: President Ho Chi Minh is the genius leader of the Vietnamese Party and people. He is also the Hero of Vietnam's national liberation. Although he passed away, his guiding ideology for the revolutionary movement is eternal and becomes the guideline in the cause of the Vietnamese nation. Ho Chi Minh’s ideology is a system of comprehensive and profound views on basic issues of the Vietnamese revolution, such as national liberation, socialism construction, Party building, cultural and human development. The great national unity in his ideology is a core content, making an important mark of President Ho Chi Minh in the process of leading the Vietnamese revolution. President Ho Chi Minh’s ideology of the great national unity has been successfully applied by the Communist Party of Vietnam during the national liberation struggle, the process of national constructing and developing in the renovation period. In the current period, the world and Vietnam are facing a tough battle caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. This pandemic not only caused a global economic recession but also claimed the lives of millions of people around the world. In this extremely tense and persistent war against the Covid-19 Pandemic, once again Ho Chi Minh's ideology on the great national unity has been creatively applying by the Party, State, Government and the people of Vietnam. The article is structured into three parts: the first is Ho Chi Minh's ideology on the great national unity; the second is how creatively the Party, Government and the Vietnamese people apply Ho Chi Minh's ideology in the Covid-19 pandemic prevention and control; and the third one is correctness and creativity in the application of Ho Chi Minh's ideology on the Great National Solidarity in the war against the Covid-19 pandemic in Vietnam.

This paper explores the historical and socio-cultural conditions that have shaped the emergence of Mizo women as active participants in entrepreneurship. While entrepreneurship involves the willingness to innovate, take risks, and manage business ventures, the case of Mizoram reveals a unique context in which women have come to play a dominant role in local trade and business activities. Supported by high female literacy rates, Mizoram demonstrates one of the strongest female-driven entrepreneurial environments in Northeast India. The study traces this development back to the early years of Mizo society, drawing from local, colonial, and missionary records to understand traditional gender roles. In the patriarchal pre-colonial Mizo system, women held low status, limited rights, and were confined largely to domestic and agricultural labour. Despite this, the shared workload between men and women, combined with societal transitions brought by colonial modernity, gradually created an enabling environment for women’s larger economic involvement. By situating contemporary entrepreneurship within this historical background, the paper highlights how education, social change, and evolving gender relations have contributed to the growing presence of Mizo women in the world of business.

This article discusses the metalanguage communication in second language learning. This paper sets more precisely an issue of semiotics of proverbs or idioms of the mother tongues that motivate learners of second language. Learners who use their native language have a fundamental comprehension of the meaning in the speakers' community due to psychological factors. As a result, the intuitive teaching methods, combined with the abilities to differentiate between social and cultural realities, has made education more effective. To put it another way, quotes or proverbs that make reference to anything whose semantics are explicitly part of popular awareness are cited. The interaction between socio-cultural concepts and traditions has a major impact on language learning, in which the primary goal is to improve communication skills. The learners are given a questionnaire to fill out in order to determine their sociolinguistic relationship and educational environment, as well as the metalinguistic communication that better suits their understanding skills. 

Juvenile delinquency is a global and major societal issue that has a negative influence on children's development. However, the consequences are felt more severely in developing countries such as Eswatini, owing to a lack of resources for rehabilitating juvenile offenders. Therefore, to understand the situation in Eswatini, the qualitative research described in this article investigated the perceptions of teachers, counsellors and former juvenile delinquents regarding the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders at a rehabilitation centre in the Manzini region of Eswatini. In-depth interviews and focused discussion groups were conducted with teachers, a psychologist and social workers to gain a better understanding of juvenile rehabilitation, determine the methods used at the rehabilitation facility, discover the challenges of rehabilitating juvenile offenders and recommend strategies to improve the rehabilitation system based on the findings. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants. In addition, the researcher employed a snowballing technique to select former delinquents for the study. The data obtained from the participants were examined using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that juvenile delinquents who had been sent to the facility by their parents because of disruptive behaviour had benefited from schooling but were not completely rehabilitated. They had developed psychological issues such as anger, which indicated that their behaviour had not improved. Moreover, they had learned inappropriate behaviour from the hard-core criminals with whom they had been forced to share dormitories. It appears that the system does not succeed in rehabilitating juvenile delinquents, although convicts might be reformed because they have psychologically prepared themselves for prison service and then choose to live as law-abiding citizens. Methods used to rehabilitate juvenile delinquents included education, recreational activities, religion, counselling and punishment. Furthermore, the results revealed that challenges encountered include the lack of human resources, insufficient training time and a lack of parental involvement.

After the French revolution, military schools in Europe underwent radical and fundamental changes, precisely after Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France (18041814). The strengthening of the intellectual base has shifted the stigma that great war leaders were shaped solely by the number of battles won, but also by a combination of war experience and formal education. This study aims to determine differences in European conditions before and after the Napoleonic era, as well as the transformation of military schools that occurred in 19th century Europe. By using a qualitative exploratory method through literature search, it is known that the application of the merit system in military school organizations and career paths, as well as the birth of the spirit of nationalism which became the embryo of the concept of state defense was the initiation of Napoleon Bonaparte's transformational leadership.

