All praise is due to Allah who has revealed the Holy Qur’an to his servant in Arabic. Peace and Blessing of Allah be upon the prophet who exalted all human being in wisdom. Peace and blessing of Allah be upon all his family, his Sahaba and all those who tread his path to the last day. 

This part, whoever reads and take cognizance of the meaning of that came in the Qur’an will definitely come across their different meanings. Some can be seen to have run into others while some can replace or represents others, depending on the sentences in which they appear. This also calls for an in depth study and research that will shed light to their different meanings which differ with the original meaning. 

This work entitled “Manners that Prepositions (Huruoful jarri) Replace one another in the Holy Qur’an with examples on الباء and اللام is arranged as follows:

• The meaning of التناوب

• The views of Nahw Scholars on the interchangeability of the letters

• The meaning of الباء

• The meaning of اللام

• How الباء replace others in the Holy Qur’an.

• How الباء replace others in the Holy Qur’an

• Conclusion

• Notes And References

The Meaning of the Letter: التناوب and التشارك

The letter of التناوب often comes with the meaning of representation. For example, many times it can be said that someone has represented someone at occasion ناب عنه or as an indicative of these occurring as one [1]. However, to scholars this means making ‘Hurufful jarri’. Replace one another or used instead of the other without any prior signal. There are scholars who call this التناوب some others call it التناوب or التعاقب or التشارك but all of these means replacing of one letter with another. This can be seen in the following example where Subhanahu wata’ala says; "هو الذي يقبل التوبة عن عباده"(الشورى: 25) in this statement عن. Replace من in its meaning.

Likewise, where the Almighty says " اذهبوا فتحسسوا من يوسف "( يوسف:87).Here, also من. Replace عن in its meaning. If we look carefully, we will notice how من And عن Replace one another and united in giving meaning.

The Position of Scholars of Arabic Grammar on the Representation of Letters and Their Uniformity in Meaning

This theme is one of the themes that draw different opinions from Scholars:

• The opinion held by the scholars of Basra. These groups of scholars hold that “Huruful jarri” do not represent one another based on ‘Qiyas’. To them all the letters of jarra hold one meaning in reality. All the other meanings associated with them are just by extension or borrowed, example في. Gives only one meaning and that is ‘place’ ظرف المكان Likewise على gives only one meaning that is ‘high’ الاستعلاء also من. Indicates الابتداء Just like the letter إ إلى is showing the extent of thing انتهاء الغاية they hold that of a letter gives other meaning apart from its original meaning, then the new meaning is only ‘borrowed’ المجاز this can be seen in the Arabic saying; غرد الطائر في الغصن the letter في. as is known gives the meaning of place الظرفية But this meaning is not apt here, for a bird does not sing in a branch but on a branch. This therefore shows that the letter في does not give its original meaning but gives another meaning, which is on على This indicates that the letters في can take the meaning of الفوقية in a form of [2] على

• The opinion held by the scholars of Kufa is العكس quite different from that held by the scholars of Basra. For they have unclaimed is based on the fact that harf (letter) is a word like noun or verb, it gives different meanings, original and circumstantial. It is therefore not right to ascribe to it only one meaning and that all other meaning are derived through borrowing or extension. They also added that a harf to give the meaning of another letter is not borrowing in as much as the usage is wide spread and the listener can comprehend the meaning without difficulties. This, they claimed goes contrary to the comprehension of borrowed meaning [3]. it is this opinion held by the scholars of Kufa which is accepted by the majority of the scholars. This opinion is in conformity with the way, the Arabic language is used in using one letter (harf) to give several meaning which other of its kind give. This is also the opinion which is used in this paper

The Meanings of the Ba’ul JarR الباء) (the باء الجر is among the few word that are joined with noun or pronoun. Scholars maintained that it has 15(fifteen) meanings. However, Jamaluddin Ibn Hisham maintained that it has only 14 (fourteen) meanings [4].

• الإلصاق Compactness, is the meaning of الباء this cannot be separated from all other meaning that the letter has. The other meanings are all upshot of الإلصاق Example can be seen in the following: أمسكت زيدا if the letter ب is added, the sentence becomes أمسكت زيدا, meaning hold unto Zaid: However, if the letter ب is removed, it can give different meaning [5].

