Sector agriculture Becomes needs priority in face deployment because related direct in fulfillment need life man so that Request will ingredient food will permanent always there is. Although occur slump economy in various sector business, sector agriculture Becomes sector the last one that can survive (sector of the last resort) which became proof that sector agriculture is safest sector. Besides that sector agriculture Becomes sector base for development sector other economies like industry and service. Although other sectors collapse, at least sector agriculture capable Becomes mainstay in fulfillment food people so that Public no Becomes hunger [1].

Nurmala et al. [2] explained that the role of the agricultural sector for rural communities is very important because: (1) The agricultural sector is the main source of livelihood for most villagers, (2) The agricultural sector, including the livestock sub-sector, is a job for rural families, especially in rural areas remote villages, (3) Agricultural business is a place of employment for farm laborers and small-land farmers, (4) Agriculture is a source of carbohydrates, vegetable and animal protein, vitamins and minerals from plants for farming families, (5) Farming as a hobby and enjoyment of life and also as a place of recreation for urban residents if they go to the village and (6) Agricultural business as a producer of materials for religious rituals and traditional ceremonies of residents in villages or cities. Apart from the demand and supply side, population growth also requires growth in employment opportunities (sources of income). Economic growth without being accompanied by additional employment opportunities will result in inequality in the distribution of the additional income, which in turn will create conditions for economic growth with an increase in poverty. Meeting the needs of consumption and employment itself can only be achieved by increasing aggregate output (goods and services) or GDP continuously. In the understanding of macroeconomics, economic growth is the addition of GDP [3].

As an agricultural country, the number of people involved in agricultural/agribusiness activities is relatively large. Thus improving the welfare of the agricultural community (farmers) will receive great attention from national development through agricultural development activities. Therefore, in every stage of agricultural development activities that have been implemented and are currently running, the welfare of farmers has always been one of the main goals and in the future it is believed that it will still be one of the main priorities/targets of agricultural development. One indicator of the approach that can be used to measure the level of farmers' welfare is the Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP).

Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP) is a comparison/ratio between the Price Index Received by Farmers (It) and the Price Index Paid by Farmers (Ib). The relationship between Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP) and the level of welfare of farmers as producers can be seen from the position of It which is in the enumerator of the NTP figure. The price development shown by It is an indicator of the welfare level of producer farmers in terms of farmers' income. The farmer's exchange rate is also one of the production indicators to determine the level of farmers' welfare, namely the comparison of the price index received by farmers to the price index paid by farmers [4].

Brenjonk Organic Village, which is a village in Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency where the majority of local residents use their rice fields and yards for organic farming business activities, both food crops, vegetables, fruit and family medicinal plants. According to the survey data, the paddy fields used for organic rice cultivation have been certified by the Bio-cert Bandung organic certification agency in 2018, covering an area of 6 hectares, along with the demand for organic rice, the planting area for organic rice in 2020 increased to 12 hectares and spread across in four hamlets in Penanggungan Village, including Penanggungan Hamlet, Sendang Hamlet, Ngembes Hamlet and Kemendung Hamlet.

The average NTP of East Java in 2020 decreased by 0.39 percent compared to 2019, from 101.17 to 100.77. The decrease was due to the increase in the price index received by farmers (2.07%) which was lower than the increase in the price index paid by farmers (2.47%). This shows that the average exchange rate of agricultural products for consumer household goods and production costs in 2020 is generally lower than in 2019. However, during the Pandemic, it fell drastically, causing some sectors to not operate optimally, which caused reduced income and reduced workforce. This will directly weaken people's purchasing power and consumption. The pandemic has yet to show certainty when it will end. This condition causes NTP to decrease.

This study aims to analyze the average Farmer Exchange Rate (NTP) of organic rice, to analyze the factors that affect the Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP) of organic rice and to analyze the management of the impact of NTP on the welfare of organic rice farmers in Brenjonk Organic Village.

