This article presents information about the psychological health of India after rapid economic and social changes during the last decade.  A mental health crisis, with major focus on a very disturbing trend of suicides throughout the country, especially among students and farmers is highlighted.   A social and public health response to the psychological problems of the masses is described as inadequate and limited only to problems relating to psychosis, while problems relating to neurosis are simply ignored.  Author’s efforts as Fulbright-Nehru senior research scholar to launch mental health movement in India through establishing Association of Mental Health Counsellors and Post Graduate Diploma in Mental Health Counselling at the Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar are described for others to follow.

The discovery of oil in the Niger Delta in 1956 brought hope of rapid socio-economic development of the region. No one knew of the ruinous environmental pollution that was to accompany oil activities. Thus, the euphoria of access to easy petro-dollar that enveloped the region’s people was devoid of any apprehension. However, oil activities in the region have been accompanied by huge gas flaring and unabated oil spillages. Their negative impacts have brought about physical and ecological changes on the environment. This study examines crude oil activities in the Niger Delta and their effects on the environment. It intently examines the nexus between effects of oil activities on the environment and food insecurity in the Niger Delta. The study deployed both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies for data collection, analysis and presentation. The data for this study were collected using triangulation; structured close-ended questionnaire schedule, focus group discussions and open-ended target interviews. The paper found that pollution from oil exploration and exploitation activities have acutely impacted the Niger Delta environment with deleterious impact on flora and fauna. It concludes that impacts of oil on the environment have gravely impaired food security in the Niger Delta.

India and China are the two largest countries in Asia. Since the beginning of the People's Republic of China (October 1, 1949), India-China political relations have always been in a state of "cold" and tense. As the two powerful countries possessing nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles, the military conflict will definitely cause dire consequences for the people of the two countries in particular and the unpredictable ones for the region as well as the world in general. The article gives the awareness of the nature of the India-China relations, predicts the developing trends and the impacts of the India-China relations on the world and on Vietnam.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is being recognized to be one of the important pillars of the skills and abilities needed today, whether in organizations or in life. Understanding the levels of EI at any organization helps to detect problems and create a harmonious working environment. In the education sector, this understanding helps generate a more effective learning and teaching environment which in turn improves productivity of the students and enhance their skills. This paper looks at the levels of emotional intelligence in private colleges and universities in Oman. Using the WEIS questionnaires, the findings revealed a moderate to high levels of EI among the students regardless of their age and gender. The sample covered 50 students from six colleges and universities in the Sultanate of Oman.

According to the Letjen TNI JS. Prabowo 2009 said, understanding the meaning/definition of the war the universe as the following: (1) War of the Universe should not be done with the use of military means, for example, fought with the use of firearms, (2) the Involvement of people in the war should not be with mempersenjatainya physically and memperankannya as a fighting force armed or combatants, (3) Given the threat to state sovereignty, and territorial integrity of Indonesia, not only from military power “abroad” but can also come from groups within the country (the separatists) then the war the universe can occur when dealing with the separatist group. Conflict Diponegoro and the Netherlands began to occur when the Resident Smissaert and Patih Danurejo with accidentally ordered installing anjar (a stake) as a sign of will he made a new path. Stake-stake is mounted flashed land Diponegoro in Tegalrejo. Diponegoro do not allow the soil around Tegalrejo is crossed by new roads, ordered the command of his men revoke the stake is. The incident stake and road closures into open conflict Smissaerrt-Danurejo against Diponegoro, which involves armed forces. This study aims to analyze the Strategy of the War the Universe Prince Diponegoro in operation chase the Netherlands and looking for the root of the problem, as well as the outcome of the war itself. The results of this study can be expected to have benefits in two of the following frameworks: the Benefits theoretically, this research is expected to give a descriptive explanation about the Strategy of the War the Universe Prince Diponegoro In Operation Chase the Netherlands and looking for the root of the problem, as well as the outcome of the war itself. The practical benefits, the results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of knowledge of how the Strategy of the War the Universe Prince Diponegoro In Operation Chase the Netherlands and looking for the root of the problem, as well as the outcome of the war itself. This Research method using Descriptive research approach a Qualitative approach of Phenomenology that has been said Hadari Nawawi as a procedure of solving the problem are investigated to describe or depict the state of the subject or the object of research when the research is done by basing themselves on the necessary data about the Strategy of the War the Universe Prince Diponegoro In Operation Chase the Netherlands. It is sharpened by the method of descriptive qualitative to describe and analyze the Strategy of the War the Universe Prince Diponegoro In Operation Chase the Dutch in 1825-1830.

