Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagiouss disease caused bys a virus, the severe acutes respiratory syndromes coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known s case was identified in Wuhans, China, in December 2019. The disease quicklys spreads worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. (Team, 2020) (1,2). The 1960s and 1970s saw the identification of coronaviruses. Two viruses that were found in chickens from human patients' nasal passages during the common cold were identified in 2003. The cities where the virus propagated were Bangkok, Tokyo, Beijing, Seoul, Shanghai, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, Everett, and Singapore. This coincides with the findings of a global census, which showed that over 58.14 million persons worldwide have the coronavirus up until the start of 2021 (3).

Measures to prevent infection include frequent hand washing, socials distancing (maintaining sufficient distance between individuals) and avoiding touchings the face.  It is recommended to wears medicals masks fors those suspected of carrying the virus and for peoples who take cares of them, while the generals public is not advised too wears them.  For now, both the Centers for Disease Controls and Preventions (CDC) and the World Health Organization nows recommend masks for the general public in publics places (although both s organizations reported just the opposites at the starts of the epidemic). This change may have caused confusions amongs the general publics about the usefulness of masks.  But healths experts says the evidence is becoming clears that masks can helps prevents the spreads of a pandemic and that the mores people wearings masks the better. (4)   Masks should s not be worn s for children under the age of two years (or evens five years), anyone s who has difficulty breathing, or anyones who is unable or unable to removes the mask without assistance and somes other special cases. (5) 

There is now a vaccine for the Corona virus, most notablys the Oxford vaccine, AstraZeneca, and the Vizhyuntech vaccine and Sinopharm. (1) (World Health Organization, 2020) (2).

While the disease is called COVID-19, the World Health Organizations calls the virus responsibles for the disease as severes acute respiratory syndromes coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).  Previously, the virus was calleds the 2019 novel coronavirus. The World Health Organizations also uses the designation “Covid-19 virus” and “the virus responsibles for COVID-19” in public discourses.

A recent study found that symptoms come in groups, and accordingly there are 6 types of Covid-19 diseases caused by infections with the Corona virus.  Those with both s diseases may be asymptomatic, or develop flu-like symptoms such as fever, coughs and shortness of breaths (6). Less common are diarrheas and upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezings and runny nose. (7) Cases can progresss. (8) Although 97.5 percent of infected individuals get symptoms within 11.5 days after infections, the incubation period for the Corona virus is typically five to six days and may range from two to 14 days. Between the start of symptoms and mortality in those who have the condition, there is a two- to eight-week window. Only chest discomfort and palpitations were first reported in certain cases in China. This has resulted in taste abnormalities or a reduced sense of smell. 88 percent of the "late patients" who took part in the statistical analysis had lung symptoms start to show (patients whose s symptoms were separated and computed s tomography was a performed from 6 to 12 days ago). (9). Human infections with common coronaviruses are sometimes mild and frequently asymptomatic. The symptoms of MERS-CoV include fever, coughing, and dyspnea; in people who have pneumonia, viruses can cause more serious lower respiratory tract infections. Humans can contract an infection from an infected person by physical contact such as kissing or touching, contacting contaminated objects or buildings, or coughing or sneezing droplets. (10) In a patient with a strong epidemiological or therapeutic suspicion of disease, a second targeted RT-PCR test using a different gene and/or a clinical sample from a different anatomical region should validate a negative result.  (11).

Septicemia and cardiac problems, such as heart failure or arrhythmias, are side effects of the condition that are more likely to affect patients with a history of heart disease. The risk that a disease would proceed to its worst state is increased by advanced age, a high Demerdi value (a measure of the circulatory system's coagulation processes activations) above 1 g/ml at admission, and a high SOVA index (12).

If a patient has a high epidemiological or therapeutic suspicion of disease, a second targeted RT-PCR test targeting a specific gene and/or a clinical sample from a different anatomical region should confirm a negative result. (13). The World Health Organization has released a number of methods using the reverse transcription polymerases chain reactions assay to assess the developing corona virus. Scientists are working to create antibody tests as of February 26, 2020, but they do not yet have any that are suitable for use. Infections should be diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and epidemiological severity, according to the diagnostic guidelines provided by the Zhongan Hospitals of Wuhan Universityasshown in figure (1). (14).

Figure (1) Schematic diagram of genomic organization or open-reading frames (ORFs) of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2  (15).  

