Adolescence, the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood, is a period characterized by remarkable physical, emotional, and psychological changes. It's a time when young individuals embark on a journey of self-discovery and personal growth. Amidst these transformations, adolescents are navigating a digital age, marked by the ubiquity of screens and technology. The way they interact with screens and manage their sleep has become increasingly crucial, as these habits can significantly influence their overall well-being [1-3].

Himachal Pradesh, nestled in the scenic northern region of India, is renowned for its pristine landscapes and vibrant culture. However, the allure of modern technology and the digital world has permeated the lives of adolescents in this serene state. The proliferation of smartphones, computers, and other digital devices has reshaped their daily routines, introducing them to the realm of screen time. Concurrently, the demands of academic, extracurricular, and social activities can disrupt their sleep patterns.

The interplay between screen time and sleep among adolescents is a topic of growing concern. Excessive screen time, particularly before bedtime, can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality. Inadequate sleep, in turn, has been associated with a range of adverse outcomes, including impaired cognitive function, emotional instability, and an increased risk of physical and mental health problems [4-7].

Understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of school-going adolescents in Himachal Pradesh regarding screen time and sleep habits is of paramount importance. It not only sheds light on their digital engagement and sleep practices but also provides insights into the potential health implications. Moreover, it offers a foundation for tailored interventions and educational programs aimed at promoting healthy screen time and sleep behaviors among adolescents in the region.            This study endeavors to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to screen time and sleep habits among school-going adolescents in Himachal Pradesh. By exploring their current practices and awareness, we aim to identify opportunities for fostering a balance between their digital lives and the restorative power of sleep. The findings of this study can serve as a valuable resource for parents, educators, and healthcare providers to develop strategies that promote healthier screen time and sleep patterns among adolescents, ultimately contributing to their overall well-being.

Objectives of the Study

To evaluate the Knowledge regarding Screen Time and Sleep habits among school-going adolescents in Himachal Pradesh.

Research Methodology

• Research Approach: Descriptive

• Research Design: Cross-sectional survey design

• Study Area: Whole state of Himachal Pradesh

• Study Duration: Between April 2023 to July 2023

• Study Population: All school going adolescent children who were studying in the Himachal Pradesh for 12 months or more. 

Sample Size

400 school going adolescents childrenassuming 50% have adequate knowledge regarding Screen Time and Sleep habits, 5% absolute error, 95% confidence level, and 5% non response rate.

Study Tool

A google form questionnaire consisting of questions regarding socio-demography, knowledge regarding Screen Time and Sleep habitswas created. The questionnaire was initially pre-tested on a small number of school children to identify any difficulty in understanding by the respondents. 

Description of Tool

Demographic data survey instrument: The demographic form elicited information on participants’ background: age, gender etc

Questionnaire

The questionnaire contains 20 structured knowledge related questions regarding Screen Time and Sleep habits . One mark was given for each correct answer and zero for incorrect answer. The maximum score was 20 and minimum score was zero. Scoring was done on the basis of marks as >80%(16-20)=very good,60-79%(12-15) =Good,41-59% ( 8-11)=Fair,<40% (< 8)=poor

Validity of Tool

By the experts in this field

Data Collection

Data was collected under the guidance of supervisors. The google form questionnaire was circulated via online modes like e-mail and social media platforms like Whatsapp groups, Facebook, Instagram etc. in both rural and urban area of Himachal Pradesh till the 400 responses were collected

Data Analysis

Data was collected and entered in Microsoft excel spread sheet, cleaned for errors and analyzed with Epi Info V7 Software with appropriate statistical test in terms of frequencies and percentage. 

Ethical Considerations

Participants confidentiality and anonymity was maintained. 

The primary objective of this study was to gauge the understanding regarding Screen Time and Sleep habits among school going adolescents children in Himachal 

Pradesh. A total of 400 respondents took part in the study, with 274 (68.5 percent) were males and 126 (31.5%) were female school children.

