In order to know the effect of the atomic growth regulator on some field characteristics and seed yield of the local cultivar of sesame plant, the experiment was conducted in an agricultural field in Afak district, Al-Diwaniyah governorate during the summer 2021 season., following the order of the splinter panels with the design of complete random sectors and three replicates, where the Atonic growth regulator was used at a concentration of 1, 2 and 3 mg/liter, in addition to the comparison treatment. Some characteristics of vegetative growth and yield were studied (plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, total chlorophyll index in leaves, total plant dry matter weight at flowering stage, number of fruit capsules, number of fruits in each fruit capsule, weight of 1000 seeds). The results showed an increase in the vegetative and physiological growth indicators, where the concentration of (1 mg/L) caused an increase in plant height, while the concentration of (2 mg/L) caused an increase in leaf area and chlorophyll content in the leaves, while the concentration of (3 mg/L) caused an increase in the number of branches and The number of leaves and the dry weight of the treated plants. As for the results of the yield indicators, the concentration of (3 mg/L) caused an increase in the number of fruit capsules and the concentration of (2 mg/L) caused an increase in the number of seeds in each fruit capsule. As for the weight of 1000 seeds, the comparison treatment outperformed the rest of the treatments.
The sesame plant is an oily herbaceous plant crop that belongs to a family that is used as food and oil. It is considered one of the oldest spices used by man and an oily plant whose seeds contain 55-60% protein and contain amino acids and omega-6 fatty acids, in addition to antioxidants and many vitamins and minerals such as calcium, iron, manganese, zinc, magnesium, selenium and copper [1]. Sesame grows up. It is approximately (153 cm) long and bears abundant pink-white flowers and its buds appear to contain white, brown or black grains of small size, flattened shape and high oil content [2]. Its cultivation begins from the middle of the fourth month until the month of September. Sesame cultivation succeeds in all soil types, provided they are well drained and ventilated, such as fertilized light sandy soils, heavy clay soils and loamy soils. Sesame seeds are planted at a distance of 35-45 cm between each row and at a depth of 2-3 cm. Harvesting takes place between 90 and 130 days after planting. Sesame grows slowly in the early stages of growth; for this reason, the soil must be free of weeds and it can be grown in soil previously cultivated with legumes and grains. It is important to know that about 70% of the nutrients in the soil are consumed after the flowering period of the plant, which is why fertilizer is necessary during plant growth [3]. During the early stages of plant growth, sesame grows slowly and cannot compete with weeds, which is the main reason for proper weeding before planting sesame. Excessive watering is also a major cause of root and stem diseases [4,5].
It is a summer crop cultivated in the majority of the country's governorates. The most important governorates that are famous for its cultivation are Wasit, Diyala, Babil, Anbar, Salah al-Din, Diwaniyah and Karbala. Sesame stems When the moisture content of the seeds reaches 6%, air-dry and store. The importance of the sesame plant is due to its multiple uses, the most prominent of which is the extraction of vegetable oil from its seeds, which contain a high percentage of oil [5]. Sesame seeds contain an abundance of natural lipids, many of which serve as vital antioxidants. Indeed, numerous studies have linked sesame and its constituent compounds to cancer prevention. Sesame contains essential compounds, such as magnesium, that reduce the likelihood of developing diabetes and the severity of its symptoms in those who are already infected. In addition, sesame has the ability to improve the quality of a man's sperm, increase his fertility, improve digestion due to the high fiber content of its seeds and improve the health of the heart and circulatory system due to their high magnesium content, Sesame fiber aids in the struggle against cholesterol and decreases the risk of atherosclerosis and heart attack [1]. When the crops are mature at the base and the sesame seeds have changed color, harvesting occurs. color and the leaves have retracted at the base of the stem. Sesame is usually ready to harvest between 90 and 130 days after planting [3].
Plant growth regulators are among the most important factors that affect the development and growth of plants and include multiple processes that determine the shape and size of the plant and contribute to regulating its response to the surrounding conditions. These processes depend on a complex synergy of a range of chemical compounds and hormones that contribute to the regulation of plant growth and development. Phytohormones are one of the basic regulators of plant growth, affecting most aspects of growth and development, from the formation of roots and stems, to the regulation of flowering and fruiting. The atonic growth regulator is one of the most important plant growth systems used to improve the growth of plants and increase their productive quality. Spraying with growth regulators necessarily helps in increasing the growth of the plant and raising its productivity, as this factor can affect the stages of emergence and the characteristics of the crop and its components that differ in their time or duration according to the environmental conditions that affect most of the physiological characteristics that take place in the plant and one of these regulators is atonic [6].
