The aim of this study was to determine the biomass potential and the energy value, being produced from agricultural residues in Konya province. Konya is a province of Turkey on the Central Anatolian region. Konya province is divided into 31 districts. Konya is the province with the largest agricultural land in Turkey with 1,886,795 hectares. The amounts of residues from the agricultural crops cultivated in Konya province were calculated using production data of crops with Turkish Statistical Institute for the 2018 seasonal years. The annual gross potential of agricultural residues was determined by using residue to product ratio. The energy potential of residues for each districts was calculated by multiplication of the calorific values of agricultural residues with the available residue amount. The total amount of agricultural residues was approximately 2228 kt.year-1. It was found that the total calorific value of the agricultural residues was around 38.40 PJ.year-1 for the production period of 2018 in the province. When districts put in order according to the amount of agricultural residues, the top five districts of Konya are Karapınar (343.34 kt), Karatay (329.48 kt), Çumra (325.88 kt), Altınekin (213.52 kt) and Cihanbeyli (189.96 kt). The major crops included in the ratio of the total calorific value were maize (51.0%), grains straw (26.0%) and sunflower (20.3%).

To fulfill the food demand from consumer, any potential fresh food must be given fully attention in term of their quality to ensure the purchasing activity could be done at the market level. Other than well-known meat produces from all ruminant animals such as cow and goat, quail is also one of the options for meat produces. However, similar issue is also faced by quail meat which is meat deterioration due to oxidation process after slaughtering. In this study, treatment mixture consisting of sunflower oil with sesame seed at three different ratios (1:3, 1:1 and 3:1) were applied on fresh quail meat to determine the effect on postharvest quality of quail meat. Postharvest parameters which observed in this study were weight loss, color, pH and firmness of the meat. Results showed in term of prolong the shelf life with maintaining meat quality, treatment 3 at 3:1 ratio gave significant effects (p<0.05) compared to control for weight loss, pH and firmness parameters. Meanwhile for the colour parameter, none of the treatment ratios showed the ability for maintaining the red colour of meat.

Clear overlap between Sarotherodon galilaeus samples from Kosti and Sinnar and distinct separation of Al Sabaloga samples in meristic counts was detected by Discriminant analysis. This reflected impact of habitats on growth which is typical riverine in Kosti and Sinnar and a cataract in Al Sabaloga. The mode of dorsal fin spines, anal fin rays and pectoral fin rays was similar in the three sites. Slight variability in the mean of other traits was related to variation in the counts between locations. The total length (TL) of S. galilaeus ranged from 16.50 to 19.50cm; 12.8 to 20.0cm and 14-16.5cm in Kosti, Sinnar and Al Sabaloga, respectively. While the body weight (BW)varied between 110 and 142g; 51 and140g and 40-51g; in Kosti, Sinnar and Al Sabaloga, respectively. Comparison between the mean value of 21 traits showed that in Kosti samples the means of BW, body depth (BD), TL, standard length (SL), pre-anal distance, dorsal fin base and pre-dorsal distance were significantly (p<0.05) than the corresponding readings from Sinnar samples. The rest of the traits showed no significant differences between the two locations. From Kosti and Sinnar S. galilaeus showed significant correlation (p<0.05) between BW: TL; SL: TL and BD. The correlation matrices of S. galilaeus from Kosti showed a very high correlation between TL and SL (r-0.960) and a very weak correlation between PRF and IOW (r = -1.4E-16). Sinnar samples showed a very high correlation between BW: TL and BW: SL (r - 0.840) and a very weak correlation between pre-pelvic distance and inter orbital width (r = 9.18E-05). The TL vs BW regression showed a positive allometric growth as b>3.0 in Kosti as well as in Sinnar.