Since a vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 is not expecteds before at least 2021, the managements of the COVID-19 pandemics depends on reducings the peak of the pandemics, also known as "flattening the pandemic curve", throughs several measures aimeds at concluding a rate  News infections appears(16) Slowing the spread of infections helps reduce the possibilitys of dumping healths services, which s allows the infected to obtains better health cares, and provides more time for developing a specific vaccines or treatment (17) Human extrapulmonary organs and tissues can be directly infected by the Covidye virus, or it can induce hyperinflammation by the production of cytokines. The kidneys, ileum, and heart may be affected by SARS-CoV-2 viraemia. Compared to the kidneys, the lungs, heart, and pancreas all have reduced ACE2 activity. Renal illness raises local kidney ACE2 levels, suggesting increased activity of tubular cells, which account for 90% of kidney mass. The planet Health Organization has declared the new coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) to be a pandemic since it has spread throughout the entire planet. The illness was linked to an increased risk of blood group A individuals compared to non-A blood types. At room temperature, human coronaviruses can remain contagious on inanimate surfaces for up to nine days. At a temperature of thirty degrees Celsius or above, the persistence time is shorter..(18) as shown in figure( 2).

Figure (2) Schematic structure of SARS-CoV-2 with its key structural proteins as target antigens for various vaccines production platforms (Liu et al., 2017).

According to the World Health Organizations, it is recommended to use a medical mask if a person is coughings or sneezings, or when this person is caring for an injureds person or someones suspected of beings infected. For nows, both the Centers for Diseases Controls and Preventions (CDC) and the World Health Organizations (WHO) recommend masks for the general’public in publics places (although both s organizations reported just  the opposites at the starts of the epidemic). (Davis, 2014) This change may have caused confusions among the general’s public about the usefulness off masks.  But health experts say the evidence is becoming clears that masks can helps prevents the spread of a pandemics and that the more peoples wearing masks, the betters.  It is important to follow the instructions for wearings masks, not neglecting them, cleaning them properly, and washing hands before and after taking them off (21).

In general, the World Health Organizations advises that childrens under the ages of two (or evens five) should not be forced to wears masks.  This also applies to anyone whos has difficulty breathing, or anyone who is unables or unable to removes the mask by himself without s assistances, in addition to somes other special cases. (22) It should be noted that wearing a masks is not a substitutes for social distancings.  Masks must continue s to be worn in additions to a distance of at least 6 feets, especially in public and indoors places around people who do not lives with each s other in the same s house. (19,20) .The center also advises the uses of alcohol-based hands sanitizer with an alcohol’s concentration of at leasts 60%  And just in cases there is not enough soaps and waters, the World Health Organization advises against touchings the eyes or noses or with unwasheds hands. Spitting in publics places should also be avoideds. (23)

There are so far eight licensed vaccines for COVID-19, and they include Pfizer-Biontech, Moderna, Astraspanica, Sputnik, Sinovac, Sinopharma, and Johnson & Johnsons, amongs others.  Studies and previous works related to the severe acutes respiratory syndromes coronavirus (SARS-CoV) vaccines benefits becauses it is similar to o the emerging virus (SARS-Cove-2) in many of its properties, as the two types uses the ACE-2 as a route to invade humanscells.  Scientists are studying three vaccines strategies. ( 24)

First, researchers aim to build a completes viral vaccines.  The purposes of using this virus - whether it is suppressed or killeds - is to stimulate an immediate immunes response from the humans body against a news infections with Covid-19.  The second strategy s is submodulars vaccines, which aims to create a vaccine that sensitizes the immunes system against s certain s parts of the virus.  In the case of SARS-CoV-2, this researchs focuses on the endogenous proteins S that helps the virus to inserts into ACE2. The third strategy is DNA-based vaccines (RNA/DNA vaccines, a news technology).  for the installation of vaccines).  Experimental vaccines from any of these technologies should be tested for safetys and efficacy.  On March 16, 2020, the first clinical trials of the virus with four volunteers begans in Seattle. The vaccinescontains a harmless genetic codesthat is copied froms the virus that causes the disease (25)

The World Health Organization has not approved any medicines to treat coronavirus infections in humans, although Koreans and Chinese health authorities recommend the uses of some of these medicines. Several antivirals’ drugs have been trialled for the treatments of COVID-19, including oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ganciclovir, gavipiravir, baloxavir, marboxy, omefenovir and interferon alfa, but at the presents time there are no datas to support the benefit of their uses.  (26)The Korean healths authorities recommend the use of lopinavir / ritonavir or chloroquine, and the seventh versions of the Japanese recommendations recommends the use of lopinavir / ritonavir, ribavirin, chloroquine and / or omifenovir. Research aimed at finding possibles treatments for the diseases began in January of 2020, and a numbers of antivirals drugs have alreadys entered clinical trials.  Although completely news drugs may need times to develops and their appearances may be delayed untils 2021, but some of the currentlys tested drugs are alreadys authorized to treats other viral diseases, or have entered advanced trials befores the official authorization for uses.  (27).