This study examined the chess and ethno-mathematical games usage as a panacea to students' academic achievement in Mathematics. The study also compared the effect of chess and ethno-mathematical games and conventional method of teaching on the students' performance in Mathematics. The research design for this study was a quasi-experimental design of pre-test, post-test, control group. The sample for this study was 180 students selected from public secondary schools through multistage sampling procedure. The instrument used for this study was Mathematics Performance Test (MPT) which contained 40 multiple choice items drawn from SSS Mathematics curriculum.  Validation of the instrument was done by using test re-test method, a value of 0.81 reliability coefficient was obtained. Descriptive statistics of frequency count, mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions raised while inferential statistics of Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) were used to test the hypotheses and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study showed that there was a significant difference in the post-test mean scores of students exposed to chess and ethno-mathematical games as well as their control group counterparts. The findings of the study also showed that there was significant difference in the post-test mean scores of students exposed to chess game and conventional group. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that the use of ethno-mathematical games be encouraged in Mathematics class in secondary schools so as to enhance better academic performance in Mathematics.

The Padre War was a war that took place in the region of West Sumatra from 1803-1837, with the religious figure Tuanku Imam Bonjol as its leader. It was the longest War during pre-Independence Indonesia, which was originally a civil war and turned into a war against Colonialism. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a library study technique. The formulation of this research problem is whether the priest's War can be declared as the War of the Indonesian Total War, how the priest's War's strategy, according to the persimmons' characteristics, realize the victory and nationalism of Minangkabau people in mobilizing the community against Colonialism. The results of the research are, the war priest according to the philosophy of defense science, the strategy of Total defense, and according to the characteristics of the Indonesian total War, the theory of victory, diplomacy, and nationalism of the Total War, can be classified into the Indonesian total War.

Are all languages created equal? Was it meant to be used and appreciated? Language is there to be promoted or discontinued. What has survived? “Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words shall not pass away”, was said by Jesus Christ. “All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.”, is a famous syllogism. What is left for us? Do we promote certain word or all words? Our words matter, please choose wisely. We must consider facts, opinions and our imperfection. Since we are imperfect, could we reach even a percent of God’s wisdom? Will some persons die an antichrist or atheist? Will some persons die because of ignorance.

This paper explores the enduring phenomenon of Asabiyyah (prejudicial tribalism) and its destructive consequences throughout human history. Beginning with the arrogance and rebellion of Iblis, and the jealousy-driven conflict between Habil and Qabil, the discussion highlights how Asabiyyah has repeatedly undermined justice and social harmony. It further examines the pre-Islamic Arab society where tribal grudges, vengeance, and blind support for one’s clan prevailed. The paper also connects these historical patterns to contemporary Muslim societies facing ethno-religious and political crises, such as in Nigeria and other parts of the Muslim world. Finally, the study analyzes the methods employed by Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to eliminate Asabiyyah and emphasizes the need for Muslims today to uphold his teachings to combat modern prejudicial conflicts.

The meaning of leadership will be built by a person's character in depth. This situation is very relevant to the military leadership style where this style develops very systematically as a result of the efforts to cultivate and regenerate soldiers. Military organizations with a firm command system are very easy to identify the character and career of each personnel whose skills and experience are built starting from the rank or position that continues to increase from the lowest to the highest. Through a qualitative descriptive analysis based on field studies, it was found that currently the military leadership paradigm has shifted towards a more open and democratic one. The theoretical approach based on the strategic leadership of Purnomo Yusgiantoro’s Model and Full Range Transformational Model show that democratic military leaders will be more effective in producing accurate decisions. The output of a military leader with a modern leadership style will plan each of his strategic decisions based on objectives, methods and resources in ways that are far from totalitarian.

