Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disease of the joints worldwide, with the knee being the most commonly affected joint in the body This study was undertaken with the objective to assess the knowledge about risk and preventive factors for osteoarthritis Knee among Ortho OPD patients in civil hospital Rohru. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between Aug- December 2020 among Ortho OPD patients in civil hospital Rohru selected by convenience Sampling Technique. Information regarding their socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge, regarding risk and preventive factors for osteoarthritis Knee were obtained using a self-administered, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results: In the present stud, 35% (140) of the Patients fall were below 40 years of age while 65% (260) were above 40 years. 54% (216) of patients were male and 46% (184) were female. Among the total patients. Among the total patients, 56(14.0%%) didn’t know about any risk factor of osteoarthritis Knee. 302 (75.5%)     respondents said that Inadequate amounts of dietary calcium & vitamin D is the risk factor of osteoarthritis Knee, followed by Bad posture and poor gait by 156(39%). Among the total patients, maximum 345(86.25 %) told that Calcium and Vitamin D supplements helps in Prevention of osteoarthritis Knee, followed by calcium-rich foods 216(54%).62 (15.5%) respondents didn’t know about any preventive factor of osteoarthritis Knee. Conclusion: Still many respondents didn’t know about the risk as well as preventive factors of Osteoarthritis knee. Calcium and Vitamin D supplements Knee, calcium-rich foods, good posture and gait, Greece capsule(glucosamine), Exercise & yoga, Knee cap / bracing, Maintenance of ideal weight, Prevention of injury to knee joint and healthily balanced diet helps in Prevention of osteoarthritis Knees.

Background: Today, it is seen that a large portion of the population is affected by low back ache (LBA). It is a widespread issue and the primary contributor to disability globally. This study was undertaken with the objective to assess the knowledge about preventive factors & Practices followed for low backache among Ortho OPD patients in civil hospital Theog, District Shimla. Material & Methods: Between August 2018 and October 2019, a cross-sectional study was done on Ortho OPD patients at the civil hospital Theog who were chosen using a convenience sampling technique. A self-administered, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather information about their sociodemographic traits, awareness of LBA prevention, and practises they adhered to. Epi info v7 software was used to evaluate the data using the necessary statistical tests. Results: In the current study, 52.5 percent (210) of the patients were under the age of 40, compared to 47.5 percent (190), who were above the age of 40 years. 44 percent (176) of patients were female, whereas 56 percent (224) of patients were male. Maximum 332 (83%) of the total patients said that regular exercise helps prevent low back pain, followed by maintaining good posture with 235 (58.75%), taking calcium and vitamin D supplements with 135 (33.75%), and avoiding heavy lifting with 120. (30.0 percent). Maximum 359 patients (89.75%) reported using painkiller gels to treat low back pain, followed by 336 patients (84%) who took painkillers, 255 patients (63.75%) who practised yoga and 227 patients (56.75%) who took calcium and vitamin D supplements (55.25 percent). Conclusion: Many survey participants were still unaware about preventive factors for LBA. There is a need for community health education programmes about preventive measures for LBA. We may preserve our backs and avoid back discomfort by maintaining good posture, sitting and standing up straight, exercising frequently, maintaining an optimal weight, taking calcium and vitamin D supplements, and avoiding heavy lifting.                

As defined by the World Health Organization, emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are serious global public health threats. An emerging infectious disease is one that either has appeared and affected a population for the first time or has existed previously but is rapidly spreading, either in terms of the number of people getting infected or to new geographical areas. Many EIDs are zoonotic in origin, which means that the disease has emerged from an animal and crossed the species barrier to infect humans. Nipah virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and avian influenza A (H5N1) are examples of diseases that have recently emerged. By contrast, re-emerging infectious diseases (REIDs) are diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming health problems for a significant proportion of the population (malaria and tuberculosis are examples).

Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness in the “tsutsugamushi triangle”, caused by the parasite Orientia tsutsugamushi and is transmitted to humans by the bite of certain kinds of trombiculid mites, or chiggers. Scrub typhus is manifested clinically by high fever, intense generalized headache, diffuse myalgias, and, in many patients, rash and an eschar at the site of the chigger bite. Laboratory testing, including molecular and serological assays, is needed for confirming the diagnosis, especially in the absence of the pathognomonic eschar. In this review, factors that play a role in disease occurrence, clinical features, investigations, treatment, differential diagnosis, Preventive measures, prognosis etc are also enumerated and described.