Location research in the village Organic Brenjonk, Village Coverage Subdistrict Trawas Regency Mojokerto where chosen by with something method determination location specified research with by on purpose based on consideration that Village Organic Brenjonk with consideration wrong one region development area organic farming that affects score swap farmer. The population in this study are rice farmers in Brenjonk Organic Village who carry out organic farming and follow and carry out the organic agricultural production process. In this study, the sampling technique used is non-probability sampling with the technique taken is saturated sampling (census). Saturated sampling technique is a sampling technique when all members of the population are used as samples. Therefore, the author chooses a sample using a saturated sampling technique because the population is relatively small. So that the sample used in this study amounted to 35 people.

Farmers' Exchange Rates were tested using the subsistence concept formula. The concept of subsistence is the value of commodity yields produced by farmers that can be exchanged for a number of values of goods needed by farmers to meet their daily needs with their households. This concept is formulated as follows:

Where:

NTP  :   Farmer's Exchange Rate

Px      :   Prices of products produced by farmers

Qx     :   Number of products produced by farmers

Py     :   The price of production inputs paid by farmers

Qy     :   Amount of production input paid by farmer

Pz      :   The price of commodities that farmers pay for their daily needs

Qz     :   The number of commodities that farmers pay for their daily needs

The data needed to calculate the income generated by organic farming farmers is data on the price of commodity sales to production during one growing season. The data needed to calculate the price of commodities purchased by farmers are farmers' expenditures for the costs of production factors (seeds, fertilizers, medicines, equipment) and labor wages for one growing season as well as costs incurred to finance household consumption such as food, housing, clothing and various goods and services.

Analysis to determine the factors that affect Farmer's Exchange Rate, there is a real influence of land area, farm costs, household expenses and income, on Farmer's Exchange Rate analyzed using multiple linear regression (using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method with tools SPSS 17). Systematically the regression model can be written as follows:

Y = +1X1+2X2+3X3+4X4+5X5+u

Where:

Y        :   Farmer's Exchange Rate (%)

          :   Constant                  

1-5    :   Regression Coefficient

X1     :   Land Area (Ha)

X2     :   Farming Costs (Rp)

X3     :   Household Cost (Rp)

X4     :   Income (Rp)

u        :   Error

Analysis to determine the impact of Farmer's Exchange Rate using data analysis techniques used is descriptive analysis, namely analysis that aims to describe or describe an object of research through data that has been collected or by using information that has been obtained directly in the field. The data that has been obtained is described in a systematic and detailed manner, then compiled into a format that is easier to understand regarding the concrete impact of farmer exchange rates.

Farmer's Exchange Rate Analysis

Household expenditures are costs incurred for the consumption of all household members. Household consumption is classified in two categories, namely food and non-food consumption without regard to the origin of the goods and is limited to expenditures for household needs only, excluding expenditures for business.

The Table 1 shows that the average total expenditure of organic rice farmer households in Brenjonk Organic Village, Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency is Rp. 14,553,114 per year, which includes food expenditure of Rp. 13,930,257 or 95.7 percent. Food expenditure has greater expenditure than non-food expenditure, meaning that the respondent's household still spends most of its income to meet food needs than non-food needs. Expenditure on food for carbohydrates (grains and tubers), expenditure on side dishes (beef, chicken, fish, eggs, tofu, tempeh, nuts, anchovies, salted fish) and expenditure on vegetables (spinach), water spinach, mustard greens, potatoes, carrots, garlic, shallots, long beans, tomatoes), expenditures for food and prepared beverages (sugar, tea, coffee), production of cooking oil and spices.

Table 1: Average Household Expenditures of Brenjonk Organic Rice Farmers Per Year

Source: Data analyzed, 2022

The lowest expenditure was on clothing (clothing, toiletries, make-up and other clothing needs) of IDR 622, 857 or 4.3 percent of the total household expenditure. All sample farmer households admitted that they only buy clothes on big days such as Eid and Christmas. This is done for savings, because they are more concerned with other consumption purposes than buying clothes.

Rice farming income is the difference between total revenue and total costs, there are varying profits after deducting production costs and labor costs incurred by respondent farmers. For more details about the average income, production costs, labor costs and net profits obtained by lowland rice farmers for each respondent in the research area can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2: Average Income of Paddy Farmers in Brenjonk Organic Village Per Hectare/Year

Source: Data analyzed, 2022

The income of rice farming in Brenjonk Organic Village is by adding up the costs, both fixed costs and variable costs. Income describes the profits obtained from rice farming by each farmer per year. The average income of rice farming is Rp. 64,375,873 per year with an average income of Rp. 21,458,624 per season. The income earned by each farmer certainly varies depending on the results of production and the area of land cultivated by the farmer. The amount of this income is sufficient and can be said to be successful because the costs incurred both fixed costs and variable costs can be paid off, besides that farmers also get the difference in profit or profit. The profits obtained by farmers vary according to the respondent's land area.