Atonic is a fast-acting growth regulator and stimulant. It is a liquid organic fertilizer that contains an oxy-growth regulator. It is used as a spray on the leaves. It is suitable for all agricultural crops, including vegetables and fruits and in all stages of the plant, starting from the seed until harvesting the fruits. It contributes to increasing the percentage of germination and accelerating flowering and fruit production. It also encourages the formation of fruits, which helps in the abundant production of the plant, as it improves plant growth, increases the efficiency of photosynthesis and increases the absorption of nutrients, thus improving the quality and quantity of the product. It also increases the expansion of cells and increases their division, thus encouraging the formation of adventitious roots on woody cuttings and improving their quality [7].
This experiment was conducted in one of the fields in Afak city, Diwaniyah governorate, from the middle of the fourth month until the end of the ninth month, in order to know the effect of the growth promoter on the growth and yield of Sumer cultivar of the sesame plant. The soil was prepared for planting and sesame seeds were sown for the summer season on 5/28/2021 by hand, at a depth of 2-3 cm, at a rate of 3-5 seeds, at an interval of 50 cm. Between one treatment and another, the distance between the plants was 15 cm and the seeds were covered with a layer of sand. Two weeks after the emergence of the plants, a stimulating growth regulator was added to each experimental unit at a concentration of (1, 2, 3) g/L, in
addition to the comparison treatment, in two batches, the first after the appearance of four true leaves and the second after 30 days of the first spraying, i.e., When the plant has reached 25 cm in height. The bushes were manually removed and the plant harvested on 9/24/2021.
Studied Parameters
Plant height (cm): Plant height was measured from the soil surface to the top of the main stem of each experimental unit
Branch number (branch Plant⁻1): The total number of branches on the main stem was calculated for each experimental unit
Leaves number (leafe Plant⁻1): The number of all leaves on the plant was calculated for each experimental unit at the stage of completion of flowering
Leaf area (cm): It was measured when flowering was complete according to the following equation: Since
S = Leaf area (cm)²
S = 0.3552×C2
C = maximum paper length cm
The maximum length of ten leaves on the stem was squared.
The head of three plants taken at random from blocks.
average and applied the above equation.
Chlorophyll Content of Leaves
The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in sesame leaves was estimated based on the method of Mackinney and Joslyn [8].
Dry Weight of Plant Parts (Leaves, Stems, Roots) (gm/plant) at Flowering Stage 75% (ml/gm)
The dry weight of three plants was estimated randomly for all replicates, the plants were sectioned and exposed to air to dry with stirring, then the electric oven was inserted at 65°C for 48 hours until the weight stabilized and the total dry weight of the plant was included above the soil surface. Then the dry weight was taken using a Metler HK 2160 sensitive electronic scale of Swiss origin.
Capsule Number (capsule plant⁻1)
Capsule number was calculated randomly for each experimental unit.
Seed Number per Capsule (seed capsule⁻1)
The number of seeds in each capsule and for each experimental unit was calculated.
Weight of 1000 Seeds
Calculated the weight of 100 random seeds for each experimental unit, then weighed using a sensitive balance and multiplied the result by 10 to get the weight of 1000 seeds.
Effect of Foliar Spraying of ATUNIC on Some Indicators of Vegetative Growth of Sesamum indicum L.
Plant Height (cm): The results of the statistical analysis of the plants presented in Table 1 showed that there was a significant significance of atonic in plant height, as Fluor treatment with a concentration of 1 mg/L recorded the highest rate of plant height of 80.69 cm compared to a comparison treatment. which reached 65.02 cm.
Table 1: Effect of Spraying Different Concentrations of Atonic on Average of Sesamum indicum L.
Treatments (mg/ L) | Mean±SD | p-value (LSD) |
Control | 65.02±1 | 1 VS 2 0.000 |
1 VS 3 0.000 | ||
1 Vs 4 0.000 | ||
1 | 80.69±0.51 | 2 VS 3 0.000 |
2 VS 4 0.026 | ||
2 | 75.45±1 | 3 VS 4 0.001 |
3 | 75.01±6.3 |
|
Number (branch Plant⁻1)
Table 2 indicates the significant effect of spraying with atonic on the number of branches of the sesame plant, as it reached 15 branches at a concentration of (3 mg/L), compared to untreated plants, as it reached (11.44 branches plant⁻1).