This study aims to explain the political communication carried out by candidate pairs and successful teams in the Regional Head Election in Denpasar City. This study uses a qualitative approach with observation data collection techniques, distributing questionnaires to the people of Denpasar City, and in-depth interviews with key informants. Based on the results of this study, the informant stated that the socialization carried out by the candidate pair and the success team in the Denpasar City regional head election had been effective. However, some informants were of the opinion that the candidate pairs and the success team did not do much outreach to the wider community, except through meetings held during the campaign and socialization in the constituent circles and the neighborhood where the success team lived. Seeing the phenomenon of pragmatic society, it is recommended that communication and socialization activities carried out not only prioritize the interests of the candidate pair, but also pay attention to economic interests and community needs. For this reason, in every communication and socialization, so that the communicant can provide economic compensation in the form of distribution of attractive souvenirs, door prizes, or substitutes for transportation money in accordance with legal rules and the financial capacity of the communicant. This method looks and becomes more attractive, while they do not lose time and source of income from their work.

“He is not a pond, he is reservoir. He is not a pitcher or a jug, he is a veritable barrel. He is not a minnow; he is a huge red-eyed carp. He is not an ordinary sixteen - petalled lotus - he is a glorious lotus with a thousand petals.” - Sri Ramakrishna Swami Vivekananda is contemplated to be a divine personality. He attached weight in equality of every individual irrespective of class, caste, gender or religion. His propaganda of universal brotherhood takes a positive step in sustaining world harmony. At the threshold of youth, Vivekananda passes through a spiritual crisis and was guided by Sri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa, and later founded Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission. He travelled throughout India and discovered India under the claustrophobic grip of poverty, illiteracy and backwardness.  He staunchly believed in achieving true knowledge which in return can manifest a person fittingly. A person who is aware of his abilities would cognize spirituality. Even after so many years of his absence, Swami Vivekananda still resides in the hearts of all Indians. He attempted to create a bridge between the Orientals and the Occidentals. This theoretical paper attempts to focus on the views of Swami Vivekananda on Education which is the ‘manifestation of perfection already in man’. He stresses on the different aspects of education such as Man-making Education, Women Education, Mass Education etc. His iconic words are the weapon guiding towards light by irradiating all the barriers and darkness of life.

Social media has been changed the scenario of marketing of goods and services. The entire marketing world has been changed due to the technological development of Web 2.0. Traditional advertising completely changed and new mode of advertising has been adopted by business concerns using new strategies in communication. There is a paradigm shift in content of advertisement, mode of delivery, reach of advertisements by the way of usage of social media, which helps consumers to search information about the product and services by the brands social media pages including Instagram on Facebook. Advertisements are more creative, entertaining and has the capacity to reach large number of customers. Instagram pages or Facebook pages of the products and services is available to interact with reviews and their viewpoints. All these changes makes goods and services become more popular among consumers including prospective buyers. This study focuses on usage of social media, penetration of social media by young people and how they search information regarding the products through various social media platforms. The study found that prospective and potential customers has got product information.

'Subba' is a word that today defines a social ethnicity. In Nepal, the name is also often used in the administrative sector. People have a belief that when Prithvi Narayan Shah united Nepal, he established the title Subba. Limbu group claim that the Gorkha-Limbu pact signed during Nepal's unification did not grant Limbu rights. They have spread the misconception that the surname or post of Subba originated during the Shah's reign. As a result, a sect of the Limbu responded harshly to the remarks of Subba. However, a Subba surname bearer saw his last name as his traditional title as his identity. Within the Kirat Limbu community, there is a split opinion about the surname Subba. Is Subba's surname or title from the Gorkha or Shah dynasty? What evidence is there in history and mundhum on the theme? I dedicate this essay to providing an answer to that question. The review indicates that this word is a sign of the Kirat legacy, not a product of the Shah's reign.

The Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach is meant for communication. The Sri Lankan Government has adopted the communicative approach to teach English in government schools to give more opportunities for students to communicate among themselves and with the teacher. However, the English Language Teaching (ELT) in Sri Lanka has not been able to achieve its intended objectives. English teachers of Sri Lankan government schools use many teaching methodologies and some of them have been proved less effective. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate whether the Communicative Language Teaching approach used in the schools of Rathnapura district is effective in English language teaching. The Sample of this study involved 240 students from grade 10 and 6 teachers from four schools who teach English for grade 10 students. A mixed-method research framework was used in this study. Direct observations, semi-structured interviews with the teachers, and questionnaires for both students and teachers were used to collect data. The qualitative data were analyzed through Thematic Analysis and the quantitative data were analyzed through Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of the study proved that most of the schools use the CLT approach instead of traditional approaches but only one school has implemented the CLT approach at a satisfactory level. Using the CLT approach enhances student engagement and their active participation in classroom activities. Thus, CLT is a more effective way of teaching the English language, which enables the learners to communicate using the language rather than learning a set of grammar rules alone.

