Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have emerged as a leading global health concern, responsible for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality. These diseases, including heart attacks, strokes, and various heart-related conditions, often result from a complex interplay of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. While considerable progress has been made in understanding the etiology and management of CVDs, prevention remains a critical cornerstone in reducing their impact on public health [1-4].

In the digital age, where information flows abundantly, awareness about the risk factors and prevention strategies for CVDs is pivotal. Individuals equipped with knowledge about CVDs are better positioned to make informed lifestyle choices, seek appropriate medical care, and actively engage in preventive measures. However, this awareness is not uniform across populations and regions, and understanding the specific knowledge levels of communities is essential for crafting effective public health interventions [5-8].

District Bilaspur, nestled amidst the picturesque landscapes of Himachal Pradesh, represents a microcosm of diverse lifestyles, socio-economic backgrounds, and healthcare access. As the district becomes increasingly integrated into the modern world, it is imperative to assess the levels of awareness and knowledge about CVD risk factors and prevention strategies among its population. This exploration is essential to identify areas where education and intervention may be needed and to tailor strategies that resonate with the unique characteristics of this community.

The multifaceted nature of CVDs necessitates a comprehensive approach to awareness and prevention. Key factors contributing to CVD risk include unhealthy dietary patterns, physical inactivity, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol levels. Successful prevention strategies encompass a range of initiatives, from lifestyle modifications to early screening, with a focus on education serving as a linchpin [9-12].

This study endeavors to delve into the hearts and minds of District Bilaspur's residents. By assessing their awareness and knowledge regarding CVD risk factors and prevention measures, we aim to construct a nuanced picture of the district's cardiovascular health landscape. This exploration is not only vital for the individuals themselves but also for policymakers, healthcare providers, and public health advocates seeking to bolster preventive efforts in the region. 

Objectives of the Study

The objective of this study is to gauge the levels of awareness and knowledge about Risk Factors and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease among the general population of District Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh

Research Approach 

Descriptive

Research Design

Cross-sectional survey design

Study Area

District Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh

Study Duration

Between April 2023 to June 2023

Study Population

The study's target population encompassed all adults aged 18 and above who had been residents of District Bilaspur for a minimum of 12 months

Sample Size

A robust sample size of 400 adults was determined using a 95% confidence level, an estimated knowledge level of 50% regarding risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular disease, and a precise absolute error margin of 5%. Additionally, a conservative non-response rate of 5% was considered to account for incomplete or missing data. This approach ensured adequate statistical power and improved the reliability and generalizability of the study findings.

Study Tool

A google form questionnaire consisting of questions regarding socio-demography and knowledge regarding Risk Factors and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease was created. The questionnaire was initially pre-tested on a small number of participants to identify any difficulty in understanding by the respondents. 

Description of Tool

Demographic Data Survey Instrument: The demographic form elicited information on participants’ background: age, marital status, religion, employment, education and many more.

Questionnaire

The questionnaire contains 20 structured knowledge related questions regarding Risk Factors and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. One mark was given for each correct answer and zero for incorrect answer. The maximum score was 20 and minimum score was zero. Scoring was done on the basis of marks as >80% (16-20) = very good, 60-79% (12-15) =Good,41-59% (8-11) = Fair, <40% (< 8) = poor

Validity of Tool 

By the experts in this field

Data Collection

Data was collected under the close guidance and supervision of the assigned supervisors to ensure accuracy and methodological rigor throughout the process. A structured Google Form questionnaire was designed and circulated among residents of District Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, to obtain relevant responses. The questionnaire was disseminated using various online modes such as e-mail and widely used social media platforms, including WhatsApp groups, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn. Data collection was continued over a defined period until a total of 400 valid responses were successfully obtained for analysis.

Data Analysis

Data was collected and entered in Microsoft excel spread sheet, cleaned for errors and analyzed with Epi Info V7 Software with appropriate statistical test in terms of frequencies and percentage. 

Ethical Considerations 

Participants confidentiality and anonymity was maintained. 

The primary objective of this study was to gauge the understanding of Risk Factors and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease among the general population of Bilaspur. A total of 400 participants took part in the study, with 249 (62.25%) residing in urban areas and 151 (37.75%) in rural areas. Table 1 shows the knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular diseases among study participants.