A Greenhouse experiment was conducted at Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sudan University of Science and Technology at Shambat during the period of 17th June to 23rd October 2014. The experimental treatments arranged in completely randomized design with four replications. Six genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) of Sudanese origin ( Wad ahmed , Bashier, Geshesh and Culom Abu 7 and Kolklo designated as V1, V2, V3 ,V4, V5, and V6 , respectively. Plants were grown in pots and they were subjected to either well-watered (W0) or stressed(W1)conditions. Characters studied were Stomatal conductance, Transpiration rate, Specific flag leaf area SFLA and Relative water content RWC, Water use efficiency WUE, Net assimilation rate NAR and Proline content. The results revealed that water stress and cultivars showed significant differences on (stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, specific leaf area and osmotic adjustments). Moreover the significant decrease in aforementioned traits due to sowing of V2 and V3cultivars under water stress was generally associated with significant decreases in NAR, RWC, WUE and proline content. So, these traits help to identify characters associated with water-stress tolerance of sorghum. In conclusion the two sorghum cultivars V2 andV3 outperformed the other cultivars under the most view of points.

Ethnoveterinary medicine is considered a sub- field of ethnobotany that deals with the study of traditional medicines. Ethnoveterinary practices concern to animal healthcare is as old as the domestication of various livestock species. They comprise belief, knowledge, practices and skills pertaining to healthcare and management of livestock. It serves as an alternative method to treat and prevent various diseases in livestock. The plant has shown to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant activity. Without being treated this infection can lead to major economic lost in diary industry. Thus, this review will summarize on the different medicinal plant varieties commonly used to treat mastitis, bacterial infection on the mammary gland and udder tissue of cattle.

The vagaries often attain proportion of calamities leading to unprecedented food, fodder and fuel insecurity and ultimately putting economic and livelihood security of rain dependent farming population at stake.  Rainfed farming is subjected to vagaries of weather in recent time more than ever before affecting crops on mass scale.  By and large the market and trade has always been unfavorable to farm produced commodities with consistently rising input costs making input output relationship beyond control of farmers aggravating the calamities to disastrous dimensions.  In recent time, the rainfed farming is subjected more often to excess rains and flood damage causing huge losses to crops and properly.  The floods may not even permit farmer for resowing of the same crop or alternate crops for food and fodder security. Current century has been predicted to witness climate change and wide spread extremes of  climatic events, rainfall being most crucial among them, large population of our country may have to face unprecedented and unpredictable events of extreme nature in rainfed areas. It is, thus a new challenge before planners, scientist’s politicians and all to develop ways and mechanisms for ensuring rainfed farmers in mitigating such extremes and alleviation of losses through viable technological support. Konkan region of Maharashtra receives 2500 to 3500 mm of rainfall annually. Ninety percent of rainfall is received during June to October (Anonymous, 1986).  In spite of high-water potential in the region, especially, during kharif season, the kharif crops suffer mainly due to aberrations in rainfall i.e. delayed onset of monsoon, heavy continuous rains leading to flash foods coupled with low light intensity and intermittent dry spells. On several occasions the region receives heavy continuous rains leading to wet famine, which damage the growing crop physically due to sedimentation and prolonged complete sub-mergence by flood water and also physiologically by very low light intensity.  Rice is the major crop grown in the region along with finger millet, panicum millet, niger, etc. grown on hill slopes. First week of June is normal time for onset of monsoon in Konkan.  However, many a times, monsoon is delayed by 15-20 days leading to delayed sowing as well as transplanting of rice. Under such circumstances the farmers can adopt contingency crop production technology for alleviating effect of unfavorable rainfall. In low lying area, rice varieties with medium duration (130-135 days) viz. palghar-1, Sahyadri hybrid, Karjat-5 should be grown in place of late maturing varieties.  For mid-land, early varieties like Ratna, R-711, R-24, Karjat-4, etc could be grown, whereas, in uplands very early varieties, maturing in 90-100 days, may be grown so as to mitigate impending moisture stress during grain formation and maturity stages.  Continuous light rains for rice during nursery stage are of prime importance for growing healthy and vigorous seedlings.  If there is dry spell during the nursery stage of rice, it hampers seedling growth severely, especially, on upland situation. To sustain the water stress during early stages of seedling it is advisable to apply one kilogram of muriate of potash per acre before severity of water stress.  If possible, irrigation may be given during the dry spell. Similarly, when the seedling cross right age (21 to 25 days) at transplanting, close planting (15 X 15cm) with more number of seedling (4 to 5) per hill can help to alleviate the effect of delayed transplanting. This could be coupled with additional nitrogen (25%) dose with advantage. Complete submergence for a short time also affects the growth of rice crop.  Under such situation it is advisable to apply additional dose of nitrogen @ 25 kg/ha as a top dressing to recover the crop from suppressed growth and regain vigour. Even though the delayed rainfall causes damage to early and mid-late rice varieties, it is useful to late rice varieties and post monsoon residual moisture crops. Staggered sowing of early, midlate and late varieties may help in exposing the crop to bright sunshine and alleviate the effect of low light intensity. Similarly, hybrid varieties having high photosynthetic ability in low light could be included in cropping.