Background: The knee is the bodily joint that is most frequently afflicted by osteoarthritis (OA), which is the most prevalent joint condition worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate Ortho OPD patients' awareness of osteoarthritis Knee risk and preventative factors in the civil hospital Theog. Material & Methods: Between August 2018 and October 2019, a cross-sectional study was done on Ortho OPD patients at the civil hospital Theog who were chosen using a convenience sampling technique. Using a self-administered, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire, data on their sociodemographic traits and awareness of risk and preventative factors for osteoarthritis knee were gathered. Epi info v7 software was used to evaluate the data using the necessary statistical tests. Results:  In the present study, 26.25 percent (105) of the 400 participants were under the age of 40, while 73.75 percent (295) were over that age. Male patients made up 56.5 percent (226) and female patients made up 43.5 percent (174). Of all the patients, 62 (15.5%) were unaware of any osteoarthritis knee risk factors. The risk factor for osteoarthritis knee was identified by 332 (83 percent) respondents as inadequate dietary calcium & vitamin D intake, which was followed by 172 respondents' bad posture and gait (43 percent). The majority of patients, 330 (82.5%), reported that calcium and vitamin D supplements help prevent osteoarthritis in the knee. This was followed by calcium-rich diets, 238 (59.5%), and good posture and gait, which were reported by 184 patients (46 percent). 68 (17.0%) survey participants were unaware of any osteoarthritis knee prevention measures. Conclusion: The risk and preventative factors of osteoarthritis knee were still unknown to many respondents. Supplements with calcium and vitamin D foods high in calcium, knee, good posture, a smooth walk, Grecian capsule (glucosamine), exercise and yoga, a brace or knee cap, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding injuries to the knee, and eating a balanced, healthy diet all assist to prevent osteoarthritis in the knees.

Throughout history, infectious diseases have caused damage among societies. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are now occurring at unprecedented speed, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly referred as Covid-19 pandemic. Although the majority of the population is susceptible to Covid-19, there are risk factors that are seen as clinical predictors of hospitalization, disease severity and mortality. Since the poor nutritional status of patients affects the prognosis of Covid-19, the present work was to develop with the aim of presenting a view on the role of nutrition in the treatment of patients with this respiratory infection, at the level of identification of nutritional risk, assessment of nutritional status, nutritional diagnosis, nutritional treatment, monitoring and nutritional evolution. Symptoms and comorbidities reported by patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 may be determining factors in the prognosis of Covid-19. These patients should undergo a nutritional status assessment to identify complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as increased energy requirements, malnutrition, involuntary weight loss, gastrointestinal disorders and dehydration. Recognizing these complications will allow establishing the best nutritional therapy to be applied. The inflammatory condition and the characteristic symptoms of this disease lead to an increase in catabolism and, consequently, to an increase in nutritional requirements. This clinical picture is exacerbated by hospitalization, which is why patients recovering from Covid-19 should benefit from follow-up, in order to ensure adequate rehabilitation. Nutritional intervention in patients with Covid-19 is of great importance and, despite the existence of guidelines, each case must be interpreted individually, not focusing only on nutritional therapy.

Background: In order to assess the effects of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose and iron sucrose on total iron binding capacity in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy, the current study was conducted. Material and Methods: This prospective study was carried out from June 1 to May 31, 2020, at the Kamla Nehru State Hospital for Mother and Child, Indira Gandhi Medical College Shimla. The study involved 86 pregnant women with iron deficiency anaemia. The participants were randomly divided into two equal groups, one of which got iron sucrose intravenously and the other, ferric carboxymaltose. At 2 and 4 weeks into the follow-up period, the treatment's effectiveness in terms of total iron binding capacity was evaluated. Results: In group A the mean value of baseline total iron binding capacity was found to be 491.85 ug/mL while in group B, the mean value of baseline total iron binding capacity was found to be 493.460 ug/dL .The baseline variables that is mean total iron binding capacity (p value = 0.687) were comparable in group A and B.In group A, the mean total iron binding capacity at 2 and 4 weeks post infusion was 387.48 ug/dL and 335.88 ug/dL respectively. In group B, the mean total iron binding capacity at 2 and 4 weeks post infusion was 410.6 ug/dL and 380.5 ug/dL respectively.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant with p value <0.001. Conclusion: It was observed that ferric carboxymaltose causes a greater fall in total iron binding capacity as compared to iron sucrose thus providing a better treatment response.