Badi was stratified in caste hierarchical structure as the given lowest strata by the state. The state identified Badi as impure in social structure but Badi women are accepted as sexual entertainment goods for high caste groups. Social exclusion and social inclusion very popular buzz words in Nepal. Now, Nepal is known as being an inclusive state. Social exclusion and social inclusion are applying state' policies, plans, programs, academic discoures, politicians, and social activists but not researched in Badi Social exclusion. So, this article focuses on the historical process of social exclusion of Badi and social exclusion of Badi in Krishanpur municipality. Being Badi how they are facing social exclusion in a macro level and micro level. After the implementation of the federal government of Nepal, how the Badi people are excluding now is the main research question of this article. It is based on primary data that are collected during fieldwork. Badi are still facing caste-based discrimination at the household level, but untouchability in the social sphere is mild in the study areas. Badi are being excluded in political, administrative, economic, social, religious at the local level.

Mobiles have become an integral part of life as we depend on it right from communication to marketing. Most of the students are using mobile phones for their study purpose. The present study was conducted to know about the consumer satisfaction and brand preference of mobile phones. An exploratory research design was adapted with a sample size of 15 respondents from Home Science College by using simple random sampling technique. Structured interview schedule was developed to collect the data. Results revealed that most of the respondents were satisfied with their mobiles and brand name, durability; features and price of the mobile phone have the great influence on students brand preferences. Majority of the respondents associated the mobile phone price with quality of phone while culture had less impact on choice of mobile phones.

This work takes a look at the Marxist theory as a tool, with a view to understanding the works of Abubakar Gimba. This paper focuses on and examines Inner Rumblings from a Marxist perspective through an analysis of themes, form, and all other poetic devices. This work looks at Inner Rumblings by identifying the Marxist ideas of the writer under study. This is done through the contents of the writer’s published poems. The poetry collections of Abubakar Gimba, are examined, thereby, exploring the Marxist ideas observed in the lines of the poems. This study measures the poems of Abubakar Gimba and establish how Marxist inclined, the poems are. The Luckacsian reflection Model of Marxism serves as the most suitable model for this paper. The research finds out those Marxist ideas in the diction and contents of the poems. After the findings, it was established that Abubakar Gimba has Marxist inclinations and these inclinations were spelled out in this paper.

One indicator of economic success is creating a financial system that grows sustainably and stably and provides benefits to all levels of society. The phenomenon of the problem shows that there has been a slowdown in Indonesia's GDP growth in recent years due to global financial market shocks, which ultimately have an impact on the domestic financial system. The next problem phenomenon in increasing economic growth and reducing poverty levels as an economic indicator is Indonesia's low level of financial inclusion. During the COVID-19 Pandemic, increasing financial inclusion is expected to improve the community's economy and align with the Government's National Economic Recovery (PEN) program. This study aims to detect economic growth and poverty rates based on financial inclusion, namely commercial bank branches, savings, credit, and the number of ATMs in Indonesia using the SUR (Seemingly Unrelated Regression) model. The results show that financial inclusion does not have much impact on economic growth in Indonesia. Still, financial inclusion can reduce the poverty rate in Indonesia through a significant negative relationship on the variables of bank branch offices, savings, and credit.

Since Vietnam’s Innovation national work (1986) called "DOI MOI”, the global and regional situation has had profound changes, greatly affecting the foreign policies of all countries around the world. Along with the end of the Cold War (1991), the international relations has changed from confrontation to dialogue, emerging trends of diversification and multilateralization in the process of globalization, developing cooperation and interdependence. Vietnam as well as other countries needs to adjust its foreign policy in each specific period to strengthen and develop the country itself. With the political acumen and experience in the revolutionary leadership, the Communist Party of Vietnam has set forth the guidelines and solutions suitable for the great changes in the country and around the world, and carried out the self-renewal to integrate with the international community, striving for peace, national independence, cooperation and development. It can be said that these adjustments of the foreign policy have helped Vietnam effectively exploit the international factors, combining the national power with that of the age to counter the strategies of "peaceful evolution" of hostile forces and gradually develop the country towards the socialist orientation. Therefore, after more than 35 years of renovation, Vietnam has successfully integrated into the world, enlisted the support of the world community to protect its independence and sovereignty, and affirmed its higher position in the international arena.  The article mentions Vietnam’s developing process of foreign thinking since the innovation; the achievements that have been obtained and Vietnam’s orientation of the foreign policy in the coming time.

The study investigated the provision and use of communication facilities in higher educational institutions in Cross River State. In specific terms the study was designed to establish; the communication facilities available in the various offices in the higher institutions, the extent of their functionality, and the extent to which these facilities facilitate information preparation and dissemination, students record preparation and retrieval, personal record keeping and its role in the day-to-day administration of organizational functions.  The study used the expost-facto research design; it employed the simple random and accidental sampling techniques to arrive at a sample of 685respondents from the four higher educational institutions in the State. A 20-item, Thonstone scale was used for data collection, the simple percentages and Analysis of Variance was used for data analysis.   It was however among others found that many office equipment that were of need for daily activities were not found in some offices and even those who had, many were not functional and those that were supposed to be functional, there was no electricity to power them. Above all, it was recommended that generators or sources of power generation be used for lighting systems to be able to provide an alternative to power   supply to provide for effective functioning of office activities.