Phytochemical analysis is an important step leading to the isolation and characterization of novel compounds with promising biological and pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical and proximate composition of leaves of Anacardium occidentale. Qualitative phytochemical screening and proximate analysis were performed on the plant leaves using standard procedures. The results revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids. However, steroids were not detected. With the exception of glycosides, all the detected phytochemicals were more relatively abundant in air-dried sample than in sun-dried sample. Results of proximate analysis showed that the leaves of A. occidentale contained more Nitrogen-Free Substances (NFS) and low protein content. These results show that the leaves of Anacardium occidentale is a reservoir of important phytochemicals.

The study was conducted in five intensive Binamoog-8 (a mungbean variety developed by BINA) growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Pabna, Magura, Natore, Jessore and Rajshahi district to estimate the profitability and technical efficiency of the variety. A total of 200 farmers, 50 from each district were randomly selected as sample size for conducting the study. In the study, costs and return analysis were done on both cash cost and full cost basis for estimating profitability. The study found that the variety was profitable. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) was 1.87 and 2.95 on full cost and cash cost basis, respectively. The stochastic Cobb-Douglas production frontier model was used for estimating technical efficiency of Binamoog-8 producer in the study areas. The mean efficiency of the Binamoog-8 producers was 88.5%, which indicates that they were made a production loss of 11.5% due to inefficiency factors. Farmers faced some constraints in cultivating of the variety. Out of them the major constraints were lack of high-quality seed, disease and pest infestation, pod maturity in different times, high price of insecticides, lack of capital, lack of training and rainfall during germination period.

Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) production amongst smallholder farmers is constrained by bad odour arising from pig houses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) treatment of deep litter floor in controlling bad odour emission from pig houses of IMO treated and untreated deep litter floor. Twenty four three-month old pigs (Large White x Landrace) were raised on deep litter floor; one floor type treated with IMO solution and control not treated. Significant (LSD≤0.05) differences were observed in bad odour intensity of extremely strong, very strong, strong, distinct, weak, and very weak at a distance of 0 to 40 metres from pig houses of IMO treated and untreated deep litter floor; with high intensity of bad odour (16.9%) arising from untreated deep litter floor houses than IMO treated litter floor (0.4%). Therefore, deep litter floor treatment with IMO solution does not eliminate bad odour from pig house but rather reduces the intensity of foul odour to a level which is environmentally friendly and acceptable to the people living around the piggery. Further research should be conducted to determine IMO lifespan in vitro of their natural habitat for efficient storage, packaging and frequency of its application on different organic bedding materials.

