The manufacturing industry is the backbone of national economic growth. In addition, this industry is also a mainstay sector in spurring equity towards inclusive development and welfare of the Indonesian. In the first quarter of 2019, Indonesia's manufacturing sector contributed 20.07% to the national GDP. In addition, this sector has grown by 3.86% compared to the same period last year. However, this growth is still not as expected by the government. This is because work accidents that occur in the manufacturing sector continue to increase. It is unavoidable that every job has a hazard risk, including in the manufacturing industry with a fairly high level of hazard risk. The National Social Security Administration reported an increase in work accidents by 55.2%, from 114,000 cases in 2019 to 177,000 cases in 2020.

In order to understand this issue, research efforts have been devoted to safety issues that affect safety behavior at work which is very important for the productivity, efficiency and occupational health of the manufacturing industry. To increase understanding of the factors that affect the personal safety of workers in the manufacturing industry, Wu et al. [1], point out the importance of safety leadership and Newaz et al. shows the importance of safety climate. Recently, Safety Consciousness (SC) and Safety Citizenship Behavior (SCB) have been identified as important constructs in occupational safety that can significantly affect the safety status of workers. Olcer and Durmuscelebi found that SC is important to improve worker safety behavior. Wong et al. showed the importance of SC in improving worker behavior while working by using personal protective equipment. For SCB; Curcuruto and Griffin [2], report that SCB is an important factor to encourage better participation in work groups.

Curcuruto et al. [3], also found the importance of SCB for effective risk management in high-risk industries. In addition, SC and SCB have been found to have a positive influence on safety performance [4].

However, Meng et al. [5], has indicated that there is still a lack of research on SC and SCB. In particular, the role of safety-related behavior in both constructs is largely unstudied although the area is considered a promising research topic for occupational safety in the social and behavioral fields. So far, there has been no multivariate study to test safety-related behavior on SC and SCB. The gaps in this study make safety interventions more difficult to administer effectively to certain groups of manufacturing workers. Therefore, this study aims to help fill this gap and clarify how the role of safety-related behavior, especially safety knowledge and safety motivation, can affect the SC and SCB of workers in the manufacturing industry. It is hoped that this research can stimulate further research on the effect of safety-related behavior on the personal safety of manufacturing workers.

This study uses a research design of hypothesis testing and field research based on several considerations, namely:

• Quantitative research design and hypothesis testing rooted in a positivistic research paradigm that allows researchers to find truths that are objective, singular and real

• There is a fairly good literature to support the research topic

• The research design allows researchers to find out associations between latent variables according to research objectives

• Previous studies on employee performance also using a research design of hypothesis testing and cross-sectional field study

Descriptive Statistics

The Table 4 shows the descriptions of respondents by gender, age, education and years of service.

Measurement Model

Convergent Validity: Based on the data above, there are many indicators that do not meet the validity test criteria, so these indicators must be removed from the dimensional model. The following are the results of eliminating indicators and calculations grouped according to dimensions:

The results of the modification of the convergent validity test in the Table 5 and above can be seen that all indicators have met the convergent validity because they have a loading factor value above 0.50.

Discriminant Validity

Below are the results of the Discriminant Validity test with indicators and dimensions:

The next examination is to compare the correlation between variables with the AVE root. The measurement model has good discriminant validity if the AVE of each variable is greater than the correlation between variables. 

Table 1: Gender

Table 2: Age

Table 3: Education

Table 4: Years of Service

Table 5: Discriminant Validity Test Results (Cross Loading)

Table 7: Average Variance Extracted (AVE) Test Results

Table 8: R-Square (R²)

Table 9: Path Coefficient

The AVE value can be seen from the Fornell-Larcker Criterion Smart PLS 3.0 output.

From the Table 6, the Fornell Larcker Criterion Correlation Safety motivation value is 0.864 which is higher than the correlation between the constructs of Safety knowledge, Safety Consciousness and Safety Citizanship Behavior. Thus, it can be concluded that all constructs in the estimated model meet the discriminant validity criteria.