This paper explores the interpretations of Asabiyyah (tribal or racial prejudice) and its prohibition as discussed by four eminent Qur’anic exegetes: Al-Tabari, Ibn Kathir, Abdullah Bin Fodiyo, and Abubakar Mahmud Gummi. It examines their commentaries on relevant Qur’anic verses and Hadiths that emphasize the dangers of Asabiyyah and its contradiction to Islamic teachings. The study highlights how each scholar interprets the concept through the lens of justice, equality, and brotherhood. Al-Tabari’s analysis, for instance, stresses avoiding transgression driven by hatred or bias. The paper also presents brief biographical insights into each scholar to contextualize their perspectives. Ultimately, it underscores the collective stance of these Mufassirun on rejecting all forms of tribalism and promoting unity among Muslims in accordance with the Qur’an and Sunnah.

Human rights are essential for every people towards the development of individual personality. This paper studies the socio-economic-constitutional background of Dalit women and their present conditions under the scanner of human rights debate. Further, it has examined the role performed by governmental and non-governmental agencies to ameliorate their backward condition. It is produced by both primary and secondary data. The primary data have been collected by interview method from the study area on the basis of purposive sample design. The secondary data have been collected from different books, research articles, newpapers, research reports, internet etc. From the work, the researcher found that the factors like patriarchy, power relations, illiteracy and ignorance have mammoth impact on the condition of Dalit women. Finally, the researcher has prescribed some suggestions to improve the deplorable conditions. It is pertinent to mention that in the present paper the word “Dalit” and “Scheduled Caste” have been used coterminously.

Terrorism that occurs both in the world and in Indonesia is a crime that cannot be classified as an ordinary crime, academically categorized as an extraordinary crime. Actions of terrorism in Indonesia can already be classified as a military threat, namely threats that use armed force, are organized and are considered to have capabilities that endanger state sovereignty. The armed forces’s task in overcoming these acts of terrorism has not been effective. The research objective is to provide government input on the importance of optimizing the armed forces's task in overcoming the threat of terrorism. Research using qualitative methods is aimed at understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the participants. The results achieved were formal legality, the ability of the armed forces and organizational synchronization to be an absolute factor in the armed forces's task in overcoming the threat of terrorism.

In the past few months, China has been hit by an unprecedented epidemic. In the face of the disaster, the Chinese people, under the guidance of the excellent traditional Chinese culture, worked together to overcome this difficulty step by step. But the ferocity of the epidemic makes most countries in the world still in the “whirlpool”. This paper tries to use the theory of four-levels of culture to analyze the reasons why Chinese culture plays a decisive role in the process of fighting against the epidemic from four aspects-culture of state, institutional culture, behavior culture and mentality culture, so as to provide experience and ideas for countries around the world to rationally and effectively fight against COVID-19 and establish a better sense of community of a Shared future in the later stage of COVID-19.

Pandemic Covid- 19 has made a shift from a conventional classroom to online education process or e-learning.  This research was conducted with a qualitative approach that was applied to identify the impact that occurred on the learning process carried out online to achieve the effectiveness of learning process. A survey procedure revealed that the students feel convenience with online learning process 46.88 %; but 37.50 % disagree. Thus, it found that 53.13 % of students do not understand learning materials, because it is only 37.50 % who catch knowledge. It concluded that online teaching learning process, has made majority learners feel convenience, however it only results in the students’ achievement in 37.50 %; it falls into the low achievements because it under 55 %. 

Concept of Child adoption is practice from ancient time in the universe. It is social phenomena. The object of child adoption is vary with change in civilization and change in view, thought of human. In Adoption, child of one family is placed into another family. Researcher have make an attempt to analysis and examine the overall changing dimension of human thoughts in different religion and its status, development in the modern adoption. This paper traces the adoption practices and legal framework to adoption in India. Also, assert status of adoption of child social legal with reflection of wider scope in new emerging family. It address issues and consequences of child adoption. Data are collected through secondary sources i.e. internet - books, article, journals.

Forgiveness is important to us in our moral lives. We often forgive, and ask for forgiveness from others. The discussions of forgiveness occur commonly in politics, sociology, and philosophy. But what is forgiveness? Forgiveness is not a matter of manipulating one’s negative emotions, it is not to deal ‘away’ with pain and anger. If it were then taking a pill or hypnosis would count as forgiveness. I shall argue in this article that forgiveness is a process where one rationally revises judgements that undergirds resentment. This rational revision involves efforts on the part of the victim. Reasons play an important role in revising one’s judgements. The focus of this article is to address two main issues. First, what is forgiveness? How is excusing different from forgiving? What happens when a victim forgives a wrongdoer? Second, how is forgiveness related to apology, obligation, and condoning? What role does reasons such as apology and remorse play in forgiveness? Are we morally obliged to forgive a wrongdoer who has undertaken reparative steps? If not, then, is forgiveness a condoning act?