The global response to Covid-19 revealed how fear, uncertainty, and an unquestioning reliance on scientific projections can disrupt the trajectory of human civilization. Early alarmist models predicting massive casualties reshaped public policy worldwide, prompting strict lockdowns that, in many cases, yielded outcomes no better—and sometimes worse—than countries that adopted lenient measures. This situation raises critical questions about the distinction between science and scientific temper. While science offers methods, data, and hypotheses, scientific temper demands critical thinking, skepticism, and the courage to question scientific claims and intentions. The Covid crisis exposed the dangers of treating scientific models as unquestionable truths rather than tools subject to scrutiny. As humanity reflects on its direction post-pandemic, fostering a balanced scientific temper is essential to ensure that science serves society without driving it into unnecessary fear or harm.

This study examined the determinants and the extent of health poverty and richness in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study employed survey data; the data were collected through the administration of structured questionnaires administered in six local government areas spread across the three senatorial districts of Ekiti State in 400 respondents using the Taro Yamane method of sampling technique. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic outcome of the respondents and a binary logit model was used to estimate the determinants of health poverty and richness while the level of expenditure on health of individuals was used to capture the extent in Ekiti state. The findings of the study show that income, which can be induced by quality education is positively and significantly related to health poverty and richness of people in Ekiti state while some other determinants that have to do with people's lifestyle like; drinking and smoking habits are significant but negatively related. The study further revealed that all the explanatory variables are statistically significant at 5%. The study concludes that health status is determined by the level of income and that about 85% of the Ekiti dwellers are health wisely rich. Given these assertions, this study recommends that policy geared towards improving and review of the income of workers which in turn have multiplier effects on both productivity and health status of the populace be considered by policymakers.

Learning can never be incidental and externally imposed to the students. It is a spontaneous, active, conscious, dynamic and social process where learners are the makers of their own knowledge and understanding. Constructivist view supports that knowledge is constructed actively and consciously by the learners where their socio-cultural background plays a fundamental role in the knowledge construction process. Children are the central part of education, so learner-centric education is necessary for reforming the traditional teaching-learning system. Constructivist approach is the best approach of teaching-learning that changed the former view of teaching-learning. Here the learners get the opportunity to learn according to themselves and construct their own understanding with the supportive assistance of teachers. Students learn more and enjoy their learning if there are possibilities of learning by performing and teachers provide all the facilities to the students, keeping the value of individual differences in their mind. Vygotsky’s Social Constructivism gives emphasis on exchange of ideas through social interaction. He appreciated the role of society in child learning process. The present study tries to give light on constructivist approach in teaching-learning and some questions rotating on people’s mind regarding the use of this approach in the education of technological era.

Air warfare has a critical role and become an integral part of modern warfare because it is able to provide tactical and strategic advantages. During the struggle to defend Indonesia's independence, air warfare also constituted an important part of the war against the Dutch, especially during the Dutch Military Aggression I in 1947. This research analyzes air warfare in the early days of Indonesian independence, particularly regarding the strategies used and the impact they had. The analysis was carried out using historical methods and theories regarding air warfare. The air warfare that adopted the denial strategy was quite successful and had a big impact. The air warfare was believed to have succeeded in increasing the morale of the Indonesian fighters against the Dutch and at the same time showing the Dutch that the Indonesian military was strong enough to fight back. The air attack also strengthened Indonesia's diplomacy in the international community to gain recognition of its sovereignty after the proclamation of independence on 17 August 1945.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, all universities in Vietnam require most students to study and sit examinations online. Besides, most students are self-consciously taking part in E-teaching and doing exercises posed by teachers in the learning process. The research focuses on the grammatical interference made by non-English major students in the University of transport and communication Ho Chi Minh Campus in their online English writing compositions, then to provide some workable solutions to avoid the negative transfer. We conducted a survey in a group of 50 non-major students from the B1-level course. The findings supposed that there was grammatical interference as the manifestations of negative transfer in the students’ writing. Students' grammatical interference in their writing texts is highly influenced by their first language, Vietnamese. 

Over the past four decades, Zimbabwe’s disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) process has played a central role in the transition from armed liberation struggle to post-conflict stability. Although initially designed to manage weapons and restore security, DDR aimed to transform former fighters into productive community members and promote long-term human security. However, Zimbabwe’s DDR was shaped by the exclusion of the United Nations from the independence transition and the reliance on a British-led oversight mission after the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. The integration of the ZANLA, ZIPRA and Rhodesian Security Forces was complicated by deep hostilities and mistrust. By the 1990s, institutional weaknesses and poor reintegration support left nearly 25,000 ex-combatants unemployed, prompting politicized mobilization through the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association. Veterans increasingly leveraged their identity for political influence, at times engaging in protests and electoral violence. Comparative cases from Namibia and South Africa show similar reintegration failures, where inadequate support triggered protests, social problems and security concerns. Overall, the evidence highlights that incomplete or poorly designed DDR programs can generate long-term instability and renewed conflict pressures.

Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis), is an endemic sub-species of semi aquatic antelope that is restricted to the Kafue Flats which covers an area approximately 6, 035 km² in extent, encompassing Blue lagoon and Lochinvar National Parks and Kafue Flats Game Management Area. The first comprehensive survey that was done in 1931 estimated 250,000 lechwe. the last count done in 1975 before the construction of the Itezhi-tezhi dam estimated the population at 80,774. That figure was 32% lower than the 1931 estimate, representing a 68% loss. After commissioning the Itezhi-tezhi dam in 1979, the first count was done in 1981 that recorded 45,867 which was 18% of the 1931 population or representing a 81% loss. The mean population size before the construction of the dam was 120,139 which dropped by 60% to 48,144 after the dam. In 2005 which we considered to be a turning point the population had further declined to 38,448 which was 15% of the 1931 estimate representing 85% decline. By 2015 the population had continued to decline to 28, 660 which is 11% and 88% loss of the 1931 estimate. By 2005 there was an annual loss of 2,464 or 7 lechwes/day of which only one lechwe was attributed to legal hunting and the remaining six to poaching and other factors. The year 2005 inevitably marked a turning point in the protection of the species as it clearly signifies a precipitous population decline depicting high levels of environmental resistance and or failure to regulate in terms of population dynamics. A comprehensive strategy more rigorous including but not restricted to captive breeding or time bound lease to the private sector to breed and return may be required. Routine law-enforcement operations in terms of boots on the ground and patrols, reducing hunting quotas or outright ban of hunting seem not to have worked in favour of the species. The impact of competition for forage with cattle will require detailed monitoring developing an improved foraging strategy for cattle including the making of hay and silage so that cattle herds are reduced on the Flats despite the political sensitivity of the matter may have to be experimented in order to save the lechwe. Increasing cattle populations and human encroachment on lechwe habitat is a factor that should not be ignored.As the populations decline into hundreds, the stochastic problems including inbreeding may set in. At this point it may too late to save the species. 

Metacognition is the recent buzzing word which is often used to the understanding of English Language Teaching (ELT). Metacognitive skill exercise is now being widely studied as an important factor of Second Language Acquisition. As it is known to many, Second Language Acquisition is not solitary event. It optimises a professional drive in the learners, and at the same time it even involves the mind and its cognition of the same. Metacognition has its various complicated dimensions in the field of psycholinguistics. The investigator of the study has chosen to proceed with some simple metacognitive habits of the learner in typical P.G. classroom settings. This article introduces simple outlines of various layers of metacognitive exercise. This research article secondarily intends to bridge an understanding between Second Language Acquisition and its relation to the cognitive domain of the learners. The investigator of the study further aims to comprehend the apparent relation between metacognitive exercise of the learner and its effects on Second Language Acquisition. 

Yoga, one of the oldest disciplines of India, is defined as the “cessation of the modification of the mind” by Patanjali-the pioneer of classical yoga. Yoga associates itself with the aid of an active mental, physical and spiritual practice. Yoga prepares to make life ameliorate. Vedas mention that the ultimate goal of yoga practices is to reach the ultimate state of self-realization. People use it for developing intelligence, memory and creativity. With its assorted perks it is turning to be a part of education. Specialists use yoga to unfold deeper and inner layers of consciousness to achieve their move in the direction of spirituality. The aim of yoga is to keep mind and body healthy. The present work aims at studying the attitude towards Yoga Practice among College students with regard to Gender, Residence and Stream of study. The sample consists of 570 Under Graduate students of Purulia districts. The survey method has been adopted for the present study. Stratified random sampling technique has been used in selecting the samples. The researcher has used a well-designed questionnaire, to collect data. The results revealed that both male and female students do not differ significantly to the attitude towards yoga practice. It was also noticed that students belonging from urban areas tend to possess a more favourable attitude towards yoga practice. It was also revealed that a stream of study influences the attitude towards yoga practice.

Terrorism has remained one of the gravest threats to contemporary global advancement and sustainable development. No meaningful development can be achieved in societies beset by conflicts. In many contemporary societies, attained developmental gains have been reversed by upheavals and years of conflicts. The level of global insecurity has in recent times been accentuated by dimension of the conflicts in Syria, Yemen, Libya, and Iraq. The environment of the failed state of Somalia has indeed become very important in any discourse of currency regarding global security/insecurity architecture. The collapse of the Somali state over three decades ago left in its wake an ungoverned environment which has been exploited by the international Islamist Organizations to develop a “viable” terrorist hub in the Horn of Africa. The alliance of the local Somali Islamists, the al-Shabaab, with the al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and the ISIS increased the security profile of Somalia. The Libyan domestic conflict also escalated the Boko Haram insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin and throw up a strong and very connected Islamic State in West Africa Province. The linkage of al-Shabaab with the Islamist insurgency in Nigeria, and the upheaval in Yemen has rekindled global attention to the increased attention to the study of Terrorism. It is in this light that this paper devotes itself to going back to the basics in the study of terrorism: the definition, origin, causes and trends. It is the contention of this paper that a good understanding of these perspective will present veritable instruments in the efforts at dealing with Global Terrorism.

