Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) stands as a multifaceted endocrine disorder significantly affecting the reproductive health of women, marked by hormonal imbalances, metabolic irregularities and reproductive challenges. This syndrome, prevalent among women of reproductive age globally, manifests with symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Our exploration unfolds in District Solan, nestled in the scenic landscapes of Himachal Pradesh, aiming to understand the awareness, symptoms, risk factors and treatment perspectives of PCOS among women in this region.

Globally, PCOS affects approximately 5-20% of women of reproductive age, with associated clinical manifestations such as irregular menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound [1]. Beyond its reproductive implications, PCOS is associated with metabolic disturbances, increasing the risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications [2].

In the Indian context, emerging evidence suggests a rising prevalence of PCOS, with reported rates ranging from 9% to 36% among women of reproductive age [3]. This necessitates a focused inquiry into the awareness and understanding of PCOS, considering the unique socio-cultural milieu and healthcare landscape of District Solan.

The awareness of PCOS and its associated facets plays a pivotal role in early detection, timely intervention and the overall well-being of affected individuals. The varied clinical presentation of PCOS, coupled with its potential long-term health implications, underscores the importance of comprehensive knowledge among both healthcare providers and the community [4].

Understanding the awareness levels, recognizing prevalent symptoms, identifying risk factors and exploring treatment perspectives are critical aspects of addressing the challenges posed by PCOS.

Studies conducted globally have shed light on the multifaceted nature of PCOS, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions and a holistic approach to its management [1,2,4]. Research in diverse cultural settings has highlighted the significance of contextualizing PCOS awareness and care-seeking behaviors [3,5]. Our investigation in District Solan seeks to contribute to this growing body of knowledge, providing insights into the unique dynamics of PCOS awareness and management within the local community.

As we embark on this comprehensive exploration of PCOS in District Solan, our study aims not only to assess the current state of awareness but also to unravel the contextual factors influencing perceptions, identify barriers to early diagnosis and explore the treatment perspectives adopted by women in the face of this syndrome. By delving into the intricate tapestry of PCOS awareness and experiences in Himachal Pradesh, we aspire to lay the groundwork for targeted healthcare strategies that resonate with the specific needs of the community.

Objectives of the Study

To evaluate the awareness about Polycystic ovary syndrome, its symptoms, risk factors and treatment among women of reproductive age group in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh.

• Research Approach: Descriptive

• Research Design: Cross-sectional survey design

• Study area: District Solan, Himachal Pradesh

• Study duration: Between August 2023 to November 2023

• Study population: All women of reproductive age group who were staying in the District Solan, Himachal Pradesh for 12 months or more 

• Sample Size: 400 women of reproductive age group assuming 50% have adequate knowledge regarding polycystic ovary syndrome, 5% absolute error, 95% confidence level and 5% non-response rate

• Study tool: A google form questionnaire consisting of questions regarding socio-demography and polycystic ovary syndrome was created. The questionnaire was initially pre-tested on a small number of women of reproductive age group to identify any difficulty in understanding by the respondents

Description of Tool 

• Demographic data survey instrument: The demographic form elicited information on participants’ background: age, marital status, religion, employment, education and many more

• Questionnaire: The questionnaire contains 20 structured questions regarding knowledge about polycystic ovary syndrome. One mark was given for each correct answer and zero for incorrect answer. The maximum score was 20 and minimum score was zero in each category. Scoring was done on the basis of marks as >80%(16-20) = very good,60-79%(12-15) = Good, 41-59% (8-11) = Fair, <40% (<8) = poor

• Validity of tool: By the experts in this field

• Data collection: Data was collected under the guidance of supervisors. The google form questionnaire was circulated via online modes like e-mail and social media platforms like Whatsapp groups, Facebook, Instagram and Linkedin among women of reproductive age group in both rural and urban area of District Solan, Himachal Pradesh till the 400 responses were collected 

• Data analysis: Data was collected and entered in Microsoft excel spread sheet, cleaned for errors and analyzed with Epi Info V7 Software with appropriate statistical test in terms of frequencies and percentage. 

• Ethical Considerations: Participants confidentiality and anonymity was maintained

The goal of the current study was to assess the awareness about polycystic ovary syndrome among women of reproductive age group in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh through a non-experimental descriptive survey.

A total of 400 respondents took part in the study, including 256 (64%) coming from rural areas and 144 (36%) from urban areas (Table 1).

In the present study 33% (132) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards, Polycystic ovarian syndrome 35.75% (143) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 19% (76) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 12.25% (49) having poor knowledge (<8 marks) (Table 2).

The exploration of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) awareness among women in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh, unveils a nuanced landscape shaped by both global and regional perspectives. As we delve into the discussion, it is essential to contextualize the findings within the broader context of existing literature on PCOS, acknowledging the global prevalence and its unique manifestations in the Indian population.

Globally, PCOS is recognized as a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. The reported prevalence of PCOS ranges from 5% to 20%, encompassing hormonal imbalances, metabolic irregularities and reproductive challenges [1]. The manifestations, such as irregular menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound, are consistent with the global understanding of PCOS [1]. Beyond reproductive implications, PCOS is associated with metabolic disturbances, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications [2].