• الاستعانة to seek for help can be deduced if it is joined by a verb as seen in the following: كتب بالقلم and بريت القلم بالسكين 

• السببية Cause, example like مات بالجوع “He died of hunger”. As is illustrated in the Qur’an " فكلا أخذنا بذنبه "( العنكبوت:40): [6]

• التعدية It can also make the verb act on object. Instead of اللزوم example; قام زيدThe verb قام will naturally not act on the object, but when the letter ب,is added, then the function of the verb will transcend the subject and consequently act on the object, this can be seen in the words of the holy Qur’an :"ولو شاء الله لذهب "(البقرة:20) that is ب, in this case the بسمعهم will represent Alhamza which is called همزة النقل

• المصاحبة can come with the meaning of الباء that is ‘together’ Examples بعتك الفرس بسرجه والدار بأبوابها means: I sold the donkey together with its saddle and the house with its doors. The Holy Qur’an says "يا نوح اهبط بسلام "( هود:48). 

• الظرفية It can also take the meaning of ‘place’ that is ظرف المكان ، Some of the Arabs would says; أدخلك الله بالجنة just like they also says: [7] وضاقت عليكم. الأرض في رحبها وبرحبها

• القسم It can take the meaning of ‘swearing’ for it is among the 3 letters used in swearing. These are الواو –الباء-التاء What is meant by swearing here: is that one to swear by the names of Allah or His attributes. Example,أقسم بالله

• البدل This can take the meaning of الباء Example; [8] ما يسرني إني شهدت بدرا بالعقبة.

• الاستعلاء Can come with the meanings of الباء Sheikh Alfarra’u maintains that the Arabs can use االباء instead of على as can be seen in the following: رميت على القوس وبالقوس

• التوكيد It can take the meaning of strengthening or reinforcement. Example: ليس زيد بقائم

• التبعيض it can take the meaning of من which is indicate of ‘part of’ something. This is what a poet says;شربن بماء البحر ثم ترفعت 

• العوض It can sometimes come with the meaning of replacement, example; [9] الدنيا بالآخرة.

• المقابلة It Can come with the meaning of comparison as can be seen here لقيت به الأسد “It met him like I met a lion”.

• التعجب it can also express wonder or surprise example: أكرم بزيد!! Zaid is indeed hospitable [10]

The Meanings of Lamul Jarri (لام الجر)

Lamul jarri is among the letters that give different shed of meanings if they come in speech as follows: 

• الاختصاص Paradise is only for the believers’. (الجنة للمؤمنين) Also it can be seen in the saying of Allah) " فإن كان له إخوة" (البقرة: 255. Al-imam Azzamakhshari has said in his book ‘al mufassal’ part from this one while other maintained that الاختصاص in the root of its meanings

• الاستحقاق It can express something like ‘worthiness’ in qualification example; _ العزة لِله.والحمد لِله. Some scholars have gone with the belief that this is the only meaning of it has. All ‘lamun’ which appear between object and the lord like الملك لِلهand والأمر لِله are all called الاستحقاق 

• الملك this ‘lamun’ indicates possession example, المال لِزيد ‘the wealth belong to zaid; some are of the opinion that الملك is the root of its meaning. But then الملك is a type of الاختصاصthis is evidence in the saying of S.W.T"لِله ما في السماوات وما في الأرض "(البقرة:284): 

• التمليك bestowing ownership. Example: وهبت لِزيد ربع دينار ‘I give Zaid a quarter of dinar’.

• شبه الملك this is called لام النسبة ‘Lamun that shows relationship’. This is showing not complete ownership but ownership by extension. Example: اللجام لِلفرس والسرج للحصان Example ‘The reign and the saddle are over the horse’. This is the reason why this is called شبه الملك

• شبه التمليك This is like ownership or possession as in the saying of SWT:" والله جعل لَكم من أنفسكم "( :النحل72)

• التعليل this can take the meaning of cause, reason, example زرتك لِشرفك 

• النسب This shows blood relationship, for لِزيد عم هز لِعمرو خال meaning ‘Has Zaid an uncle?. This type of is not certain. Ibn Malik goes by this claim. However, some scholars maintain that ‘Lamun’ in these types of places is indicating الاختصاص

• التبيينthis type of ‘Lamun’ is only giving information (adverbial). This type can come after a verbal noun or ‘Masdari’. Example in the saying of SWT " وإنه لِحب الخير لشديد"( العاديات:8): 

• القسم lam has the meaning of swearing. However, this is specific to ALLAH SWT. Apoet once said: لَله يبقى على الأيام ذو حيد

• التعديةthe ‘lamul jarr’ can cause the work of the verb go beyond the subject and up to the object. Example; لِعمروin ما أضربَ زيداً لِعمروhas reached Zaid and went beyond to Amru by the use of ‘Lam’. This is the claim of the scholars of Basra while those of Kufa maintain that ‘Lam’ in this places only functions as intensifier to the verb. This is because it is used in showing surprise (exclamation) [11] 

• الصيرورة this shows existence it is called لام العاقبة or لام المآل or لام الإضافة or آلة الفعل. It shows the existence of something after it as a result of what is before it. It is different from لام التعليلfor this does not perform the foregoing function. Example of الصيرورة can be seen in the saying of SWT " فالتقطه آل فرعون لِيكون لهم "( القصص: 8): Abul Atahiyya also said; لدوا لِلموت وابنوا لِلخراب فكلكم يصير إلى الذهاب

• Indeed man has not given, birth to children to the Death or build house to collapse’ but death is the inevitable end of all mortal while all buildings will one day collapse. Therefore the lamun’ in لِموت and يكون،لِلخرابand their types give the meaning العاقبة 

• التعجب the exclamatory ‘lamun’ come after يا and it usually come with a ‘fatha: example: يا لَلفرحor يا لَلماء as the case may be in terms of joy or rain full. 