In the present study 25.75% (103) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards Risk Factors and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, 39.75% (159) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 18.75% (75) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 15.75% (63) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Table 2 shows the Knowledge Scores towards Risk Factors and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among Study Participants.

Table 1: Knowledge Regarding Risk Factors and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases Among Study Participants

Table 2: Knowledge Scores towards Risk Factors and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among Study Participants

The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the levels of awareness and knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among the population of District Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh. Understanding the state of knowledge is essential for designing effective public health interventions to reduce the burden of CVD in the region. In this discussion, we will analyze the results in the context of existing literature, highlight the strengths and limitations of the study, and suggest implications for public health strategies.

The study reveals a reasonably high level of awareness among participants about common cardiovascular diseases (68%) and their major risk factors (65.5%). These findings are consistent with studies conducted in other regions, indicating that the general populace is relatively informed about CVDs and their associated risks. It is encouraging to note that a significant proportion of respondents are aware of the link between smoking or tobacco use and heart health (64.75%) and understand the importance of physical activity in their daily routines (65%). However, there is room for improvement in promoting physical activity and discouraging tobacco use to reduce CVD risk further [10-13].

The knowledge about healthy blood pressure levels (69%) and the role of cholesterol in heart health (58.5%) is relatively high. These findings align with the emphasis on blood pressure and cholesterol management in CVD prevention guidelines. Participants demonstrate a reasonable understanding of the importance of a balanced diet in preventing heart diseases (63%) and can name heart-healthy foods (55.75%). However, nutrition education could further emphasize dietary choices to promote heart health and reduce CVD risk. A substantial number of respondents are aware of the symptoms of a heart attack or stroke and know what actions to take in such emergencies (67.25%). This knowledge is crucial for timely medical intervention and can contribute to improved outcomes [13-15].

Only 26.75% of participants recognize the role of genetics or family history in CVD risk. This highlights the need for education about the hereditary aspects of heart diseases and the importance of family health history assessments. A notable portion of respondents is aware of the dangers of excessive alcohol consumption for heart health (59.25%). These findings underscore the importance of addressing alcohol-related CVD risk factors in public health campaigns.Knowledge about atherosclerosis (25.5%) is relatively low, indicating an opportunity for education about this critical aspect of CVD. Additionally, understanding of local or traditional practices promoting heart health in Himachal Pradesh (56%) can inform culturally tailored interventions [13-15].

When assessing the overall knowledge levels, the study found that approximately two-thirds of the participants had good to very good knowledge about CVD risk factors and prevention. This suggests a relatively informed population regarding CVD in District Bilaspur. However, the study also revealed that around 15.75% had poor knowledge, indicating a need for targeted educational interventions to reach these individuals.

Strengths and Limitations 

This study's strengths include a robust sample size, a comprehensive questionnaire, and the use of both urban and rural populations in District Bilaspur. However, it is essential to acknowledge some limitations, including potential response bias and the reliance on self-reported data, which may be subject to recall bias.

Implications for Public Health

The findings of this study have several implications for public health strategies in District Bilaspur:

• Targeted Education: Public health initiatives should focus on improving awareness about genetics and family history's role in CVD, atherosclerosis, and the significance of regular health check-ups, particularly in rural areas.

• Culturally Tailored Interventions: Building on the knowledge of local or traditional practices promoting heart health, interventions can be designed to integrate culturally relevant strategies for CVD prevention.

• Comprehensive Lifestyle Promotion: While participants show awareness of individual risk factors, efforts should be made to promote a comprehensive approach to lifestyle modification, including nutrition, physical activity, and stress management.

• Family-Centered Approach: Given the importance of family history in CVD risk, educational campaigns should encourage individuals to discuss and share their family health histories with healthcare providers.

In conclusion, this study provides a valuable foundation for designing targeted and culturally relevant interventions to enhance CVD awareness and prevention knowledge in District Bilaspur. While the community demonstrates relatively good knowledge about CVDs and their risk factors, addressing specific gaps in understanding can further improve cardiovascular health outcomes in this region.

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