Most of the farmers in Brenjonk Organic Village, even 80%, are still in the subsistence category where the farmers do not really think about how to get high profits but the important thing is that their land can produce enough to be eaten with their families. Because the people of Brenjonk Organic Village are people who are very thick with their culture where there are still many people who believe in traditions that have been passed down from generation to generation. From the results of the study, it can be seen that the household expenditure of farmers from the total income of lowland rice farming is described in Table 3.

Table 3: Average Income and Expenditure of Farmers' Household Respondents in Brenjonk Organic Village

Source: Data analyzed, 2022

From the Table 3, it can be seen that the household expenditure of rice farmers in the study area is 33.79 percent of the income of rice farming. This means that the household expenditure of rice farmers takes most of the income from the total income of rice farming per month which is the difference between household income and expenditure. So it can be concluded that the second hypothesis is that farmers' household expenditures are greater than the total income of rice farming received. The UMR is the minimum wage set by the government based on the components of decent living needs. This means that if the UMR becomes a benchmark whether a person's life is said to be worth it or not. The increase in the UMR affects the price of production or consumption in household needs.

The type of commodity studied is organic rice, production inputs paid by farmers include seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, labor costs and other production factors including equipment depreciation costs. Meanwhile, commodities purchased by farmers to meet their daily needs include food and non-food consumption. The price used to calculate the farmer's exchange rate is the price in 2021. Using the calculation concept (NTP), the following are the results of the calculation of the farmer's exchange rate from the sample farmers in the research area (Table 4).

Table 4: The results of the calculation of the exchange rate of respondents in the organic village of Brenjonk

Source: Primary data analyzed, 2022

Farmer's exchange rate is the ratio of the index received by farmers to the index paid by farmers. The value of NTP is obtained by dividing the total income of rice farming farmers by the total expenditure of farmers, namely farming expenditure and household expenditure (food and non-food). Farmer's Exchange Rate above 100 means that the index received by farmers is higher than the index paid by farmers, so it can be said that farmers are more prosperous. And the Farmer's Exchange Rate below 100 means that the index received by the farmer is lower than the index paid by the farmer, so it can be said that the farmer is not prosperous.

In Table 5 it can be seen that the lowland rice farmers who have an NTP of more than 100 total the sample. The highest samples were found in samples 27 and 28 with a total price index received of Rp. 104.400.000 and the index paid is Rp. 62,178,750. Based on the prices of the two indices, it can be calculated the Farmer's Exchange Rate of 167 and 177, meaning that the farmer's household is prosperous (can meet the needs of farmers in rice farming and for household purposes) and has an excess value of 78.24 which can be used as savings.

On average, the sample farmer's exchange rate in the research area is 102.00 or greater than 100. Thus, it can be concluded that the welfare level of the sample farmers in Brenjonk Organic Village in 2021 is classified as high (prosperous). This means that the income obtained from lowland rice farming can finance lowland rice farming, meet the needs of the farmer's household (family) and farmers can also save some of the income. Thus, hypothesis 1 that the average Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP) for lowland rice in the study area is greater than 100 is accepted.

NTP in East Java in 2020 was recorded at 101.80 or decreased 2.08 percent compared to August NTP of 103.72. This was due to a decrease in FTT in the food crops sub-sector by 0.44 percent, the horticulture sub-sector by 0.48 percent, the livestock sub-sector by 0.72 percent and the fisheries sub-sector by 0.44 percent. Meanwhile, the NTP of the smallholder plantation sub-sector rose by 0.48 percent, the price index received by farmers (It) in East Java Province increased by 0.23 percent.

