This study aims to explore secondary level English teachers’ collaborative practices and their perceptions on it. It was carried out within the theoretical framework of social constructivism. I employed phenomenological approach, and qualitative research design as a research method. Three secondary level English teachers teaching at three community schools of Butwal Sub- Metropolitan city in Rupandehi district, Nepal were purposively selected as research participants. Out of three participants, two were males and one was female who had been practicing collaborative teaching in their classrooms for more than four years. The research participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview technique to collect relevant information for the purpose. The study reveals that English teachers have positive views towards collaborative practices and undertaking different collaborative activities such as sharing lessons, exchanging answer sheets, team teaching and so on for improving their classroom pedagogy and professional development. The findings also expose the benefits that English teachers have from collaborative practices, and the challenges they have faced while adopting these practices inside the classroom and the beyond.

The saying that literature is a mirror of society is well demonstrated in Nakibimbiri’s The Sobbing Sounds. The novel leaves the reader with a clear picture of how life was lived in the rural part of Uganda in the immediate past. People who grew up in rural areas read and enjoy the story as it shares similar experiences with them. Those who grew up in urban areas read the novel and see the episodes in the novel as bizarre and unthinkable. Nakibimbiri has through the novel, naturally shown the society the way it was in the recent past. The researchers discover that Nakibimiri has profusely blended historical facts in the novel so naturally in such a way that the reader is not left in doubt about the credibility of any episode of the novel. They have therefore, parsed the novel with a view to unraveling some societal facts about the rural part of Uganda so that contemporary audience would have an idea of many transformations that have taken place over the time. It is observed from the novel that only little or no disparities at all existed in the way life was lived in almost every rural parts of Africa as a whole.

The criminal justice principle of immediacy requires the physical appearance of defendants their lawyers, witnesses and interpreters before the judicial body (investigator, prosecutor, court panel) which carries out their examination. This is why, in many proceedings, they normally appear in person before the examiner. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, however, many foreign judiciaries are increasing reliance instead on alternatives such as the telephone- and video-conferencing. To this end, they have to develop an appropriate legal framework for using these means of communication in criminal cases. Their legislative experience might be a good example for the competent authorities of Somaliland.

Studies worldwide have revealed that school administrators are key contributors to students’ academic performance by enhancing instructional supervision within schools. Notwithstanding this assertion in some countries academic performances have been found to be low despite this administrators’ contribution. For instance, in Kenya the average performance for the years 2010 to 2014, only 29% candidates scored above a mean score of 6.00 points. In Emuhaya and Vihiga Sub Counties 3535 (26%) and 2104 (15%) candidates respectively scored 6.00 and above points compared to Hamisi and Sabatia Sub-Counties’ with 3913 (28%) and 4275 (31%) candidates respectively between years 2009 and 2013. The objective of the study was to establish the contribution of school administrators to instructional supervision with regard to schemes of work in the enhancement of students’ academic performance. The study was guided by a conceptual framework in which the independent variable was the administrators’ contribution in form of checking prepared schemes of works and the dependent variable, students’ academic performance. The study established that administrators’ contribution to instructional supervision was low (Adjusted R2 = 0.011). The study concluded that administrators’ contribution to instructional supervision was not significant and therefore, did not enhance students’ academic performance. The study recommended that administrators should increase their contribution to instructional supervision in order to enhance students’ academic performance. The study findings are of significance to school administrators, policy makers and other stakeholders with regard to enhancement of students’ academic performance by increasing instructional supervision.

This paper focuses on the shared literary features between Nathaniel Hawthorne's “Rappaccini's Daughter” and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus. It discusses Hawthorne's short story (1844) as a major work influencing Adichie's novel (2003). It investigates Adichie's approach of unraveling some of the primary issues of her time through referring to Hawthorne's views in “Rappaccini's Daughter”. The paper also examines the theme of Religion and character formation as two similar literary elements, and it examines how the symbolism of the experiment flower is used differently according to the authors' thematic views. By considering Adichie's Purple Hibiscus as a rewriting of Hawthorne's “Rappaccini's Daughter”, the researcher aims to depict the themes of religion and science, character formation, and symbolism as shared literary elements between the two works.