China's "Infrastructure Diplomacy" is multi-purpose to build "Partnerships in Link" towards global goals, realise the "Chinese dream". Currently, China makes connections with South Asian countries through hard and soft infrastructure systems. For an objective assessment, the paper based on the theory of Liberalism and Realism in the study of international relations as a framework to assess the motives and impacts of China's "infrastructure diplomacy" in South Asia. By using policy analysis, the paper find out that from 2012 to 2018: (i) the motives of Chinese policy in the implementation process at the national, regional, and international levels aim to clarify the multi-objective of civilians and the building-ability military bases abroad through its infrastructure projects in South Asia; (ii) specify the ways and tools of policy implementation; (iii) thereby, provides some assessments of the impact of this policy at the national and regional levels on South Asia.

This study investigates the effect of institutional quality on Agricultural Sector Performance in Nigeria. Co-integration and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) technique with annual time series data covering the period 1981 to 2018 was employed. Data was obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and Political Risk Service Database.  Results revealed that there is a negative relationship between Agricultural output and Institutional Quality proxy with Bureaucratic Quality and Corruption. The study deduces that better institutions would enhance a greater performance in the Nigerian Agricultural Sector.

The study investigated the effect of games method on Social Studies students’ academic performance in Upper Basic schools in Delta State. The study was quasi-experimental. The sample comprised eighty (80) Social Studies students in two (2) public Upper Basic schools. The instrument for the study was the Social Studies Achievement Test (SSAT). The data collected were analysed using ANCOVA statistics. The data analysis revealed that games method improved Social Studies students’ academic performance in Upper Basic schools; Students gender did not affect their academic performance. It was recommended that teachers selection of instructional methods they have exclusive knowledge through predisposition should be discarded to improve students’ performance, teachers should build a learning atmosphere favourable to learning to boost students’ learning skills and experiences; teachers should increase their knowledge and learn more of the various instructional methods such as games instructional method keep students active and motivated in the classroom; educational stakeholders, planners, and evaluators should supervise and co-ordinate school activities to discourage gender stereotype.

The introduction of MGNREGS is one of the powerful initiatives ever undertaken for the transformation of rural lives in India. It is a gender-sensitive programme besides its primary goals. There is overwhelming participation of women in MGNREGS in Tamil Nadu. Though MGNREGA has made a significant contribution in improving the wellbeing of women, the question remains whether the employment scheme has empowered the women or engulfed the women into yet another invisible oppressive cultural setting. The paper presents the results of the empirical work conducted in four panchayats from two blocks in Villupuram district in Tamil Nadu. It is a descriptive study using a mixed-method. Simple random sampling is used to select the samples for the study. To address the emerging question, the paper tries to analyse the extent of the higher participation of women in the scheme that has been perceived as empowering the women amidst the existing oppressive socio-cultural structure, which remains intact in the rural society.

In most developing countries, households face increasing food insecurity due to diminishing land sizes caused by continuous land subdivision and inheritance. As agricultural production declines, families adopt various strategies to ensure food availability. Studies reveal that purchasing food from local markets, borrowing loans, and relying on credit or relief food are among the most common coping mechanisms. However, access to these strategies is often limited by low purchasing power and lack of financial collateral. Government and NGO interventions, such as food aid programs, also play a significant role in mitigating hunger. Despite these efforts, structural inequalities persist, leaving poor households vulnerable. This review highlights the need for sustainable and inclusive strategies to strengthen household food security in developing regions.

The most distributed book is the Holy Bible. Other best distributed books are encyclopedias and dictionaries. Holy Quran is also a widely read book. ISBNs and ISSNs are also put into circulation. There may be big or small differences between ideas and influences each may impart. This paper aims to discuss a particular theory called the identity dilemma initially hypothesized by the author. Dilemmas, paradoxes logic and related literature were studied. Examples were established and also applications. 