Irregular warfare or non-conventional warfare is not a new type of war phenomenon. This type of war has occurred and been practiced since three centuries ago. However, at this time, irregular warfare has been increasingly attracting attention of observers and practitioners of military, defense and security because it is rife in various parts of the world. This paper discusses two types of irregular warfare, namely armed rebellion and terrorism which are suspected to be challenges and threats to Indonesia's national defense in the present and future. The author uses a qualitative method with a positivist epistemological approach based on the definition of irregular warfare from the US Department of Defense which includes armed rebellion, terrorism, and crime networks. However, due to technical considerations, the discussion is limited to the first two types of irregular warfare, especially regarding the roots, impacts, and options of approaches as the potential solution.

The toponym of a place or river denotes the social, political, and economic clout of the local community at the time. Mewa Khola is a river in eastern Nepal that travels through the mountainous district of Taplejung. The Mewahangs who lived their toponym the Mewa Khola (river) that flows through the area. The article discusses the facts and reasons that support this notion. The essay delves into the history of the Kirat's Mewa clan and its descendants today. The folklore, genealogy, and history guide Mewa's identity. Around the beginning of the 21st century, the Limbu speakers distorted the ancient name of Mewa Khola to Mikwa/Mikhwa Khola. Mikwa, which means tears in the Limbu language, was their argument. The Limbu language and literature did not recognize the Mewahang, the elder brother of Limbu. Limbu speakers in New Nepal sought to rename in the name of originality in the backdrop of political change. The paper looked into who, when, where, and how founded Mikwa by intruding on the Mewa Toponym. The history of the Mewa people, who speak Limbu, is obscure, but history and culture have hinted at it. Based on a comparative investigation of the same sign, the article argues the Kirat Mewa sect's pre-arrival and arrival routes. Despite Kirat history and Kirat Mundhum Limbu speakers changed the toponym Mewa Khola to Mikwa Khola, Samba Limbu Mundhum has called the river and surrounding area Mewa Khola.

In the Ivory Coast, the participation rate of the populations in the management of local communities is low. In this case, what does local governance look like, which is a management method that aims to transfer power to local populations with a view to achieving economic and political development that is led by the populations themselves? In order to respond to this concern, we interviewed, using semi-structured individual interviews, resource persons in the communes of Alépé, Bouaké and Guiglo. These interviews revealed that local governance is weak in these municipalities because the municipal authorities keep populations away from the management process of their municipality and local development projects. Thus, we are witnessing a weakening of local governance and a centralization of local power in a country where decentralization has been implemented for several decades.

Cet article traite de la question de la conception, de la mise en place et de l’évaluation des politiques de promotion de l’interconnexion en énergie électrique adaptées au contexte des pays de l’Afrique. Bref, de l’intégration par l’énergie électrique en Afrique. Nous avons mobilisé la théorie du transfert politique et institutionnel pour analyser en profondeur le processus de mise en place des politiques énergétiques, les barrières existantes et les résultats obtenus, et explorer les enjeux liés au déploiement massif de l’énergie électrique en Afrique. Afin de simplifier l’approche, nous nous sommes centrés sur les conditions directes d'intégration, à savoir les déterminants organisant les échanges entre systèmes (règles d’accès au réseau, etc.) et les possibilités d’unification des infrastructures techniques et des marchés spots créés dans chaque pays pour faciliter les transactions. Enfin, l’étude appréhende globalement les logiques de fonctionnement des interconnexions à travers les pôles énergétiques institués par l’organisation d’intégration africaine.

Desertification is a global phenomenon affecting countries all over the world, it is an incontestable fact that desertification is one of the fundamental environmental problems that is responsible for the current trend in decrease in crop yield, global warming and drought as well this necessitate the planting of acacia Senegalese plant, and development of measures to combat desertification. This present, study attempts to determine the influence of desertification pattern and vertical distribution in soil moisture in the vicinity of Mai Idris Alooma polytechnic Geidam, Thus, Planting of seven hundred (700) seedlings of acacia Senegalese plant was used. The data was analyzed using multiple linear regressions to determine the factors that significantly contributed toward the influence of desertification pattern. The result of the study shows that there was a linear relationship between the influence of desertification pattern and vertical distribution in soil moisture. (r = 0.553, p = 0.001) The study suggests integrated and holistic strategies for improved land conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources.