Table 2: Effect of spraying different concentrations of atonic on average branch number (branch plant⁻1) of Sesamum indicum L.
Treatments | Mean±SD | p-value |
Control | 11.44±0.39 | 1 VS 2 0.005 |
1 VS 3 0.000 | ||
1 Vs 4 0.000 | ||
1 | 10.38±0.01 | 2 VS 3 0.000 |
2 VS 4 0.000 | ||
2 | 13.48±0.03 | 3 VS 4 0.000 |
3 | 15±0.53 |
|
Number of Leaves (leaf plant⁻1)
The results presented in Table 3 showed that the characteristic of the number of leaves of sesame plant L increased significantly by treatment with the different concentrations in which the concentration was achieved and the highest average number of leaves reached (70.92 Leafe plant⁻1) for plants treated with concentration (3 mg/L) compared to plants untreated which scored (54.95 plant Plant⁻1).
Table 3: The significant effect of spraying with atonic on leaves number (leafe plant⁻1) of Sesamum indicum L.
Treatments | Mean±SD | p-value |
Control | 54.95±0.1 | 1 VS 2 0.001 |
1 VS 3 0.054 | ||
1 Vs 4 0.000 | ||
1 | 65.79±0.45 | 2 VS 3 0.015 |
2 VS 4 0.035 | ||
2 | 59.51±0.47 | 3 VS 4 0.000 |
3 | 70.92±4.9 |
|
Leaf Area (cm)
The results of Table 4 showed significant differences in the average total leaf area (cm) of Sesamum indicum L., as the atonic treatment was recorded with the highest average concentration 2 mg/l of the total leaf area amounting to (8243 cm) compared to untreated plants with the same leaf area (6246.33 cm).
Table 4: The significant effect of spraying with atonic on leaf area (cm) of Sesamum indicum L.
Treatments | Mean±SD | p-value |
Control | 6246.33±100.07 | 1 VS 2 0.000 |
1 VS 3 0.000 | ||
1 Vs 4 0.000 | ||
1 | 8016±1 | 2 VS 3 0.289 |
2 VS 4 0.024 | ||
2 | 8243±8.7 | 3 VS 4 0.004 |
3 | 7460±497 |
|
Chlorophyll Content of Leaves
The results of Table 5 indicated significant differences for the chlorophyll content in the leaves of the plant by the effect of different treatments of atonic, as the treatment with a concentration (2 mg/L) gave the highest average (52.97%) compared to untreated plants (49.99 %).
Table 5: The significant effect of spraying with atonic on chlorophyll content of leaves of Sesamum indicum L.
Treatments | Mean±SD | p-value |
Control | 49.99±0.52 | 1 VS 2 0.004 |
1 VS 3 0.000 | ||
1 Vs 4 0.583 | ||
1 | 51.55±0.39 | 2 VS 3 0.007 |
2 VS 4 0.002 | ||
2 | 52.97±0.53 | 3 VS4 0.000 |
3 | 49.77±0.48 |
|
Dry Weight of Plant Parts (Leaves, Stems, Roots) (gm/plant) at Flowering Stage 75% (mg/gm) of Sesamum indicum L.
The results of Table 6 indicated the significant role of atonic in the average dry weight of the shoot of sesame plant, as the concentration achieved (3 mg/L), the highest average of Compared to 28.6 for comparison plants.
Table 6: The Significant Effect of Spraying with Atonic on Dry Weight of Plant Parts (Leaves, Stems, Roots) (gm plant⁻1) at Flowering Stage 75% of Sesamum indicum L.
Treatments | Mean±SD | p-value |
Control | 18.17±1.02 | 1 VS 2 0.000 |
1 VS 3 0.000 | ||
1 Vs 4 0.000 | ||
1 | 25.96±0.71 | 2 VS 3 0.404 |
2 VS 4 0.002 | ||
2 | 26.49±0.55 | 3 VS 4 0.008 |
3 | 28.6±0.53 |
|
Capsule Number (capsule plant⁻1)
The results of Table 7 showed the significant role of atonic in the average number capsules of the sesame plant, as the concentration achieved (3 mg/L), the highest average (151.27 capsule plant⁻1) Compared for comparison plants.