The present article deals with the theoretical aspects of food insecurity and its concept, causes, effects and possible solutions at the global and national level. Food security can be easily defined as enough food is available at the community or household level, national and global level. Food security is based on four (pillars; availability, accessibility, utilisation and stability). Availability addresses the “supply-side” of food security and is determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net trade. Accessibility is concerns about insufficient food access have resulted in a greater policy focus on incomes, expenditure, markets and prices in achieving food security objectives. Utilization is commonly understood as the way the body makes the most of the various nutrients in the food. Stability is typically linked to the vulnerability context, and risk factors can negatively impact food availability or access to food. Simply food insecurity is defined as when a person is unable to obtain a sufficient amount of healthy food on a day-to-day basis. Food insecurity act as both cause and effect, due to lack of income and access food insecurity prevails and, in another way, due to food insecurity, violence and instability occur in a country. The leading cause of food insecurity is poverty, increasing population, drought, etc. These causes in food insecurity affect the population in the form of malnutrition, vulnerability and stunted children. The solutions for these problems in food insecurity are awareness, decrease food waste and donations, etc.

Land is an emotive issue in the African continent. In the past few decades, land sizes held by households in most parts of Africa has declined tremendously due to successive land sub-division and inheritance. This review explores the literature on social meaning of land and how social meaning of land influences land sub-division in Africa to aid in building comprehensive literature on social aspects of land. The review concludes that African communities have attached various social meanings to land but how such social meanings of land influences land sub-division remains unclear.

The majority of African countries rely on donors to fund, to design and establish M&E systems in government and the public sector. These donors also fund and support efforts of many NGOs in Africa and the world over in strengthening their M&E systems and capacities.  Literature has shown that majority of NGOs conduct M&E systems as part of meeting one of the grant conditions they signed with the donor. The M&E system is expected to generate information that is consumed by program managers in informing decisions, promoting program performance and being accountable to the donor, key stakeholders and project beneficiaries. This study seeks to examine the factors that influence the performance of the M&E systems in NGOs in Chegutu district of Zimbabwe. The study used purposive sampling techniques and selected a total of 74 respondents.  In purposive sampling, the respondents are selected based on their contribution towards the study and their potential to add valuable information. The study also used interviews to program staff and M&E officers and the interviews helped in the observation of non-verbal expressions which were crucial at data analysis stage. The results show that the majority of NGOs have invested and established functional M&E systems. The M&E systems provides quality M&E data, utilized logical frameworks for planning, utilization of the M&E information in decision making, provision of incentives and resource allocation for M&E activities.  Lastly, the study recommended that NGOs should ensure use of evaluation findings, use of qualitative indicators, conducting of routine data audits, promotion of organizational learning, stakeholder participation, training of program staff in M&E and allocation of an adequate budget for M&E activities.

Desert encroachment is a universal phenomenon that affects the developed and developing nations as well. Courses a negative impact on the vegetation cover, agriculture and rearing of animals. The aim of this paper was determined community participation in afforestation and their level of empowerment. The data was collected from one hundred and sixty respondents. Regression analysis and ANOVA was used to determine the relationship between participation and community empowerment, and the deference between level of empowerment and participation respectively. The findings of the study had shown that community empowerment was highly correlated with their participation in afforestation programme (r = 0.274^* with p<0.05). This means that, as a result of participating in afforestation programme, Toshia community has enhance their control over issues that affect their lives and developed skill of planning and implementation of such a programme independently.

The study aimed at assessing the gender perception on vocational education at the Bolgatanga Technical University. In all, 60 administrative staff and 40 lecturers were involved in the study. A survey design was used for the study. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 100 lecturers and administrative staff in the University. Questionnaire was employed as the main data collection instrument. The data were analyzed through frequencies, percentages and means. A 5-point Likert scale was employed for the closed-ended responses where 5-strongly agree, 4-agree, 3-uncertain, 2-disagree and 1-strongly disagree. It was found out that both lecturers and administrative staff perceive higher vocational education to be accepted as conferring more benefits to Females than males with a mean of 4.70, 4.73 respectively. The study concluded that lecturers and administrative staff perceived teaching experience of teachers as the major factor that influenced the effectiveness of vocational education in the institution.