Experiments in glass (within the laboratory).  Remdesivir is undergoing trials in the United States and Chinas.  Preliminary results from a multicenter study shows the efficacy and safetys of chloroquine in the treatment of pneumonias caused by COVID-19, in additions to “improving radiological findings of the lungs, activating seroconversion of the virus to negativity and shortenings the duration of the diseases. (28).

On March 16, 2020, the Frenchs government's advisor on COVID-19, Professor Didier Roux, announced a study conducted on 24 patients froms the southeast of Frances that showed the efficacy of chloroquine as an effective treatment for COVID-19. (29) These patients were treated with 600 mg of hydroxychloroquine daily for ten s days.  This resulted in "a rapids and effective accelerations of the healing process, and a sharp decrease in the time peoples remained infectious to others".  While chloroquine has a longs history of safetys, patients are closely monitored for drugs interactions and potentiallys dangerous side effects.  Professor Rowe said: “We included in this experiment all those who were in agreements with the treatments, and who were almost everyone. Two cities in the protocol, Nice s and Avignon, provided us with s infected patients who had not yet received treatment... We were able to confirm that patients who had not received Plaquenil (the drug containing hydroxychloroquine) were still contagious after six days, as for those who had received Plaquenil  After six days, only 25% of them were contagious.( 30).

In Australia, the Directors of the University of Queensland Clinical Research Centers, Professor David Patterson, announced his intentions to conducts a large clinical study s to test the efficacy of both chloroquine and lopinavir aritonavir as treatments for Covid-19. (31) This study will compare the effectiveness of each drug with the others and with the effectiveness of giving a combination of the two drugs, Professors Patterson hopes to start this trial by the end of Marchs2020. The famous businessman and inventor Elon Musk also spoke on Twitter about the importance of chloroquine as a treatmentsfor Covid-19, as he indicated to a research papers published by American researchers on Marchs 13, 2020, that strongly supported the uses of the drug.( 31).

Recent studies have shown that initial upstream processing of the protrusion proteins by the transmembrane serine proteases 2 (TMPRSS2) is required for the entry of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (responsible for MERS-CoV in 2012) through interaction with  ACE2 receptor. These findings suggest that the TMPOSS2 inhibitor Camostat , approved for clinicals use in Japan for the suppressions of fibrosis in renal and hepatics disease and the treatment of postoperatives esophagitis and pancreatitis, could s provide an effective treatmentsoption outsidesof recommendations (32).

Pregnant SARS patients have a fatality risk of more than 25%. Infection with SARS-COV-2 and the risk of serious disease in nursing mothers are linked. Smokers are more susceptible to infectious diseases because smoking affects the immune system and how it reacts to infections. In 2012, MERS-Cov reached 27 countries following 2220 cases with a 35.6% fatality rate. (33)

Health care workers taking nasal or pharyngeals swabs from patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection should be properly trained in this medical proceduresand wear a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gowns, a medical mask and eye protection (face shield or goggles) and gloves. This medical procedure shoulds be performed in a separate/isolated room, and health care workers should ask patients to cover their mouth with a medical mask or tissue while the sample is being taken. Although nasopharyngeal mucosals swabs have the potential to induce coughing in a patient undergoings the procedure, there is currently no evidence that coughing from biopsy exacerbates the risk of droplet transmission of COVID-19.

To date, there is no epidemiological information indicating that touching goods, products or cars exported from countries affected by the Covid-19 outbreak constitutes a source of transmission of infection to humans.

For these reasons, there are no recommendations to sterilize any of the goods and products from countries affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, as there is no evidence that these products pose a public health risk.

1. Acharya, K. P., Ghimire, T. R., and Subramanya, S. H. "Access to and Equitable Distribution of COVID-19 Vaccine in Low-Income Countries." npj Vaccines, vol. 6, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-3. DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00326-w.

2. Arnold, C. "Race for a Vaccine." New Scientist, vol. 245, no. 3274, 2020, pp. 44-47. [DOI not available].

3. Andersen, K. G., et al. "The Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2." Nature Medicine, vol. 26, 2020, pp. 450-452. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9.

4. Atsawarungruangkit, A., et al. "Evolving Global and National Criteria for Identifying a Suspected Case of COVID-19." Journal of International Medical Research, vol. 48, no. 8, 2020, p. 0300060520938943. DOI: 10.1177/0300060520938943.