Table 5: Test Results of Factor Analysis - Factors Affecting Farmers' Exchange Rates

Source: Primary data analysis processed by SPSS, 2022

Analysis of Factors Affecting Farmer's Exchange Rate

The data used in this analysis is primary data where the independent variables are land area, farming costs, household costs and income. From these independent variables, it will be seen how big the factors that affect Farmer's Exchange Rate/FTT (dependent variable), then the regression results obtained in the Table 5.

Based on the Table 5 obtained the following regression equation:

Y = 153,092+140,709 X1-3,210 X2-5,091 X3+2,060 X4

Where:

Y    :         Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP)

X1 :         Land Area (Ha)

X2 :         Farming Costs (Rp)

X3 :         Household Cost (Rp)

X4 :         Income (Rp)

The coefficient of determination (R²) essentially measures how far the model's ability to explain variations in the dependent variable is. The coefficient of determination is a test used to test the effect between independent variables on the dependent variable together. The magnitude of the coefficient of determination from 0 to 1. The closer to zero the magnitude of the coefficient of determination of a regression equation, the smaller the influence of the independent variable. Conversely, the closer to one, the greater the influence of all independent variables on the dependent variable.

From the model, the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.986. This shows that 98.6% of the variation in the farmer's exchange rate variable can be explained by the variables of land area, farm costs, household costs and income, while the remaining 1.4% is explained by other variables not included in the model. The results of research in the field in Brenjonk Organic Village, Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency, all farmers answered that for an average land area of 0.1-0.5 hectares, the average farming cost was 21, 904, 554 per year 3 times of planting season, the average household cost is 7, 636, 571 per year and the income earned for one year is an average of 17, 618, 304. The factors that affect the exchange rate of farmers are influenced by both internal factors and external factors.

F test is a test simultaneously (simultaneously) the significance of the effect of changes in the independent variable on the dependent variable. This means that the variable parameters of land area, farm costs, household costs and income are simultaneously tested whether they have significance or not. The results of the F-test can be seen in Table 7.

Table 6: Results of the Coefficient of Determination

Source: Primary data analysis processed by SPSS, 2021

Table 7: Test Results-F

Source: Primary data analysis processed by SPSS, 2021

Simultaneously the effect of variables on land area, farming costs, household costs and real income is at the 95% level. This can be seen from the results of the analysis, obtained F-count = 527,617>F-table = 4.12 with a significance value (0.000<0.05). This shows that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, which means that the independent variables of land area, farming costs, household costs and income have a significant effect on farmers' exchange rates. Each-each variable has an influence on the exchange rate of farmers. Internal factors such as land area will affect the way of thinking, level of productivity and decision making. Meanwhile, external factors such as farming costs, household costs and income have an effect on understanding the increase in production so that in carrying out organic rice farming it is in accordance with existing requirements and policies. 

From the results of the regression analysis, it can be seen that partially each independent variable, namely the variable area of land, farm costs, household costs and income are factors that affect the exchange rate of organic rice farmers. This can be explained in more detail on each variable as follows:

• The effect of land area on the exchange rate of organic rice farming farmers (X1). Based on the t-test, the t-count value was 5.435>2.032 with a significance (0.000<0.05) then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted, so that the variable area of land significantly affected the exchange rate of rice farmers. These results are similar to the research conducted by Fajri [5] who concluded that land area has a positive influence on the exchange rate of farmers because the larger land area will increase production potential which will increase rice farming revenues and increase farmer exchange rates so that the welfare of rice farmers also increased

• The effect of farming costs on the exchange rate of organic rice farming farmers (X2). Based on the t-test, the t-count value is -13,122>2,032 with a significance (0.000<0.05) then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, so that the farming cost variable has a significant effect on the exchange rate of rice farmers. This means that farming costs partially and significantly (significantly) on the Farmer's Exchange Rate, this indicates that the increase in farming costs makes the farmers incur larger costs so that it has an impact on the decline in the Farmer's Exchange Rate. With the alleged hypothesis that farming costs have a positive and significant effect, it can be fulfilled

• The effect of household costs on the exchange rate of organic rice farmers (X3). Based on the t-test, the t-count value is -29.574>2.032 with a significance (0.000<0.05) then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, so that the household cost variable has a significant effect on the exchange rate of rice farmers. There is a negative effect on expenditure because the higher the level of expenditure issued by farmers, the income received by farmers will decrease. The results of this study are also in accordance with research conducted by Riyadh [6] regarding several factors that determine the exchange rate of farmers where the results show that consumption and non-consumption expenditures have a negative effect on farmers' exchange rates