• التبليغ ‘lam tablig’ is the type of ‘lam’ that is showing the listener or audience. Examples can be seen in the followings قلت لَه or أذنت لَه or وفسرت لَه, likewise ‘lam jarri’ can give the meaning of التوكيد or التبعيض or عن or علىor إلى [12]

How Huruful Jarri Represents One Another In Meaning in the Holy Qur’an with Particular References on الباء and اللام 

The writer will cite examples of How this happens in the holy Qur’an, References would be made to scholars of grammar and Tafsir.

• اللام alba’u can come with meanings in the holy Qur’an as following:- the meaning of في SWT say) " ولقد نصركم الله بِبدر "(آل عمران: 123 that is في بدر and in another verse SWT says " وبالأسحار هم "( الذاريات: 18) and also in this verse في الأسحار that is المكانية الظرفية likewise in another verse SWT says;) " وبالليل أفلا تعقلون "( الصافات: 138 

• The meaning of على Allah SWT say" (المطففين: 30) " إذا مروا بهم يتغامزون " here مروا عليهم to show ‘place’ this can be seen in another verse" ومنهم من إن تأمنه بدينار"( آل عمران:75) and its means: على دينار

• The meaning of عن which has the meaning of المجاوزة this Can be seen in the saying of SWT " يسعى نورهم بين أيديهم "( الحديد:12): meaning عن أيمانهم then the letter بِ represent عن as is seen in the saying of SWT "الرحمان فاسأل " به خبيرا( meaning فاسأل عنه

• The meaning of من (part of ) SWT says "عينا يشرب بها عباد الله"( الإنسان:9) and in another verse SWT says "عينا يشرب بها عباد الله "( النساء:166): meaning من علمه

• The meaning of مع (together with)SWT says in the holy Qur’an " وضاقت عليهم الأرض بما رحبت "( التوبة:25) where الباء in بمارحبت takes the place of meaning مع .Abu Hayyan said “the universe has become tight even with its vast space because of the frightful condition they found themselves and there is no place for escape” [13] 

• اللام ( Allam) represents other letters and associate with them in meaning, Example:-

• It can give the meaning of إلى this can be seen in the saying of SWT " كل يجري لِأجل مسمى "( فاطر:13): meaning إلى أجل مسمى Allah SWT also says "ولو ردوا لعادوا لِما نهوا عنه "(الأنعام:28) , meaning لعادوا إلى ما نهوا عنه

• اللام gives the meaning of إلى this is evident in the sayings of SWT: "يخرون لِلأذقان سجد" (ايونس:107) meaning على الأذقان and "دعانا لِجنبه أو قاعدا"( ايونس:12) meaning على الأذقان 

• It gives the meaning of في which is indicative of time. This is the evident in saying of SWT, says "يا ليتني قدمت لِحياتي "( الفجر: 24) meaning في حياتيand " لا يجليها لِوقتها" ( الأعراف:187) meaning إلى وقتها.

• اللام also gives with the meaning of عن. This is clearly seen in the saying of Allah SWT" وقال الذين كفروا لِلذين "( الأحقاف: 11) : meaning عن الذين ءامنواeven through some scholar maintained that اللام in this type of occurrence takes the meaning of لتعليل that is من أجل الذين ءامنو

This paper discussed the occurrences of huruoful jarri الباءِ and اللام andtheir meanings in Arabic Grammar. It also discussed in representation التناوب and their association التشارك giving adequate reference to the views of scholars on this .in addition to this, the paper also cited instances where these occurrences appear in the Holy Qur’an giving example of الباء and اللام .it is cited that الباء take the meaning of; في , على , من،عن and مع .

On the other hand , اللام takes the meanings of إلى , في, على and مع in the Holy Qur’an this is a clear indication of the fact that huruful jarri can come into association with one another in giving meaning .

This paper finally advises students and scholars involved in the study of Arabic and Qur’anic interpretation to devout more time the in-depth study of the meaning of words and their occurrences so that their understanding of the Glorious Qur’an could be enhanced. 

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