Table 1: Knowledge Regarding PCOS Among Study Participants

Table 2: Knowledge Score Towards PCOS Among Study Participants

Maximum = 20, Minimum = 6

In the Indian context, emerging evidence indicates a rising prevalence of PCOS, with reported rates ranging from 9% to 36% among women of reproductive age [3]. This necessitates a focused inquiry into the awareness and understanding of PCOS, considering the unique socio-cultural milieu and healthcare landscape of District Solan. Recent studies conducted in India provide additional insights into the varied manifestations and health implications of PCOS, contributing to the contextual understanding [6,7].

The study findings resonate with the global prevalence, showcasing the universality of PCOS while emphasizing the need to address its specific manifestations within diverse populations [3]. Moreover, research in India has identified PCOS as a significant public health concern, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions within the Indian population [3,5]. 

The participants exhibited a commendable level of knowledge regarding PCOS, with 33% categorized as having very good knowledge. This aligns with the findings of Majumdar et al. [5], emphasizing that awareness is a cornerstone for the early detection and intervention of PCOS. Notably, participants were well-informed about common symptoms, risk factors and associated conditions, reflecting a solid foundation of awareness.

Recent Indian studies have also emphasized the importance of raising awareness about PCOS, especially considering its diverse clinical presentations and long-term health implications [6,7]. The study's outcomes align with these efforts, indicating a positive trajectory in increasing PCOS awareness among women in District Solan.

The participants displayed a high level of awareness regarding the symptoms of PCOS, such as irregular menstrual periods, infertility concerns, hirsutism and the risk of sleep disorders. This aligns with studies conducted globally, highlighting the significance of recognizing the diverse clinical presentations of PCOS [4]. Importantly, the knowledge regarding the association of PCOS with insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and uterine cancer underscores the participants' grasp of the syndrome's broader health implications.

Indian studies have also delved into the clinical aspects of PCOS, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and intervention to mitigate long-term health risks [6,7]. The findings of our study resonate with these efforts, reflecting a comprehensive understanding of PCOS symptoms and their implications among women in District Solan.

The study shed light on participants' understanding of treatment options, with recognition of hormonal birth control pills and insulin-sensitizing drugs. Lifestyle modifications, including maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in physical activity, were also acknowledged. These findings resonate with the multifaceted approach advocated by Teede et al. [1] and Lim et al. [2], emphasizing lifestyle interventions alongside medical management.

Recent Indian studies have explored the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatments in managing PCOS symptoms, aligning with the holistic approach highlighted in global literature [6,7]. The study outcomes complement these efforts, suggesting a positive reception and understanding of diverse treatment modalities among women in District Solan.

Comparing these findings with previous studies globally and within India, our results align with the growing awareness of PCOS. Similar studies conducted in diverse cultural settings have demonstrated varying levels of knowledge, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions [3,5]. The recognition of PCOS as a prevalent health concern is mirrored in various studies conducted in India, supporting the need for a comprehensive understanding of its manifestations and management [3,5].

The study outcomes provide valuable insights into the awareness landscape of PCOS in District Solan, emphasizing the need for targeted educational interventions. Tailored healthcare strategies should focus on enhancing knowledge, addressing specific areas of misconception and fostering a holistic understanding of PCOS. Furthermore, considering the regional variations and socio-cultural factors, interventions should be designed to resonate with the unique dynamics of the local community.

Limitations and Future Directions

While the study provides significant insights, it is essential to acknowledge certain limitations. The cross-sectional design captures a specific point in time and longitudinal studies could offer a more dynamic perspective. Additionally, the study predominantly relies on self-reported data and objective clinical assessments could complement the findings. Future research endeavors could explore the cultural nuances influencing PCOS awareness and management, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding.

In conclusion, the study contributes valuable insights into the awareness and knowledge of PCOS among women in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The findings underscore the global and regional dimensions of PCOS, emphasizing the importance of tailored healthcare interventions. As we navigate the shadows of PCOS awareness, this study sets the stage for informed healthcare strategies that resonate with the specific needs of the community, fostering a culture of well-informed and empowered women in their reproductive health journey.

1. Teede, H.J. et al. “Recommendations from the International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Human Reproduction, vol. 33, no. 9, 2018, pp. 1602–1618.

2. Lim, S.S. et al. “Lifestyle Changes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 3, 2019, CD007506.

3. Sharma, S. et al. “An Update on PCOS and Its Impact on Health and Disease.” Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 8, no. E, 2020, pp. 177–183.

4. Bozdag, G. et al. “The Prevalence and Phenotypic Features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Human Reproduction, vol. 31, no. 12, 2016, pp. 2841–2855.

5. Majumdar, A. et al. “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescence.” Open Access Journal of Reproductive System and Sexual Disorders, vol. 1, no. 3, 2019, pp. 147–152.

6. Ganie, M.A. et al. “Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Young Women from North India: A Community-Based Study.” Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 22, no. 3, 2018, pp. 432–435.

7. Kriplani, A. et al. “The Awareness of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Young Women: An Indian Perspective.” Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, vol. 32, no. 6, 2019, pp. 632–637.