Alcohol addiction is a growing concern in both developed and developing nations, influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. It is often co-morbid with other psychiatric disorders that share common neurobiological reward mechanisms. The exploration of genetic causes in psychiatric disorders began with alcohol addiction, with early studies in the 18th century identifying variants in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes as risk moderators. Advances in genetic research, particularly Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) in the 20th century, have expanded the focus to genes associated with GABA receptors. However, the overall progress in uncovering the genetic basis of alcohol addiction has been relatively slow compared to other psychiatric disorders. The high rate of co-morbidity and the absence of a single genotype point toward the pleiotropic nature of genes involved in alcohol addiction. The discovery of the ALDH22 allele in the 1980s, which significantly reduces the risk of alcohol dependence, underscores the protective genetic mechanisms influencing addiction vulnerability. This allele, prevalent among East Asian populations but rare in Europeans and Africans, has been linked to a markedly lower odds ratio for alcohol dependence (0.33), with no reported cases among individuals homozygous for ALDH22. Future research should prioritize understanding the pleiotropic molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction to advance prevention and treatment strategies.

An assessment of the impact of Women Development Centre as an agent of women development in Oyo State of Nigeria was examined in this study through the use of a multistage sampling procedure. Random sampling technique was used to select five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state. In each of this LGA, 10 women were selected. Thus, a total of 50 women were selected as respondents for this study. A self-designed questionnaire tagged “Questionnaire on Impact of Women Development Centre on Women Empowerment (QIWDCWE) was used as the instrument for the study. Results revealed that the respondents were of varied socio-economic classifications, literates, adherents of the two major religions in the study area and were slightly more in the non agricultural based occupations. Most of the respondents were conscious of the existence of the Women Development Centre (WDC). Field observation revealed that the more the distance the respondents reside from the WDC, the lesser their familiarity with the WDC and its activities. WDC was described as an institution that offers hope for the hopeless women. The respondents strongly perceived WDC as institution that possessed diverse empowerment benefits for women. Women who participated in WDC programmes demonstrated improved   performance on their jobs, their interests in politics were enhanced and demonstrated massive improvement in their socio-economics, entrepreneurial skills, access to diverse information, and consciousness of their health and that of their families. Factors inhibiting the activities of WDC were enumerated and strategies that could ameliorate them were proposed.

This research article is focused to find out the gaps in translation while translating the cultural terms.  It is solely focused on the study of English translation version of the novel Palpasa Café from Nepali language. The researcher has presented how the gaps created in the process of translating cultural words. For this research, secondary sources of data were collected from both Nepali and English versions of the novel Palpasa Cafe by Narayan Wagley. For that, 50 cultural terms have been collected and categorized them into four categories; as (i) words related to ecology (ii) Words related to material things (iii) social cultural words and (iv) religious words. The researcher found that six different techniques have been used in translating cultural terms of the novel. It proves that, literal translation and paraphrasing are the most widely used techniques in it. So, the gaps have been created in the process of translating the SL cultural terms into TL terms in this novel.

Educational level of any society is synonymous to its capacity for development as well the wellbeing of its citizenry. This has been sufficiently demonstrated by Euro-American societies in terms of their achievements in the areas of GDP per income, research and technological advancement which is closely link with their educational advancement. The 21st century has witnessed a surge in demand for advance education particularly, through online and open/distance education due to inadequate absorptive capacity of the existing conventional tertiary institutions. This study argues that it has become difficult for any country to play down the importance of the quality and quantity education particularly, through open distance education and the use of other related technology tools to deliver educational services in addressing the issues related to socio-economic, political, science and technology challenges. However, the major challenge for open distance education in Nigeria has remain how to ensure parity in terms of quality of input/impacted knowledge and output/quality of graduating students between the online distance education students and the students on face-to-face/ mode. This is important in order to promote high quality of workforce desirable for economic growth and national development in Nigeria.

During COVID-19 lockdown, citizens were told to stay in door in other to break the chain of transmission of the pandemic. It is difficult for a normal human being to stay indoor for days without any form of communication to the outside world. The only mode of communication available to the outside word during the lockdown is digital communication via telephone, computer and other information communication technology (ICT) devices. During the lockdown the schools were directed to embrace e-learning for engaging students in learning from their respective homes or otherwise. However the directive is not effective because of some challenges ranging from availability of equipment’s, digital software and hardware, skills, and other resources. This paper explore challenges militating against using e-learning and M-learning during COVID-19 by conducting investigative study among the students and teachers via mobile phone using text message, voice call, and whattsapp platform to assess their compliances to the government directive of switching to online teaching and learning to replace traditional of face-to-face methods during lockdown and closure of schools. This work used random sampling to obtain data from the sampled population that comprises students and teachers across the secondary, universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of education and others. Sampled population was 272 of which 18 and 82% are teachers and students respectively, percentages statistics was used in analysis data. Findings revealed that the directives is not effective due to challenges that revolved round non-availability of  functional and modern information communication technologies resources, power, and skills to manipulate the digital devices. Suggestions were made in other to encourage citizen’s adherence to such pronouncement and adoption of e-learning and M-learning in schools in nearest future.