Integrated pest management (IPM) technology, a package of practices that utilizes natural predators and careful timing of right doses, is one of the most important measures to cut the use of pesticides. It is not surprising evidence that the application of pesticides during the periods has increased substantially along with incredible amount of subsidies. A study on comparison on farm income and household income before and after adoption of IPM technology was conducted in the Banke and Surkhet districts of Nepal. For assessing the comparison, farmers were asked a series of questions during the survey to determine the income before and after IPM adoption. For the comparison Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used. This study revealed that that large proportion of the members of the sampled households 27.74% has attained secondary level. Majority of the respondents were Janajati/Indigenous followed by Dalit in the study area 68.40% population were of economically active age. Similarly, 30% of the household has cultivated tomato followed by cauliflower 27%, bitter gourd 17%, cucumber 16% and eggplant 10%. Cucumber is found to be the most profitable vegetable crops in the study area using IPM technology. The farm income of sample households before IPM practice ranged from Rs. 2,150 to Rs. 466,000 and after the adoption of IPM practice, the farm income ranged from Rs. 5,500 to Rs. 499,000. Similarly, the household income of sample households before adoption of IPM practice ranged from Rs. 23,000 to Rs. 647,000 and after the adoption of IPM practice, the household income ranged from Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 696,000. The Gini coefficients were higher for farm income 0.55 and household income 0.37 before adoption of IPM practice compared to those for farm income 0.49 and household income 0.31 after adoption of IPM practice. Since the Lorenz curves for both farm and household incomes after IPM practice lie close to the line of equality compared to those before IPM practice, disparity of income was reduced after the provision of IPM practice. Disparity of farm income was reduced significantly compared to household income. Thus, identified comparison of farm and household income before and after adoption of IPM practice could be a source for Agriculture Knowledge Centers, policy makers, researchers and other extension agents to disseminate the IPM technology.

India is the leading producer of oilseeds in the world and oilseeds contribute significantly towards economy. Various agronomic interventions are imperative for escalating the production and productivity of crops, among these planting methods and spacing play noteworthy task in emergence of seedlings so finally affecting the growth and yield of crops. Planting methods not only determine the better crop establishment but also results in water saving, reduces weed competition, provides proper drainage when crops are sown on beds or ridges. Spacing helps to utilize the natural resources like light, water and nutrients efficiently. Therefore, it is crucial to manoeuvre the spacing among plants for getting higher productivity. The present study revealed the effect of different planting methods and spacing on growth and yield of oilseeds crops.

Recently many studies are directed towards substances which act somehow to induce apoptosis or prevent abnormal dividing of cells, which may provide therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. Aqueous extracts of leaves of Vinca rosea, Piper betle and Mussaenda erythrophylla, seeds of Carica papaya, cured leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and concentrated solutions of Turmeric power, Rootex and Ajinomotto were studied for their effect on proliferative activity of cells. Distilled water was taken as control. Allium cepa is the plant of choice for studying mitosis as they germinate easily without soil. So, the chemicals provided to the plant can be easily controlled. They also grow quickly and are only a few cells thick. Based on the mitotic index obtained the conclusion was arrived that the Vinca rosea, Carica papaya seed and Turmeric powder are antimitotic whereas Ajinomotto, Rootex, Nicotiana tabacum and Piper betel show higher values than that of the control indicating their ability to promote mitosis.

This study was conducted in order to determine profitability in broiler production in Jalingo Local Government Area of Taraba State. A multi stage and purposive sample techniques were employed for the selection of the study area and respondents. Data for this study were collected with the aids of Structured questionnaire. About 80 broiler farmers were randomly selected to form the sample size for the study. The analytical techniques used for the study were frequency, percentage, budgeting techniques and Regression analysis. The result showed that the total revenue generated is N126,000.00, while the total cost incurred in broiler production is N 49,900. The net farm income and rate of return on investment is N 76,100 and   66k respectively. The result shows that broiler enterprise is a profitable venture because in every naira invested it attract sixty - six kobo as a gain. The regression analysis result shows that R2 value obtained is 0.74 implying that about, 74% of the variation in the output of broiler was explained by the independent variables while 26% could not be explained due to external factors. The coefficient of number of bird, farming experience and age of the respondents were positive and statistically significant at 5% implying that increase in the level of this variables lead to increase in broiler output. High cost of feeds and lack of improved technology were among constraints hampering broiler production. It is recommended that government and private sectors should provide feeds to broiler farmers at a subsidize rate.

