' best and intended impact.Implication and Recommendations: Basic amenities like water, energy, road construction and other policies that relate to entrepreneurship have not been pursued vigorously by the Government because the problems inherent are so complex that the cost of following the guidelines may be higher than the benefit. No entrepreneur could thrive in an environment like ours. The Nigerian Government is expected to consider all the conflicting factors before formulating and implementing policies. An adequate fund is necessary to pursue policy objectives to ensure a high rate of success. Also, the Government should integrate all stakeholders, especially entrepreneurs, to pursue power/energy-related policies to provide electrical supply stability. Contribution and Value Added: this article has established the best ways the Government should make policies for SMEs. It has also proferred the integration of all stakeholders and entrepreneurs in developing policies on basic amenities.

Local Revenue, Local Taxes, Local Retribution, Financial Statements, North Sumatra

This study discusses the antecedents of the influence of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty at PT Maybank Indonesia Finance. Researchers distributed questionnaires to 100 Maybank Finance consumer respondents in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi. Data analysis using Smart PLS analysis. The results of the analysis conclude that price has a positive effect on customer satisfaction. So it can be said that if the price (interest rate) is low, then this will increase the level of customer satisfaction. Promotion has a positive influence on customer satisfaction. So it can be said that if promotions are added, it will lead to an increase in customer satisfaction. Service quality has a positive influence on customer satisfaction. So it can be said that if the quality of service is getting better, then this will lead to an increase in the level of customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction has a positive influence on customer loyalty. So it can be said that if customer satisfaction increases or decreases, this will affect customer loyalty. So customer loyalty is strongly influenced by customer satisfaction at PT Maybank Indonesia Finance.

This paper discusses the relationship of environmental pollution and degradation on sustainable development of Bangladesh by taking time series data from 1972 to 2011. The paper uses the variables like net national welfare (as a proxy of sustainable development), total GDP, total pollution and total resource rent (i.e., degradation) to establish the relationship. Here, the researchers use net national welfare for measuring sustainability. Statistical tools such as; Unit root test, the Hordick-Prescott filter, Co-integration test and Granger Causality test are used to establish the relationship. Unit root test ensures that all data are stationary in first difference. The Hordick-Prescott filter shows data trends are smooth in the long-run. Co-integration verifies that dependent and independent variables are co-integrated in the long-run. Normalized co-integration coefficients show that GDP has positive but pollution and natural resource rent (degradation)have negative effect on net national welfare. There is no alternative to control pollution and environmental degradation for sustainable development in Bangladesh.

Firm value, corporate social responsibility, philanthropic responsibility, economic responsibility, Ethical responsibility

This study was conducted to examined the nexus between liquidity management and financial performance of quoted service firms in Nigeria. This follows from the fact that effect of management in organizations is always aimed at raising financial performance and that liquidity management is one cardinal area to achieve this objective. Ex-post-facto research design was adopted involving use of secondary data obtained from the annual financials of the selected companies for the period 2013-2018 for eighteen (18) firms. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyse the data using multiple regression technique from the results, Quick Ration (QR) and Operating Cash Flow Ratio (OCFR) had a positive and significant effect on financial performance; Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC), had negative and significant effect on financial performance (FP) while Revenue Growth (RG) and Cash Ratio (CR) showed positive but insignificant effect on FP. It was concluded that liquidity management determinant affects financial performance and recommended that the management of quoted service firms in Nigeria should understand the dynamics of money market and to optimize their returns through investing surplus funds on the management instruments.

Properly applied strategic leadership is precursory for effective strategy formulation, implementation and control especially in the current highly volatile business environment. Due to limited empirical findings locally on how strategic leadership affects performance of organizations, this study increased this knowledge by answering the question: what is the effect of core competencies exploitation on organization performance of state-owned sugar manufacturing firms in Western Kenya. Target population was 917 employees from Chemelil, South Nyanza, Muhoroni and Nzoia. Survey design was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to arrive at the population sample; total sample size of 269 respondents was used. Primary data was collected by way of semi structured questionnaire. Secondary data collection involved documentary analysis to capture information on organization performance of state-owned sugar manufacturing firms in Western Kenya. The test criteria was to reject the null hypothesis if the value of beta was not equal to zero (β2 ≠0). From the results, the beta value for core competencies exploitation from the regression model was 0.503 at p< 0.05. This result implied that 50.3% of change in Organization performance is explained by Core Competencies exploitation. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. The findings of the current study form a basis for reference in future by interested parties. Further research should be carried out on the Influence of strategic leadership on organization performance of privately owned sugar manufacturing firms in order to make generalizations as relates to effect of strategic leadership on organization performance of sugar manufacturing firms in Western Kenya.