Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide clinical complication. Initially it has no sign symptoms but letter on polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, gradually weight loss etc. due to ignorance and carelessness of the patient disease engrafts the whole organism and goes to extremes of destructiveness if it left untreated and un managed. The killing power of diabetes is not due to disease but due to multi system disorder caused by diabetes which include cardiovascular complication, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic foot, diabetic skin disorders. there is certain acute complication such as diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic coma. complications of diabetes can be prevented if treated or manage from the very beginning of the disease [1].

Classification

Diabetes mellitus classified into two types:

• Type 1: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

• Type 2: Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Diagnosis Early Detection of Diabetes Mellitus

Every adult should have their routine checkup twice a year specially having history of diabetes in family, increase in weight, decreasing weight, frequent urination at night, skin infection. Routine blood examination specially fasting and post meal urine examination morning sample of urine for early diabetes mellitus [1].

Diet of Diabetic Patient

Diet of the diabetic patient should be simple because patient has to follow a diet for the rest of his life4. Instruction about the diet depends on individuals purchasing capacity and availability of the food. availability may vary from region to region this involves the estimation of total daily calorie requirement of patient which is depend on age, Sex, actual weight, activity and occupation of the patient [2].

Total kilo calorie required for sedentary individual may be 30 kilo calorie per kg per day, moderate active person 35 kilo calorie per kg per day, heavily active individual 40 cal per kg per day. in which proper proportion of carbohydrate protein and fat is recommended from which carbohydrate 50- 60% protein 10 to 15% and fat 32-35% of total intake of calories. More important for diabetic patient exact proportion of protein, fat and carbohydrate in diet. Diabetic patient should be kept on well-balanced diet and maintain ideal body weight in obese patient calorie should be restricted to reduce body weight and enough calories are given to maintain ideal weight [2,3].

Losing weight can be difficult in patients with Diabetic but combination of less eating and more exercise is best to control the weight. Losing weight helps to reduce the high insulin level [4,5].

• Fatty fish contain omega-3 fats that help reduce inflammation and other risk factors for heart disease and stroke. it’s a great source of protein, which is important for blood sugar regulation [2]

• Leafy green vegetables are extremely nutritious and low in calories. They’re also very low in digestible and easily absorbed by the body, so they not affect blood sugar levels spinach and other leafy greens are good sources of many vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C. people with diabetes have lower vitamin C levels than people without diabetes and may have greater vitamin C requirements leafy greens are good sources of the antioxidants These protect your eyes from macular degeneration and cataracts, which are common diabetes complications [2]

• Avocados may have properties to preventing diabetes [2]

•  Eggs improve the risk factors for heart disease, good blood sugar management, protect eye health and satisfy hunger [2]

•  Chia seeds maintain blood sugar level and help to lose body weight because it contains high amounts of fiber [2] 

• Flaxseeds can be added in diet it reduces inflammation, lower heart disease risk, decrease blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity [4]

• Different types of nuts are high in fiber and help to reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels [2]

•  All three white things white sugar, salt white flour food high in refined carbohydrate such as white bread, corn flour, muffins, this things are high in carbohydrate and low in fiber should be removed from diet all sugary and salty product should be removed [6]

• Exercise like aerobics, yoga, walking, swimming, jogging for at least 30 minutes a day is advise weight loss from lifestyle modification alone has cause regular inspiration decrease LH level induction of ovulation improve fertility decrease androgen improvement of insulin resistance and decrease the risk for diabetes control, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. weight reduction may minimise the risk of uterine cancer all patient should be screen at every 6 months for hypertension glucose intolerance and for fasting lipid profile follow-up depends on individual sign and symptoms [3]

Diabetes Mellitus is worldwide clinical complication it is slow killer disease when left untreated can cause death. and can be manage in early stage by diet management and proper exercise along with medication.

1. Davidson, S. Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine. 19th ed., Churchill Livingstone, pp. 855.

2. Sehshah, A. Handbook of Diabetes Mellitus. 6th ed., All India Publishers and Distributors, pp. 139.

3. Tripathi, P. Diabetes Management Program. drpramodtripathi.com.

4. Kelly, E. “16 Best foods for diabetics.” Healthline Newsletter, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/16-best-foods-for-diabetics#12.-Apple-cider-inegar.

5. Paul, S. “Management of complicated diabetes mellitus.” The Homoeopathic Heritage, vol. 34, November 2009.

6. “Diabetise.” Diabetise.org.uk, www.diabetise.org.uk.