The current study was conducted to find out a therapeutic effects for each of the drug glimepiride (alone and in combination with selenium) and glimepiride nanoparticles loaded on chitosan on male white rats in which diabetes was created by using alloxan. In the beginning, the glimepiride nanoparticles was prepared and loaded on chitosan, then a procedure was conducted. The necessary tests to guarantee the success of the loading process and conversion the drug into a nanoparticles. The study was conducted in the animal house of the College of Science/University of Al-Qadisiyah during a period one month for the purpose of knowing the effect of the nanodrug glimepiride and selenium on male white rats in which diabetes was induced with alloxan. In the beginning the nanodrug glimepiride was prepared. And loading it on chitosan, then conducting the necessary tests to Make sure of loading process success and converting drug into a nan composite. The results of the particle size measurement test Show average drug particle size of glimepiride next loading on chitosan nano particles (CNP-GL.) was (80.1 nm) and in addition to the small size of the particles, the results showed the stability of glimepiride drug, as the polydispersity scale of the sample recorded (0.459). The study included (50) white male rats splited randomly to (5) groups, all group contained (10) animals after their weights were recorded. The healthy negative group (control-)(G1), (G2)positive control group in which diabetes develops, the group (G3) in which diabetes was induced was dosed with glimepiride nanodrug at concentration (1 mg/kg) and selenium(0.1 mg/kg), group (G4) in which diabetes was induced was dosed with glimepiride at a concentration of (1 mg/kg), group (G5) in which diabetes was induced was dosed with glimepiride at a concentration of (1 mg/kg) and selenium at a concentration of (0.1 mg/kg). At the end of the 30day experiment, weights of the animals were recorded. Then she was anesthetized with chloroform and blood samples were withdrawn from the heart directly to conduct tests of kidney function indicators (urea, creatinine). The results and indicators of kidney function showed a important increase (p<0.05) in the level of (urea, creatinine) in the (G2) group when compared with the negative control group (G1), while a significant decrease (p<0.05) was recorded in the groups that were treated with the drug. Nano- glimepiride combined with selenium compared with group (G2).

Composite resins have revolutionized restorative dentistry by offering aesthetic, durable, and minimally invasive solutions for dental restorations. Their ability to chemically bond to tooth structures, advancements in filler technology, and improved mechanical properties have made them a preferred choice over traditional materials like amalgam. The introduction of nanotechnology and bioactive resins has enhanced their wear resistance, aesthetics, and biocompatibility. However, composite resins are not without limitations. Polymerization shrinkage, wear over time, and sensitivity to technique significantly affect their longevity. Incremental layering, bulk-fill technology, and low-shrinkage monomers have been developed to mitigate these issues. Additionally, concerns about the biocompatibility of certain resins, particularly regarding the release of bisphenol A (BPA), have led to further research into safer alternatives. The success of composite resin restorations is also influenced by patient-specific factors, such as oral hygiene and occlusal forces, as well as operator-dependent variables, including material selection and application technique. Recent innovations in adhesive technology, smart materials, and self-healing composites hold promise for improving the longevity and functionality of these materials. This review critically examines the development, advantages, limitations, and future trends of composite resins, highlighting their impact on restorative dentistry. While ongoing research seeks to address existing challenges, composite resins remain a cornerstone in modern dental restorations, providing an optimal balance between functionality and aesthetics. Their continuous evolution, driven by technological advancements, ensures their relevance in restorative and cosmetic dentistry.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a high-grade malignant neoplasm arising from mesenchymal cells, typically seen in the pediatric population, and is rarely encountered in adults. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) of the nasal cavity in adults is particularly uncommon and poses diagnostic challenges due to its non-specific presentation and aggressive behavior. We report a rare case of a 19-year-old male presenting with nasal obstruction, proptosis, and noisy breathing. Imaging revealed a large, invasive soft tissue mass involving the nasal cavity, orbit, and intracranial structures. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of ERMS. The patient was managed with chemoradiotherapy (VAC regimen with 66Gy RT). This case emphasizes the need for high suspicion and prompt intervention for better outcomes in such rare adult presentations of ERMS.

Scar endometriosis is a rare but significant complication of cesarean section, resulting from the iatrogenic implantation of endometrial cells into the surgical wound. It often presents as a painful, progressively enlarging mass at the incision site, leading to frequent misdiagnosis as a hernia, neuroma, or ovarian pathology. We report a case of a 29-year-old woman with a history of cesarean section (4 years prior) who presented with persistent lower abdominal pain and a firm, tender suprapubic mass (6×6 cm). Initially misdiagnosed as a twisted ovarian cyst, ultrasonography revealed a heterogeneous, hypoechoic mass (5×3×4 cm) within the rectus abdominis muscle, raising suspicion for scar endometriosis. Due to uncertain diagnosis and worsening pain, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, revealing a 6×4 cm jumbled-up mass comprising the rectus sheath, rectus muscle, and parietal peritoneum, containing chocolate-colored fluid, characteristic of endometriotic cysts. Complete surgical excision was performed, and histopathology confirmed endometriotic glands and stroma with hemosiderin-laden macrophages, establishing the diagnosis. Postoperatively, the patient received Medroxyprogesterone acetate (500 mg monthly for 3 months) to reduce recurrence risk and remained asymptomatic at 6-month follow-up. This case highlights the importance of considering scar endometriosis in women presenting with localized pain over prior surgical scars. Given its potential for misdiagnosis, early clinical suspicion, imaging, and histopathological confirmation are essential. Complete surgical excision remains the gold standard treatment, ensuring long-term relief and preventing recurrence. 

Microcephalicosteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 2 (MOPD 2) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of growth restriction, short stature, skeletal abnormalities and an unusually small head size, which have their onset during intrauterine life with the fetus exhibiting intrauterine growth restriction.Affected individuals also tend to have a very small head size and termed microcephalic. The growth problems progress postnatally, causing stunted growth or short stature. In this case report, we present the case of a 5 year old girl first born of Nonconsanguineous marriage came to paediatric OPD seeking treatment for severe growth retardation since infancy.