In the present study 33.25% (133) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards Screen Time and Sleep habits, 37% (148) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 15.5% (62) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 14.25% (57) having poor knowledge (<8 marks).

Table 1: Knowledge Regarding Screen Time and Sleep Habits among Study Participants

Table 2: Knowledge Scores Towards Screen Time and Sleep Habits among Study Participants

The findings of this study illuminate the knowledge and awareness levels of school-going adolescents in Himachal Pradesh regarding screen time and sleep habits. This discussion delves into the implications of the results, comparing them with existing literature, and identifying areas for potential intervention to promote a healthier balance between screen time and sleep.

The study results reveal a reasonably high level of knowledge among participants regarding screen time and its implications. Approximately 72.25% of respondents correctly identified screen time and recognized its importance, highlighting their awareness of the need to monitor and manage digital engagement. This finding underscores the recognition among adolescents that excessive screen time can have adverse effects on both physical and mental health. A substantial portion of participants (69%) demonstrated an understanding of the potential health effects of excessive screen time on physical and mental health. This awareness reflects the growing body of research linking prolonged screen time to various health concerns, including obesity, eye strain, and mental health issues. A significant majority (66.25%) recognized the connection between prolonged screen time and disruptions in sleep patterns. This is a crucial awareness, as excessive screen time, especially before bedtime, has been linked to poorer sleep quality and insomnia [3-7].

The study also revealed noteworthy insights into the knowledge of sleep habits among adolescents. A considerable proportion (44.5%) of participants could name three strategies to improve sleep hygiene. This knowledge is essential as practicing good sleep hygiene, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule and creating a sleep-friendly environment, is instrumental in promoting restorative sleep . While 38% recognized the importance of establishing a consistent sleep schedule, it's important to note that there is room for improvement in this area. Maintaining a regular sleep schedule is a fundamental aspect of healthy sleep practices. A significant proportion (36%) recognized the impact of caffeine and sugary beverages on sleep quality. This awareness is vital as the consumption of caffeinated beverages, especially in the evening, can disrupt sleep patterns [6-9].

The findings of this study align with existing research on screen time and sleep habits among adolescents. Adolescents in Himachal Pradesh demonstrate an understanding of the potential consequences of excessive screen time and the importance of maintaining healthy sleep practices. However, there is room for improvement in specific areas, such as the importance of consistent sleep schedules.

Practical Implications

These study results have practical implications for educational and healthcare programs in Himachal Pradesh. They underscore the need for continued education and awareness campaigns to reinforce existing knowledge and address specific gaps. Additionally, interventions promoting the development of healthy screen time and sleep habits, particularly during periods of increased academic stress, can be beneficial.

In conclusion, this study highlights the commendable level of knowledge among school-going adolescents in Himachal Pradesh regarding screen time and sleep habits. While adolescents demonstrated a strong understanding of various aspects, there are opportunities for improvement in specific areas. These findings emphasize the importance of ongoing educational programs and interventions aimed at promoting healthier screen time and sleep patterns among adolescents in the region.

1. Hysing, M. et al. “Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study.” BMJ Open, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, pp. e006748.

2. LeBourgeois, M.K. et al. “Digital media and sleep in childhood and adolescence.” Pediatrics, vol. 140, 2017, pp. S92–S96.

3. Hirshkowitz, M. et al. “National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary.” Sleep Health, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015, pp. 40–43.

4. Owens, J. “Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences.” Pediatrics, vol. 134, no. 3, 2014, pp. e921–e932.

5. Stiglic, N. and Viner, R.M. “Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews.” BMJ Open, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, pp. e023191.

6. Twenge, J.M. and Campbell, W.K. “Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study.” Preventive Medicine Reports, vol. 12, 2018, pp. 271–283.

7. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. “The international classification of sleep disorders.” American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2017.

8. Paruthi, S. et al. “Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, vol. 12, no. 6, 2016, pp. 785–786.

9. Clark, I. and Landolt, H.P. “Coffee, caffeine, and sleep: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials.” Sleep Medicine Reviews, vol. 31, 2017, pp. 70–78.