Wannan bincike da aka yi wa suna “Laƙabi Linzamin Makaɗa da Mawaƙan Hausa” an gudanar da shi ne domin tabbatar da tasirin amfani da sunayen laƙabi ga Makaɗa da Mawaƙan Hausa. Manufar binciken ita ce a nazarci sunayen rukuni daban-daban na Makaɗa da Mawaƙan Hausa domin a karkasa sunayensu na laƙabi ta yadda za a sami wakilcin rassan laƙubban Hausa bisa mizanin awon ayyukan da suka gabata. Haka kuma nazarin yana da manufar tabbatar da tasirin laƙabi ga al’ummar Hausawa musamman ga mutanen da suka yi fice a kan wasu harkoki na rayuwa kamar Makaɗa da Mawaƙa. Hanyoyin da aka bi wajen gudanar da wannan nazari su ne tattara bayanai musamman na sunayen Makaɗa da Mawaƙan Hausa waɗanda aka samu a ayyukan da aka yi a kansu a littattafan magabata. Haka kuma an yi amfani da waƙoƙin Hausa da dama waɗanda ke ɗauke da sunayen makaɗan. Misalan da aka kawo na sunayen makaɗan su ne makamashin nazarin. Wannan nazarin ya yi nasarar tabbatar da cewa, yawancin Makaɗa da Mawaƙan Hausa suna amfani da sunayen laƙabi ba kamar sauran jama’a ba da za a iya samun masu amsa sunan yanka kawai. Haka kuma nazarin ya yi nasarar gano cewa, sunayen laƙabin mawaƙan Hausa shi ya fito da su a fili. Jama’a sun fi riƙe da amfani da sunayen laƙabi na Shata da Ɗanƙwairo da Ɗandawo da Ɗan’anace da Narambaɗa fiye da sunayensu na yanka.

The study was instigated by the observed reckless use of social media among undergraduate students. It engaged an assessment of a holistic involvement of social media activities and how it affects students’ academic performance in research methods in University of Calabar, Nigeria. The study is a survey descriptive design that systematically sampled out 860 undergraduate students from all the 13 Faculties in the university. The instruments used for data collection were a questionnaire and a test in research methods, the study covered the proportion of students who make use of social media, the purpose of social media usage by students, how much time students spend on social media, Identify the most frequently used social network by students, and how it influence academic performance. It was found that; students between the ages of 19- 30 years were more engrossed in social media activities, that most students use whatsapp platform for their activities, that most students spend between 3-5 hours daily on social media platforms. It was recommended among others that a seminar be organized to educate students of the appropriate use of mobile phone.

Nepal is a country that is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural. It has geographical regions such as mountains, hills, and plains. There are various ethnicities and cultures among the Kirat families who live in these three regions. Metaphysical intelligence has built the ethnic's culture. Native culture and geography have shaped ethnic identity and evolution. Religious, political, and administrative forces in the state have also contributed to ethnic development and their integrity. The Limbu and Dhimals of the Kirat family, who claim that any clan is culturally or fundamentally different ethnicities, are thus members of the Kirat family. Limbu developed his own culture and identity while living on the hill. Living in the Terai gave Dhimal a unique culture and existence. A traditional idea prevails that these two groups are brothers. According to Dhimal folklore, they came from the Ganges plain. Kirat crossed the Himalayas and was known as Limbu, Rai, while those who stayed were known as Dhimal in Terai. Kirat folklore points Kirat ancestors first appeared in Kholung and Koshi Baraha Kshetra and entered hilly regions of Arun, Varun, and Tamber. In this article, new evidence back up this notion. Tungdunge Mundhum by Samba and Dhangdhange or Maharaja puja by Dhimal are comparable. This research adds Tungdunge mundhum to the historical evidence and argument that the Limbu and Dhimal ancestors were the same. Shred of evidence suggests Kirat's early incursion was from the south plain to the north hills, based on this link between Dhimal and Limbu. 

This study was carried out to determine the effect of modeling instructional strategy on the performance of upper basic students in social studies. This quasi-experimental research based on pre and post equivalent test research design of 2x2 non-randomized. The Population of the study was Upper Basic students of public schools in Delta State. The sample was 207 students consisting of (Urban 118 Rural 89) selected through a multi-stage sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection was the Social Studies Performance Test (SSPT). The instrument value of reliability coefficients 0.72 was established by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r). To answer the two research questions, mean and standard deviation were used whereas to analyze the two research hypotheses, the analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The result of the study revealed that modeling instructional strategy enhanced students’ performance besides the lecture method, location was not a factor in students’ performance in social studies. It is therefore recommended that teachers should be encouraged by providing a favorable environment to use modeling instructional strategies and hence to improve the performance of students.

The Left-handed Woman is a novel written by Austrian writer Peter Handke reflecting the subjective consciousness of female. The novel portrays an independent woman who escaped from marriage and the fetter of patriarchal society in order to find her own inner world. On her way to self-consciousness, the heroine Anna immersed herself in loneliness and introspection, at the same time, she worked as a translator in her own room, on the one hand, the room provided her space of independent thinking, on the other hand, writing in her room was also her means of subsistence as a working woman. To prevent that she falls into the position that was dominated by male discourse, male aesthetics and male needs, Anna refused her husband and the publisher ‘s woo. Entering Anna ‘s inner world, the reader may find there was a mixture of sensitivity, rationality, masculinity and femininity when she thinking about her situation and when she met with choices. It was this kind of thinking that made a burst out of the potential power of independent thinking in her mind and leaded her to the pure spiritual world of female and get rid of the shackle of patriarchal society. In this sense, Anna in Handke's The Left-handed Woman bared the resemblance with the feminist thinking of Virginia Woolf’ s A Room of One’s Own. First, they were both the women under patriarchal society and under the same oppression of male voice. Second, they all fought to have a room of their own and the property to support their life, so that they could live a life freely. Then, the author of this paper will analyze Anna's feminist thoughts that Woolf brought about in her A Room of Own's Own on the way of women' s self- awaking.

