Water stress is seen as a severe injury that has an adverse effect on the plant, which in turn has an impact on the crop and food supply. The field experiment was carried out in the wooded canopy during the 2023–2024 farming season of the Forestry Department/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul to study the overlapping effect of mycorrhizal and Trichoderma fungi in estimating the mineral content and oxidative stress of two varieties of field pistachio plants under the influence of different levels of field capacity, which were used in the experiment.  Three irrigation treatments (25, 50 and 75) % of field capacity and four levels of biological fertilization: treatment without inoculation (C), inoculation with mycorrhizae (M), inoculation with Trichoderma (T), and the interaction between mycorrhizae and Trichoderma (M+T). Three replications of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were used to conduct the experiment. Irrigation treatments were distributed randomly on the main panels, while biofertilization treatments were distributed on the secondary panels. The findings demonstrated that, at 75% field capacity, the mineral content was superior. (15.3،10.2،4.8), while antioxidant enzymes and proline content in the leaves decreased at the same field capacity (14.5،6.04،9.91). With regard to biofertilizer, the treatment of the mixture showed With Mycorrhizae and Trichoderma (M+T), the highest increase in the mineral content of the nutrients N, P, and K was recorded, and the highest percentage of decrease in antioxidant enzymes and proline content was recorded.

In the present study, detailed biology of Cavariella aegopodii has been studied during spring (March-April), summer (May-June), autumn (September-October) and winter (January-February) seasons under laboratory conditions to ascertain the pre-reproductive, reproductive and post-reproductive periods. Studies on the biology of Cavariell aaegopodii revealed that morphs of this species occurring on willow plants are parthenogenetic wingless female, parthenogenetic winged female, winged female sexuparae, oviparae and males. All the parthenogenetic wingless females undergo four regular moults resulting in five instar stages. In the winter season, the average nymphal period as well as pre-reproductive and reproductive periods is longer. The winged female sexuparae start appearing in apterous parthenogenetc colonies at the end of July month and their appearance continues upto November. Ovipara are apterous and males are winged.The present investigations were carried out in Shimla, Mashobra, Shoghi and Solan localities and as well as on plants maintained under laboratory conditions.

Under the spring of 2023, a pot experiment was carried out under the wooden shade structure of the University of Mosul's College of Agriculture and Forestry's Forestry Department. The study examined the impact of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on a few biochemical and physiological parameters in two types of mung beans that were subjected to water stress using loamy sand soil. Following a fully randomized design (CRD), the experiment had three levels of ZnO (0.0, 100, and 200 parts per million) with three replications, and three levels of field capacity (30%, 50%, and 80%).The outcomes demonstrated that ZnO nanoparticle treatment greatly lowered the negative effects of water stress and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and POD), while significantly increasing plant pigment content (Chlorophyll a and b). Compared to the other treatments, the use of ZnO nanoparticles at a concentration of 100 parts per million produced the best results in minimizing the effects of water stress

Pollination means transfer of viable pollen from mature anther to receptive stigma. Flowers are fully dependent on vector to move pollen. The Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) has recognized pollination as an important component in the maintenance of biodiversity and plays a role in the ecosystems (Partap, 2011). These vectors may be wind, water, birds, butterflies, bats and other animals that visit flowers. An abundance of pollinators sets a greater proportion of early flowers, results in an earlier and more uniform crop with higher quantity as well as quality of fruit. Bees, birds and bats affect 35 percent of the world’s crop production which increased outputs of 87 of the leading food crops worldwide and obviously within these, fruits and vegetables are the most benefited items. Honeybees (Apis spp.) plays a major role in pollination and for the majority of the world’s angiosperms, pollinating about 66%ofthe world's 1500 crop species, accounting for 15-30% of food production. The flower type, shape, colour, odor, nectar and structure are very important for the types of pollinators that visit them. The mode of pollination is a critical aspect of a plant's reproductive strategy and has evolved in response to environmental conditions and the availability of pollinators in a particular habitat. This article aims to provide an overview of tropical pollination and pollination problems that have occurred around the world with a focus on pollination activities in most of the fruit crops.