With regards to the importance of transparency of financial statement information’s and quality of accounting practice, it became the central focus of this research to look at the Determinants of the Quality of Financial Reports: The Case of Selected Manufacturing Companies in Douala Cameroon. Three research questions were formulated and transformed into hypotheses to direct the study. Relevant literature was reviewed based on the significant variables of the study. The ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to select a sample of 64 manufacturing companies. A well-validated structured questionnaire was the primary instrument for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using; independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. Results of the analysis showed that; there exists a significant influence of accountant’s qualification on financial reporting regarding understandability, relevance, and reliability (*P<0.05, d.f = 59, critical t = 1.98). Also, the years of working experience of accountants significantly influenced financial reporting regarding understandability, (F = 160.38, P<.05) relevance, (F = 99.37037, P<.05) and reliability (F = 108.764,P<.05). There also existed a significant relationship between accountant’s code of ethics and financial reporting regarding understandability, relevance, and reliability (* p < 0.05, df = 59, critical r = 0.165). Based on this, it was recommended that employment of accountants into position relating to financial reporting should consider their educational and professional qualifications as a matter of importance. Serving accountants should be made to undergo in-service training from time to time to gain new knowledge and experience which will help improve their skills in reporting information.

There is need to examine the impact of pressure groups and political parties on good governance in Nigeria which has always been unconnected to a certain motive to be achieved when a group of people come together. Besides, unity of purpose has been particularly the major objective of the groups because it gives room for united voice. Be that as it may, while the pressure group is formed to influence the government, political parties are organized for taking certain decisions that always favor them. In other words, a pressure group is organized with a view to lobbying in order to enjoy certain benefits and the political party with aim of controlling the reign of government. This study takes a glossy look at the above as it adopts both the primary and secondary sources of information to drive home points and this will serve as model for every Nigerian to emulate.

People across the country are demanding for better services from government and the public sector in order to improve and maintain their quality of life. Municipalities in Zimbabwe have a key and important role to play in improving and changing people’s lives through provision of safe water for domestic use, good sanitation infrastructure and proper disposal of waste. The need to institutionalize M&E systems in municipalities across the country in order to enhance their performance is highly recognized. The introduction of a comprehensive M&E system will help the municipality to improve its service delivery through the use of evidence-based practices. The paper seeks to examine the challenges faced by municipalities in institutionalizing M&E systems in Zimbabwe using Chegutu municipality as a case study. Purposive sampling technique was used in the selection of the respondents. A total of 82 participants provided their views and opinions on the challenges being faced by Chegutu municipality in institutionalizing the M&E system. The study also made use of interviews to senior management and some shop floor workers and the interviews allowed the observation of non-verbal cues which were basically important during data analysis stage. The results show that Chegutu municipality is providing compromised services to the public as a result of a weaker M&E system. The challenges being experienced by Chegutu municipality which are impacting the process of institutionalizing the M&E system are M&E not viewed as a priority by senior management, no legislative and regulatory framework for M&E, inadequate human resource or people trained in M&E and lack of resources or funding for M&E and these challenges are hampering successful implementation of M&E in the municipality. Numerous recommendations were made to Chegutu municipality as steps to take for proper institutionalization of M&E in the organization.

This paper explores the historical evolution of the Odia language and identity, emphasizing the 19th- and early 20th-century struggles against systematic attempts to suppress Odia linguistic and cultural distinctiveness. During British rule, various administrators and Bengali elites advocated replacing Odia with Bengali, Hindi, or Hindustani, calling it a dialect rather than a separate language. In response, Odia intellectuals, writers, and reformers—through newspapers like Utkal Dipika and organizations such as Utkal Sabha—defended their language and asserted cultural independence. The Odia middle class, influenced by Western education and nationalism, became the backbone of the revival movement, fostering literary, social, and political consciousness. The paper also traces the later phase of Odia nationalism that sought the unification of Odia-speaking regions scattered under different British provinces, culminating in the creation of Odisha as a separate linguistic state in 1936. Using a historical-analytical method, this study highlights how the Odia identity, rooted in language and culture, survived colonial suppression and continues to face challenges of preservation in modern India.

The study examined possible alternatives capable of resolving Boko Haram conflict so as to promote sustainable economic development in Nigeria`s North-East region. Primary and secondary methods of data collection were utilized in the research. The study investigated the possibility of resolving Boko Haram conflict in North-East Nigeria, identified means of promoting sustainable economic development in the region after resolving the conflict and found out alternative ways for integrating peace with economic development in the region. It found that, Boko Haram conflict in North- East Nigeria can be resolved through multi-track diplomacy and negotiation. Post conflict rehabilitation and economic empowerment as the research found out is an effective means of promoting sustainable economic development in the region in the post conflict era. The study recommended the adoption of multi-track diplomacy and unconditional amnesty for Boko Haram fighters willing to surrender to the government forces as measures necessary for resolving the ongoing Boko Haram conflict for the promotion of sustainable economic development in Nigeria`s North-East region.