5. Bai, N. "Still Confused About Masks? Here’s the Science Behind How Face Masks Prevent Coronavirus." Patient Care, vol. 26, 2020. [DOI not available].

6. Bai, Y., et al. "Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19." JAMA, vol. 323, no. 14, 2020, pp. 1406-1407. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.2565.

7. Bellosta, R., et al. "Acute Limb Ischemia in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia." Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 72, no. 6, 2020, pp. 1864-1872. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.06.032.

8. Chartrain, M., and Chu, L. "Development and Production of Commercial Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in Mammalian Cell Expression Systems: An Overview of the Current Upstream Technologies." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, vol. 9, no. 6, 2008, pp. 447-467. DOI: 10.2174/138920108786928563.

9. Chen, N., et al. "Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 99 Cases of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A Descriptive Study." The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10223, 2020, pp. 507-513. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.

10. Chong, P. Y., et al. "Analysis of Deaths During the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Epidemic in Singapore: Challenges in Determining a SARS Diagnosis." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, vol. 128, no. 2, 2004, pp. 195-204. [DOI not available].

11. Christakis, N. A. Apollo's Arrow: The Profound and Enduring Impact of Coronavirus on the Way We Live. Hachette UK, 2020. [DOI not available].

12. Claessens, M. "Political Distancing." In The Science and Politics of Covid-19, edited by J. C. Fisher and L. M. Upton, Springer, Cham, 2021, pp. 149-209. [DOI not available].

13. Davis, M. "Is It Going to Be Real?" Narrative and Media on a Pandemic. In Narrative Matters 2014: Narrative Knowing/récit et Savoir, 2014, pp. 1-14. [DOI not available].

14. Drożdżal, S., et al. "FDA Approved Drugs with Pharmacotherapeutic Potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Therapy." Drug Resistance Updates, vol. 53, 2020, p. 100719. DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100719.

15. D'Urbino, L. "The Coronavirus Spreads Racism Against—and Among—Ethnic Chinese." The Economist, 2020. [DOI not available].

16. Eklund, A., Nichols, T. E., and Knutsson, H. "Cluster Failure: Why fMRI Inferences for Spatial Extent Have Inflated False-Positive Rates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 113, no. 28, 2016, pp. 7900-7905. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602413113.

17. Elgendy, M. O., et al. "COVID‐19 Patients and Contacted Person Awareness About Home Quarantine Instructions." International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 75, no. 4, 2021, e13810. DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13810.

18. Fang, F. C., et al. "COVID-19—Lessons Learned and Questions Remaining." Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 72, no. 12, 2021, pp. 2225-2240. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab056.

19. Gautret, P., et al. "Clinical and Microbiological Effect of a Combination of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 Patients with at Least a Six-Day Follow Up: A Pilot Observational Study." Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, vol. 34, 2020, p. 101663. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663.

20. Gharaibeh, M. A., et al. "Guidelines for the Orthopedic Surgeon in the Era of COVID-19." Orthopedic Reviews, vol. 12, no. 4, 2020. [DOI not available].

21. Gould, S., and Norris, S. L. "Contested Effects and Chaotic Policies: The 2020 Story of (Hydroxy) Chloroquine for Treating COVID‐19." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2021, no. 3. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014934.

22. Hakim, E. "Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 in South Sudan." South Sudan Medical Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, 2020, pp. 40-43. [DOI not available].

23. He, F., Deng, Y., and Li, W. "Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know?" Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 92, no. 7, 2020, pp. 719-725. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25766.

24. He, F., Deng, Y., and Li, W. "Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know?" Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 92, no. 7, 2020, pp. 719-725. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25766.

25. Huang, C., et al. "Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China." The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10223, 2020, pp. 497-506. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.

26. Hussain, A., et al. "Current Scenario of COVID-19 Vaccinations and Immune Response Along with Antibody Titer in Vaccinated Inhabitants of Different Countries." International Immunopharmacology, vol. 99, 2021, p. 108050. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108050.

27. Iacobucci, G. "Sixty Seconds on... Anosmia." BMJ, vol. 368, 2020, m1202. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1202.

28. Katual, M. K., Singh, G., and Harikumar, S. L. "Current Trends and Epidemiology on Novel COVID-19: Pandemic." Journal of Education Technology in Health Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, 2020, pp. 3-13. [DOI not available].

29. Konar, D., et al. "Auto-Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Lung CT Images with Semi-Supervised Shallow Learning Network." IEEE Access, vol. 9, 2021, pp. 28716-28728. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3057117.