Man constantly, besides his daily activities, thinks and predicts as much as possible his continuity and human species one. This is done through the links of the marriage that vary from one culture to another. In Beledougou after traditional wedding (Fura). The solemn accompaniment of the newly married to her husband's (Musobila), all the familial community hopes, in a near future, an offspring that guarantees lasting couple. As time goes on, the couples are gratified by fertility, children are welcomed and brought up according to the ancient methods. They are, as a result, cherished with songs drawn from traditional repertoire. This ancestral knowledge is transmitted from mother to daughter during performances always improvised. With a little bit of rhythm and expressivity, womenfolk transmit to the nursing babies the real values of Beledougou. The songs of nursemaids permit children to immerse in a specific cultural heritage before other matrices of life training. With the bonified verb, through their gifts and the staff of Bamanan songs, nursemaids perpetuate an act and sociocultural didacticism. Children, most importantly, tell personal and collective stories by expressing wishes of nursemaids for the child. Newly, globalization printing its impacts in all endogenous societies’ nursemaids’ repertoire of Beledougou witnesses a recrudescence of abandonment. That is the reason why this study analyses, with the qualitative method, an important part of the nursemaid’s repertoire of Beledougou from the past to the present time.

According to UN Human Development report the human development paradigm contains four main components-productivity equity sustainability and empowerment. Through enhanced capabilities, the creativity and productivity of people must be increased so that they become effective agents of growth. Economic growth must be combined with equitable distribution its benefits. Equitable opportunities must be available both too present and too future generations. And all people, women and men, must be empowered to participate in design and implementation of key decisions that shaped their lives. Human Development is impossible without gender equality. As long as women are excluded from the development process, development will remain weak and lopsided. To understand how a group of individuals might engage in different processes of empowerment, such as utilizing the flexibility of expression offered on the Internet, we must first understand how individuals and groups are marginalized and disempowered by social institutions in real life. Author has attempted to trace a brief history of empowerment and its implications for Indian women. I have shown that the instruments for empowerment have to contend with entrenched prejudices and patriarchal modes of oppression. At the same time, there are indications the with conscientization programmers and concerted efforts at changing world-views, women will garner confidence and men will learn to accept that power is not a male prerogative. For, while empowerment may be at the cost of a growing sense of disempowerment among the once powerful, to be meaningful and effective, capacity building has also to inculcate the skills of role-sharing and participatory behavior among the new elite.

The study examined school factors as correlates of examination malpractice among secondary school in Cross River state, it was prompted by the increasing incidence of examination malpractice in secondary schools in Cross River state and the country at large. The need to establish the root cause of the devastating and very obnoxious situation needs to be investigated to proffer solutions to reposition the school system in the state. The multistage sampling technique was used to carve out a sample of 1674 students that were used for the study. The variables considered were; Class size, teachers’ commitment, implementation of school rules and regulations, school facilities, enforcement of punishment, counseling services, student teacher ratio on attribution to examination malpractice. The simple percentages and simple linear regression were used to analyze the data. It was found that school factors contributed to 73.80 percent while non-school factors had only 26.20 percent respectively on student’s attribution to examination malpractice. Further revelation showed that school factors had a significant effect on attribution to examination malpracticeamong secondary school students.

Samba is a Kirat indigenous to Eastern Nepal. It is known as Limbu, Rai, and has clans. Phyang is a type of Samba family. The available Samba genealogy is hazy in and of itself. Also, the histories of Nepal have kept them apart. They start talking after naming Samba. They have been almost to the limit, silent on earlier ancestors. The genealogical study of Samba Phyang spread across Nepal, India, and Bhutan has done something in this context. The Samba dynasty's cultural aspects, including familial data, were explored. The study examined their cultural data, including inheritance history. The study found they worshiped Tungdunge wherever they lived to remember their ancestors. Kirat literature, mundhum, manuscripts, and genealogies provided imperative information about the Tungdunge and the history of Samba Phyang. According to the information gathered throughout the study, Senehang of the Sen dynasty became Rai, Limbu, Samba, and Phyang after arriving in Kirat-Limbu states. Samba's predecessor, the most youthful ruler of the Sen regime, Tungdunge, arrived at Mewakhola in the 17th century and favored Samba. The socio-biological theory has provided support for the mundhum legend. In the 18th century, the fifth era of the Phyang segment the Samba house spread from Mewakhola to Sankhuwasabha, Atharai Hangpang, and Panchthar in the wake of the Gorkha-Limbu War and the Treaty of Nunpani. They have later moved throughout Nepal, including Sunsari, Morang, Jhapa, and Lalitpur. They now present in India, Bhutan, the United Kingdom, and other countries.