Average Variance Extracted (AVE)

From Table 7, the test results with AVE values indicate that all constructs of Safety motivation, Safety knowledge, Safety Consciousness and Safety Citizenship Behavior have potential reliability to be tested further. This is because the AVE value has been greater than 0.50.

Structural Model

R-Square (R²): From the data above, it can be concluded that the influence model of the independent latent variables Safety motivation, Safety knowledge, Safety Consciousness gives an R-Square (R²) value of 0.754 and it is interpreted that the variability of the Safety Citizenship Behavior construct which can be explained by the variables Safety motivation, Safety knowledge and Safety Consciousness is 75.4% while 24.6% is explained by other variables not examined in this model.

Based on the results of the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis, this section will discuss the results of the calculations that have been carried out.

Effect of Safety Consciousness on Safety Motivation

The results of the first hypothesis test in this study found that Safety Consciousness had a positive and significant effect on Safety Motivation in the manufacturing industry with a T statistic of 10,715. The results of this study are in line with the research of Meng et al. [5], which also found a positive and significant relationship between the Safety Consciousness variable and Safety Motivation in the construction industry in China.

In the context of this study, Safety Consciousness is defined as an individual's perception and understanding of environmental safety and working conditions, where the level of safety behavior and the human environment can be increased. Meanwhile, Safety Motivation is defined as an individual's willingness to apply efforts and elements related to work safety. Therefore, in increasing the feeling of being important to work safely, reducing work accidents, encouraging other workers to work safely and helping to promote work safety programs for manufacturing workers in Semarang, companies need to raise awareness of occupational safety to workers regarding procedures. and safety regulations at work and work safety management systems. Workers also need to be given training to improve their knowledge and skills regarding work safety. In addition, leaders also play an important role in supervising workers and setting an example of how to work safely. Thus, the motivation of workers to work safely will increase along with the increasing awareness of workers about the importance of safety and work.

Effect of Safety Consciousness on Safety Knowledge

The results of the second hypothesis test in this study found that Safety Consciousness had a positive and significant effect on Safety Knowledge in the manufacturing industry with a T statistic of 8,946. These results are in line with the research conducted by Chmiel et al. [4], which found a positive and significant effect between Safety Consciousness on Safety Knowledge in chemical industry workers in Belgium. 

In the context of this research, Safety Knowledge presents knowledge about how to do work safely where workers know how to use work safety equipment in accordance with applicable standards,

Figure 1: Outer Loading

Figure: 2: Outer Loading Modification

Figure 3: Bootstrapping

know how to maintain and improve safety in the workplace, reduce the risk of accidents at work, know preventive measures work accidents and report any potential hazards in the workplace.

Thus, a manufacturing company in Semarang that has workers with Safety Knowledge is a manufacturing company whose workers have a high awareness of work safety because knowledge of safety at work will increase if awareness of work safety increases.

Effect of Safety Consciousness on Safety Citizenship Behavior

The results of the third hypothesis test in this study found that Safety Consciousness had a positive and significant effect on Safety Citizenship Behavior in the manufacturing industry with a T statistic of 2.861. These results are in line with research conducted by Laurent et al. [6], on workers in the iron industry in Belgium.

In the context of this study, Safety Citizenship Behavior represents voluntary behavior that focuses on improving safety performance and mutual support at the group level among employees where workers pay attention to the safety of their colleagues, comply with superior regulations regarding safety at work, provide suggestions to reduce potential risks in the workplace. work and always wear safety equipment even when other co-workers don't. Therefore, manufacturing companies that have workers who have high awareness of safety at work, are companies that have workers with voluntary behavior that focus on improving high safety performance at work [7].

Effect of Safety Motivation on Safety Knowledge

The results of the fourth hypothesis test in this study Safety Motivation have a positive but not significant effect on Safety Knowledge in the manufacturing industry because the T statistic value is 1.416. This is contrary to the research conducted by Laurent et al. [6,8], who found a significant relationship between the two variables.