Table 7: The Significant Effect of Spraying with Atonic on Capsule Number of Sesamum indicum L.
Treatments | Mean±SD | p-value |
Control | 114.75±1.00 | 1 VS 2 0.000 |
1 VS 3 0.000 | ||
1 Vs 4 0.000 | ||
1 | 114.15±0.56 | 2 VS 3 0.000 |
2 VS 4 0.000 | ||
2 | 143.34±1 | 3 VS 4 0.000 |
3 | 151.27±1.03 |
|
Seed Number per Capsule (seed plant⁻1)
The results of Table 8 showed the significant role of atonic in the average number of seeds in capsules of the sesame plant, as the concentration achieved (3 mg/L) the highest average of (53.83seed plant⁻1) compared to control plants.
Table 8: The Significant Effect of Spraying with Atonic on Seed Number per Capsule of Sesamum indicum L.
Treatments | Mean±SD | p-value |
Control | 51.36±1.01 | 1 VS 2 0.073 |
1 VS 3 0.002 | ||
1 Vs 4 0.008 | ||
1 | 49.87±0.57 | 2 VS 3 0.000 |
2 VS 4 0.001 | ||
2 | 54.84±0.85 | 3 VS 4 0.427 |
3 | 53.88±1.01 |
|
Weight of 1000 Seeds
The results of Table 9 showed the significant role of atonic in average of weight of 1000 seeds in capsules of the sesame plant, as the concentration achieved (3 mg/L) the highest average of 4.87 compared to control plants.
The reason for the increase in vegetative growth indicators, which included plant height, branches number, leaves number, leaf area and dry weight, is that the growth regulator has an effect on increasing the process of plant cell division and elongation, which is reflected positively in increasing plant elongation and increasing leaf rudiments. And then increase their number as well as increase the number of branches and leaf area. This agrees with what was mentioned in Handayani et al. [9] on the tomato plant when it was sprayed with the atonic growth regulator, as well as with Pandite et al. [10] when the same regulator was sprayed on the watermelon plant with a concentration of 5% and it also agrees with Mhaibes and Atallah [11] when it was sprayed on cucumber. Also, this regulator has a clear effect in increasing the surface area of the cells as a result of the increase in internal auxins or swelling in the cell wall due to the expansion of the cell (this is what was found by Djanaguiraman et al. [12] and in the end, this causes an increase in vegetative growth indicators when treated with this regulator. It was also found that the percentage of chlorophyll increased significantly with the addition of the atonic growth regulator, where the spray treatment excelled at a concentration of (2 mg/L) and this is consistent with Abbas [13], where they noticed that the addition of atonic caused an increase in the photosynthesis process. As for the yield, the results presented in the Table 7, 8 and 9, respectively showed a significant increase in the number of capsules, the number of seeds in each capsule and the weight of 1000 seeds. The reason is attributed to the fact that the growth regulator is one of the regulators that help increase the absorption of the necessary elements by the plant, which leads to an increase in cell division and elongation, thus increasing the number of leaves and the number of branches and then increasing the leafy area, which reflected positively on the yield and its components and thus increased the productivity of the crop per unit area and this is consistent with what was reached by Aksona and Aydın [15] when spraying it on your tuna on the cotton plant and by Pandite et al. [14] when spraying the atonic on watermelon plants and by Aksona and Aydın [15] when spraying the same regulator on pumpkin plants.
Table 9: The Significant Effect of Spraying with Atonic on Weight of 1000 Seeds of Sesamum indicum L.
Treatments | Mean±SD | p-value |
Control | 3.86±0.08 | 1 VS 2 0.647 |
1 VS 3 0.000 | ||
1 Vs 4 0.000 | ||
1 | 4.83±0.11 | 2 VS 3 0.000 |
2 VS 4 0.000 | ||
2 | 3.93±0.06 | 3 VS 4 0.409 |
3 | 4.87±0.14 |
|
We conclude from this study that spraying with an atomic growth regulator had a significant effect on increasing vegetative growth and yield indicators.
Recommendations
We recommend similar studies Other types of sesame plants and other plants with different concentrations to find out the optimal effect of this regulator.
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