A list of the freshwater fishes from around Kosti, White Nile Sudan is presented based on intermittent collection from 2002 to 2019. It included 64 species, falling into 37 genera and 20 families. Alestediae, Clariidae, Mochokidae, Mormyridae and Characidae, were represented by 10, 7, 6, 6 and 5 species, respectively. Almost 40 fish species were found throughout the study period. The habitat and the biota of the study area was briefly outlined. Species records from the study area were compared and its richness in species were discussed. The study concluded that there is a need to update locality records through long-term systematic surveys using traditional gears, dip nets and electro-fishing methods in the Nile and its tributaries.

The study assessed impact of Fadama III program on rice farmers in Lau Local Government Area of Taraba State. Primary data were collected via structured questionnaire coupled with interview schedule. A purposive and random sampling techniques were used to obtain the required sample size of 70 from the list of registered rice farmers and Fadama III beneficiaries in the study area. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used in analyzing the data. The mean annual income of the rice farmers before and after Fadama III program is N 41,050 and N 156,043 receptively, implying that Fadama III program had a positive impact on income level of the beneficiaries in the study area. Findings of the study further revealed that the variables education (1.125), farming experience (0.402) farm size (0.269) and access to credit (0.194) were positive and statistically significant at 1% implying that the variables influence the income of rice farmers. The result of the study also revealed that poor storage facilities, inadequate supply of inputs, high cost of labour and poor marketing system were among serious constraints that hampered rice faming in the study area. The study recommends amongst others the need for the government and private sectors to provide standard storage facilities for the farmers.

Investigation was conducted to examine the pathogenic variability of the isolates of Bipolaris sorokiniana at three growth stages viz. seedling stage, tillering stage and heading stage of two wheat varieties (BARI Gom 26 and Kanchan). Based on the morphological variation of seven isolates of B. sorokiniana, BdBSLtan 6 was the most potent considering the maximum mycelial growth (5.40 cm), and the highest conidia production capacity (13.3×106 conidia/mL). At each growth stage, three selected isolates (BdBSL_tan, BdBSL_mym and BdBSL_jam) were inoculated and BdBSL_tan 6 showed the most potential to cause higher infection (100%) in both varieties followed by BdBSL_mym 2. Tillering stage was most vulnerable showing the highest incidence and severity which was followed by heading stage. It canconclusively suggest that both the Bangladeshi isolates (BdBSL_tan and BdBSL_mym) are morphologically distinct and can be aggressive to cause infection in wheat plant at tillering stage and heading stage.

Dairy farming remains a major source of livelihood to rural population in Kenya. Despite the growth and development in dairy sector over years, the level of milk production is low in Kandara Sub- County. This research aimed at determining the factors associated with low milk production among small scale farmers in the Sub- County. The research adopted a descriptive survey design to gather data from the sampled small-scaled dairy farmers. Stratified random sampling method was used to obtain a sample size of 90 dairy farmers from the target population of 1000 farmers in the Sub- County. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed by use of SPSS version 16.0 and summarized using descriptive statistics. Results showed that financial constraints were perceived to greatly affect milk production. Even though a majority (47.8%) of dairy farmers incurred expenses of more than Kshs 10,000, it is only 31.1% of the farmers who earn above Kshs 10,000 annually from the dairy enterprise. The study revealed that most of farmers (50%) depended on other farming business to support dairy farming. The level of milk production was also thought (50%) to have been affected by lack of adoption of appropriate management practices. The results also showed that many of the farmers (73.4%) had not adopted modern dairy technologies meant to boost milk production. However, majority (96.7%) of the farmers had adopted atleast one form of technology although in some there was observed low adoption due to the associated high cost. To boost milk production in the Sub- County, more farmer extension contacts are needed to allow dissemination and subsequent adoption of the technologies that could boost milk production. Extension agents need to link farmers to better milk market that can fetch farmers’ better prices. This would improve income generation and subsequently result in increased adoption of recommended management practices.