• The effect of income on the exchange rate of organic rice farming farmers (X4). Based on the t-test, the t-count value is 6.330>2.032 with a significance (0.000<0.05) then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, so that the income variable has a significant effect on the exchange rate of rice farmers. If the farmer's income is greater than the increase in the price of agricultural production and has an impact on his purchasing power, this will indicate that the farmer's ability is getting better or there is an increase in his income. Improving the welfare of farmers and the performance of the agricultural sector requires financing that can not only help farmers to cultivate their agriculture but can also help them in terms of repayment

Management of the Impact of Farmer Exchange Rates on Welfare

As one of the developing countries, Indonesia always tries to improve the standard of living of its people by conducting development in all fields [7]. Food crop farmers as the frontline working to achieve food security need special attention in the aspect of welfare and standard of living. One of the indicators used by the government to describe the welfare of farmers is the farmer's exchange rate (NTP).

As for the management of the impact of the exchange rate of organic rice farmers on welfare, which can be done to increase the exchange rate of rice farming farmers in Brenjonk Organic Village, Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency by looking at the situation. Taking advantage of high market demand or always needed, high public consumption so that production can still be increased with the level of farming maintenance, facilities and infrastructure that are adequate and easily available to improve experience. Participate in farmer groups so that qualified agricultural extension workers can help farmers so that the knowledge used for farmer cultivation develops. Development of technology and information in rural areas supports. Utilizing markets that need rice to increase production by increasing farm maintenance.

Management of the impact of the exchange rate of organic rice farmers on other welfare that can be done to increase the exchange rate of rice farming farmers in the Organic Village of Brenjonk, Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency by looking at the impact that occurs on farming, namely the support of qualified agricultural instructors so that they know in mastery technology and difficult irrigation water. Taking 
advantage of increased production, demand for rice consumption is high and the market needs rice so that it can consider production and capital prices and can determine production prices by utilizing information and communication technology in supporting villages.

Based on study about Analysis Score Swap Farmer Paddy Organic In village Organic Brenjonk Village Coverage Subdistrict Trawas Regency Mojokerto which has conducted so could concluded that:

• By simultaneously influence variable large land, cost farming, cost house ladder and income real on 95 % level. By Partial variable large land, cost farming, cost house ladder and influential income real to score swap farmer farming paddy

• On average, Value Swap Farmer sample in the area study is of 102 or more big out of 100. With thereby could concluded that level well-being farmer sample in village Organic Brenjonk year 2021 is belong to prosperous

• Categorized Farmers prosperous totaling 15 farmers and farmers who don't prosperous a total of 20 farmers. Management impact Score Swap Farmer to welfare farmer that is utilise Request high market or always needed, consumption high society so that could production still can upgraded with level maintenance farming, facilities and adequate infrastructure and easy to get for increase experience

1. Khairad, F. “Sektor Pertanian di Tengah Pandemi Ditinjau dari Aspek Agribisnis.” Jurnal Agriuma, vol. 2, no. 2, October 2020. ISSN 2657-1749 (Print), ISSN 2657-1730 (Online). http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/agriuma

2. Nurmala, et al. Pengantar Ilmu Pertanian. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2012.

3. Tambunan, Tulus T.H. Perekonomian Indonesia: Kajian Teoritis dan Analisis Empiris. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2013.

4. Akhmad, E. “Nilai Tukar Petani Provinsi Bali Tahun 2015–2017.” Jurnal Manajemen Agribisnis, vol. 6, no. 1, 2018, pp. 41–54.

5. Fajri. “Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Nilai Tukar Petani sebagai Indikator Kesejahteraan Petani Padi di Kabupaten Sragen.” Agrista, vol. 4, no. 2, 2016, pp. 85–94.

6. Riyadh, M.I. “Analisis Nilai Tukar Petani Komoditas Tanaman Pangan.” 2015.

7. Nurhayani. “Analisis Peranan Sub Sektor Tanaman Pangan dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Wilayah Kabupaten Batang Hari Periode 2005–2012.” Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika, vol. 10, no. 1, 2015.