Safety Motivation, which is indicated by the feeling of being important to encourage other workers to work safely and is important to promote work safety programs, is not enough to increase knowledge of safety at work for manufacturing employees in Semarang. This is possible due to the lack of clear indications in determining work safety motivation so that it is not sufficient to influence workers' knowledge regarding safety at work [9].

Effect of Safety Motivation on Safety Citizenship Behavior

The results of the fifth hypothesis test in this study Safety Motivation have a positive but not significant effect on Safety Citizenship Behavior in the manufacturing industry because the T statistic value is 1.298. This is contrary to the research conducted by Li et al. which found a significant relationship between the two variables [10].

In this study, Safety Citizenship Behavior cannot be directly influenced by Safety Motivation. This is possible because of the many factors needed to shape voluntary behavior focused on improving safety performance and mutual support at the group level among workers. The relationship between the two can be strengthened by adding mediating variables [11].

Effect of Safety Knowledge on Safety Citizenship Behavior

The results of the last hypothesis test in this research Safety Knowledge have a positive and significant effect on Safety Citizenship Behavior in the manufacturing industry with a T statistic of 2,794. This is in line with the research conducted by Chmiel et al. [4, 12-15]. In the context of this study, the better the knowledge of workers about safety at work, the better the voluntary behavior that focuses on improving safety performance and mutual support at the group level among workers.

This study aims to determine the effect of Safety Consciousness on Safety Citizenship Behaviour mediated by Safety Motivation and Safety Knowledge in the Manufacturing Industry. Based on the data analysis and discussion previously stated several conclusions:

• Safety Consciousness has a positive and significant effect on Safety Motivation in the manufacturing industry in Semarang. So, it can be concluded that the higher the awareness of the safety of the workers of manufacturing companies in Semarang, the higher the motivation to work safely

• Safety Consciousness has a positive and significant effect on Safety Knowledge in the manufacturing industry. So, it can be concluded that the higher the awareness of the safety of workers in manufacturing companies in Semarang, the higher the knowledge of workers about safety at work

• Safety Consciousness has a positive and significant effect on Safety Citizenship Behaviour in the manufacturing industry in Semarang. So, it can be concluded that the higher the awareness of the safety of the workers of manufacturing companies in Semarang, the higher their voluntary behaviour in maintaining work safety

• Safety Motivation has a positive but not significant effect on Safety Knowledge in the manufacturing industry in Semarang. So, it can be concluded that the high safety motivation of workers in manufacturing companies in Semarang does not determine the high safety knowledge of workers

• Safety Motivation has a positive but not significant effect on Safety Citizenship Behaviour in the manufacturing industry in Semarang. So, it can be concluded that the high safety motivation of workers in manufacturing companies in Semarang, does not determine the high level of their voluntary behavior in maintaining the safety of workers

• Safety Knowledge has a positive and significant effect on Safety Citizenship Behavior in the manufacturing industry in Semarang. So, it can be concluded that the higher the knowledge about the safety of workers in manufacturing companies in Semarang, the higher their voluntary behavior in maintaining work safety

Recommendation

Based on the results of research and discussion, suggestions that can be given to interested parties are:

• Companies need to increase awareness at work by socializing procedures and regulations regarding safety at work. Companies also need to provide safety training to improve the skills of workers to work safely. In addition, companies also need to increase supervision related to the implementation of safety procedures at work

• Companies need to increase the motivation of workers to pay attention to safety aspects at work by encouraging workers to promote work safety programs to other workers. Companies can also implement a reward and punishment system to increase employee motivation in implementing safety procedures at work

• Companies need to increase knowledge about occupational safety by providing regular training and monitoring the effectiveness of the training on the skills of workers to work safely

• Companies need to build voluntary behavior of workers in maintaining work safety by cultivating safety at work, maintaining relationships between superiors and subordinates related to safety at work and encouraging worker participation to provide suggestions for improving safety performance

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