30. Li, B., et al. "Diagnostic Value and Key Features of Computed Tomography in Coronavirus Disease 2019." Emerging Microbes & Infections, vol. 9, no. 1, 2020, pp. 787-793. DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1791201.

31. Lin, H., et al. "COVID-19 Control Strategies in Taizhou City, China." Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 98, no. 9, 2020, pp. 632. DOI: 10.2471/BLT.20.261321.

32. Luo, Z., et al. "Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission from International Arrivals: Xiaotangshan Designated Hospital, China." Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 99, no. 5, 2021, pp. 374. DOI: 10.2471/BLT.20.272724.

33. Liu, W. J., et al. "T-Cell Immunity of SARS-CoV: Implications for Vaccine Development Against MERS-CoV." Antiviral Research, vol. 137, 2017, pp. 82-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.006.

34. Marcec, R., and Likic, R. "Using Twitter for Sentiment Analysis Towards AstraZeneca/Oxford, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines." Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 98, no. 1161, 2022, pp. 544-550. DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-139305.

35. McGrath, B. A., et al. "Multidisciplinary Guidelines for the Management of Tracheostomy and Laryngectomy Airway Emergencies." Anaesthesia, vol. 67, no. 9, 2012, pp. 1025-1041. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07152.x.

36. McNerney, R., and Daley, P. "Towards a Point-of-Care Test for Active Tuberculosis: Obstacles and Opportunities." Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 9, no. 3, 2011, pp. 204-213. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2535.

37. Meo, S. A., et al. "Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Prevalence, Biological and Clinical Characteristics Comparison with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV." European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 24, no. 4, 2020, pp. 2012-2019. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202002_20070.

38. Mudatsir, M., et al. "Predictors of COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." F1000Research, vol. 9, 2020. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26553.1.

39. Nitulescu, G. M., et al. "Comprehensive Analysis of Drugs to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Mechanistic Insights into Current COVID-19 Therapies." International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 46, no. 2, 2020, pp. 467-488. DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4572.

40. Ojha, V., et al. "Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 199 Patients." Journal of Thoracic Imaging, vol. 36, no. 2, 2021, pp. 73-83. DOI: 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000572.

41. Parlakpinar, H., and Gunata, M. "SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Cellular and Biochemical Properties and Pharmacological Insights into New Therapeutic Developments." Cell Biochemistry and Function, vol. 39, no. 1, 2021, pp. 10-28. DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3642.

42. Parvin, F., et al. "The Symptoms, Contagious Process, Prevention and Post Treatment of COVID-19." European Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020. [DOI not available].

43. Rokni, M., Ghasemi, V., and Tavakoli, Z. "Immune Responses and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 During an Outbreak in Iran: Comparison with SARS and MERS." Reviews in Medical Virology, vol. 30, no. 3, 2020, e2107. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2107.

44. Scott, N., et al. "Modelling the Impact of Reducing Control Measures on the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Low Transmission Setting." Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 214, no. 2, 2020, pp. 79-83. DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50768.

45. Tan, M., Wang, Y., Luo, L., and Hu, J. "How the Public Used Face Masks in China During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic: A Survey Study." International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 115, 2021, p. 103853. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103853.

46. Team, E. "The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19)—China, 2020." China CDC Weekly, vol. 2, no. 8, 2020, pp. 113. DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2020.031.

47. Velavan, T. P., and Meyer, C. G. "The COVID-19 Epidemic." Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol. 25, no. 3, 2020, pp. 278-280. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13383.

48. Verity, R., et al. "Estimates of the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Model-Based Analysis." The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 20, no. 6, 2020, pp. 669-677. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7.

49. Wang, Q., et al. "Integrating Digital Technologies and Public Health to Fight Covid-19 Pandemic: Key Technologies, Applications, Challenges and Outlook of Digital Healthcare." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 18, no. 11, 2021, p. 6053. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116053.

50. Wei, L., et al. "Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Childbearing-Age Women with COVID-19 in Wuhan: Retrospective, Single-Center Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 22, no. 8, 2020, e19642. DOI: 10.2196/19642.

51. Wellman, B. "Little Boxes, Glocalization, and Networked Individualism." Kyoto Workshop on Digital Cities, October 2001, pp. 10-25. [DOI not available].

52. World Health Organization. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report, 73." World Health Organization, 2020. [DOI not available].

53. Zheng, Y. Y., et al. "COVID-19 and the Cardiovascular System." Nature Reviews Cardiology, vol. 17, no. 5, 2020, pp. 259-260. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5.