The sustainability of any nation's growth is dependent on how its social justice and economic balance can be sustained. The entire globe aims to provide complete and sustainable jobs and equal job opportunities for all to eliminate forced labor, trafficking in human beings and child labour by 2030. Among other things, this purpose will not be adequately realized if a well-supported and equitable economic structure is not placed in place. Today, the world as a whole, in particular the Third World, is crying out of an economic crisis, consumer prices are not stable in this part of the world, poverty levels continue to increase. The achievement of Sustainable Development by 2030 may be a mirage if immediate steps are not taken to address this problem. It is in this regard that this paper accesses the Islamic economic structure through descriptive study and it effect sustainable development. The paper is hoped to help the government, wealthy Muslim organizations and Muslim scholars in informing Muslims about the importance of Islamic Economic System, as it will also be an eye opener for Muslim traders in their day-to-day dealings, helping them escape usury in their business dealings. The paper will also go a long way in promoting legal business dealings in government activities and between Muslim individuals; hence, the paper addresses the notion of sustainable growth, the Islamic economic system, and the effect on Nigerian society and its system of economic.

The research is mainly focused on incidence of illegal cross-border activities and engagement of people in undocumented migration that has taken a toll on the Nigerian and other African states’ borders and this has posed numerous obstacles to border security and management in the state and the continent at large. The study adopts the theory of migration systems to shed lights on the synergy between migration/information, and subsequent exodus of people. Towards attaining its objectives, the study employed the use of quantitative and qualitative research methods with significant reliability index. Towards attaining its objectives, the major factors giving way to the illegal cross-border engagements and undocumented migration along Nigerian borders are examined and identified by the study to include: absence of good governance, corruption, incessant conflicts in Africa, porous border, poverty, and growing illicit trade among others. The study also finds out the threats posed by the menace on the state and Africa at large, as the Nigerian borders with; Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Benin Republic are highly porous, thereby aiding proliferation of arms and weapons and has inflicted more injuries to national security and economy of Nigeria. The study in the long run, recommends among others that; there should be cross-fertilization of security ideas and transnational synergy between Nigeria and her neighbouring states to fight illicit activities at borders while the institutions saddled with migration and population control and identity management in Nigeria should wake to re-jig themselves.

The term Gender was first coned by psychologists and used by feminists to get away from the biological inferences of the word sex. WID and WAD both tended to focus on the development of income Generating Activities, without taking much into account the time burden that such strategies place on women.The labour invested on family maintenace, including child bearing and rearing, care of the ill and elderly and the like has been considered to belong to the private domain and outside the purview of development projects aimed at enhancing income generating activities. As a result, as an alternative to the earlier approach Gender and Development (GAD) approach to development evolved in the 1980s. The main objective of this article is to analyze the changing gender status in Nepal. The article is based on the secondary information obtained from reviewing the different published and non-published articles, sesearch reports, jounrals, text book, reference books, and poplicy papers. The article is mainly descriptive and analytical nature of methods. In Nepal, the gender status of demographic, social- economic, health and politcial are greatly changed since 1981 -2011.   

Business sectors have their own specific strategic direction planned and crafted to fit its mandated purpose for the society’s benefit. Counter checking whether an academic institution’s existence respond to the needs of time is necessary, which paved way to the conduct of this study. Looking forward is an avenue in adjusting, modifying or changing an institution’s vision, mission, strategic goals, program objectives, core values, guiding philosophy and quality policy (VMPOSGCVGPQP) that are necessary in running its long-term and daily operations. Using the descriptive quantitative research survey and convenience random sampling wherein the unit of analysis were the aggregate perception of stakeholders from the graduate and undergraduate selected institutions, it was found out that most respondents at undergraduate degree program had a higher level of perception across all the salient features of the institution, however, both sets pointed out that the level of acceptability outranked the other identified factors while the participation level of stakeholders obtained the lowest rank. Further, bulletin boards and wall display worked well in the information dissemination.