Background: Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with profound implications for patients, caregivers, and the healthcare system. Early detection and timely intervention are critical to improving patient outcomes and reducing the societal burden. However, public knowledge and awareness of dementia remain limited, particularly in culturally diverse and resource-constrained settings like Gandhinagar, Gujarat. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness and understanding of dementia among the general population, focusing on its symptoms, risk factors, and management strategies. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, over three months (August to October 2024). A structured questionnaire was administered to 400 participants selected using a multistage sampling technique. The questionnaire included socio-demographic variables and 20 questions assessing dementia knowledge, covering symptoms, risk factors, prevention, and caregiver needs. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with knowledge levels classified as very good (>80% correct responses), good (60–79%), fair (41–59%), and poor (<40%). Results: The study included 400 participants, with 55% females and 45% males. The majority were aged 26–45 years (60.5%), predominantly rural residents (65%), and from middle-income households (40%). Knowledge assessment revealed that 27% of participants had very good knowledge, 36% had good knowledge, 27% scored fair, and 10% demonstrated poor knowledge. While 78% correctly identified dementia as a neurodegenerative disorder, knowledge gaps were evident in understanding genetic risk factors (64%), modifiable lifestyle factors (69%), and caregiver psychological challenges (62%). Strong support was observed for caregiver-focused interventions (79.5%) and public awareness programs (80%). Conclusion: The findings highlight a foundational understanding of dementia among the general population in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, but also underscore significant gaps in technical knowledge and preventive strategies. Community-centered educational initiatives targeting these gaps are essential to fostering early detection, informed decision-making, and supportive care. By leveraging local healthcare networks and digital platforms, sustained efforts can enhance dementia awareness and care in the region.

Mature ovarian teratomas, or dermoid cysts, are common benign ovarian tumors typically arising from pluripotent germ cells, characterized by tissues derived from embryonic germ layers. We present a rare case of a 55-year-old postmenopausal female who presented with unilateral pelvic pain, progressively worsening over one week. Ultrasound imaging identified a right ovarian cystic mass consistent with a mature teratoma. Surgical intervention via total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy revealed an enlarged cystic right ovary filled with sebaceous material, hair, and calcified Rokitansky nodules. Histopathology demonstrated a distinctive "pneumatosis cystoides-like" appearance characterized by multiple cystic spaces lined by histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells, confirmed by immunohistochemical positivity for CD68, signifying a granulomatous reaction. Awareness of this benign yet underrecognized histopathological pattern is essential to guide accurate diagnosis, prevent overtreatment, and reassure clinicians and patients of its favorable prognosis.

Background: Sepsis is a critical global health concern characterized by dysregulated host response to infection, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Timely recognition and risk stratification are crucial to improve patient outcomes, especially in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to assess the clinical profile, risk factors and predictive performance of MEWS and LqSOFA  scores among sepsis patients admitted to a tertiary care ICU. Methods: This hospital-based observational cross-sectional study included 130 adult patients with sepsis admitted to the ICU between June 2021 and December 2022. Patients were evaluated using MEWS and LqSOFA  scores at admission. Clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded and outcomes such as ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation and in-hospital mortality were analyzed. Predictive accuracy of scoring systems was assessed using ROC curves. Results: Most patients were aged 51–60 years 31.5% and male 55.4%. Common infections included UTI 20.8%, pulmonary 18.5% andskin/soft tissue 13.8%. Diabetes 31.5% and hypertension 19.2% were the most prevalent comorbidities. ICU admission was required in 60%, mechanical ventilation in 45.4% and mortality occurred in 33.8%. MEWS showed good accuracy for ICU admission AUC = 0.768, sensitivity = 80%, while LqSOFA  was superior for predicting mechanical ventilation AUC = 0.800 and mortality AUC = 0.720. Conclusion: MEWS and LqSOFA  are valuable tools with complementary roles in sepsis prognostication. MEWS better predicts ICU needs, while LqSOFA  is more effective for predicting ventilation and mortality. Early application of these scores may support timely interventions and improve outcomes.

Introduction: Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs), widely used in agriculture and households, are a major cause of poisoning-related deaths, especially in developing countries like India. The severity of poisoning depends on the compound type, dose and treatment timing, making early intervention essential for better outcomes. Materials and Methods: This prospective study at MGM Medical College (Sept 2022–June 2024) included 70 OPC poisoning patients, categorized into ventilatory and non-ventilatory groups. Data on demographics, clinical symptoms, GCS scores and lab parameters were collected. Standard treatment protocols were followed and SPSS version 26 was used for statistical analysis. Results: OP poisoning predominantly affected younger individuals, with 64.28% of cases under 40 years and females (55.71%) were more affected than males (44.28%). Housewives (31.42%) were the most affected occupational group and suicidal intent was the primary cause (81.42%). Malathion (25.71%) was the most commonly consumed OP compound. Nausea and vomiting were the most common symptoms (74.28%), while respiratory failure occurred in 51.42% of cases. Moderate to severe impairment was prevalent, with 54.28% of patients having a GCS score of 8-11 and 35.71% scoring below 8. The majority had serum cholinesterase levels of 2001-5000 IU/L (55.71%), while 35.71% had significant inhibition (1001-2000 IU/L). Mechanical ventilation was significantly associated with delayed hospitalization (p=0.012), respiratory failure (p=0.032), fasciculations (p=0.001), low GCS scores (p=0.001) and reduced serum cholinesterase levels (p=0.028), while age, sex and pinpoint pupils showed no significant correlation. Outcomes varied, with 68.57% being discharged, 24.28% dying and 7.14% leaving against medical advice, reflecting the severity and variability in recovery patterns among OP poisoning cases. Conclusion:  Our study highlights the critical role of mechanical ventilation, GCS scores, serum cholinesterase and amylase levels in determining OP poisoning outcomes. Patients with severe respiratory failure and low GCS scores had higher mortality, emphasizing the need for early intervention and intensive medical care to improve survival rates.

Background: Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, are major contributors to global morbidity and mortality, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. In India, despite a significant burden of CRDs, community-level awareness remains inadequate, particularly in semi-urban and rural regions. Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh, with its unique socio-demographic landscape, presents a valuable opportunity to explore public knowledge and risk perceptions surrounding CRDs. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, online survey was conducted among 400 adults aged 18 years and above residing in Shimla district from January to March 2025. A pre-validated bilingual questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographics, awareness of COPD and asthma, knowledge of environmental risk factors and prevailing misconceptions. Participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling methods via online platforms. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, applying descriptive statistics to summarize findings, with knowledge scores categorized into Very Good, Good, Fair and Poor levels. Results: Among participants, 52.5% were female and 64.5% resided in rural areas. Most respondents (76.8%) correctly identified COPD as a chronic lung condition and 79.8% recognized allergens as asthma triggers. Awareness regarding tobacco smoke (82.8%), air pollution (81.0%) and preventive measures such as tobacco avoidance (84.3%) was notably high. However, only 65.5% knew that CRDs cannot be completely cured and 64.5% recognized the genetic predisposition. Overall, 31.3% exhibited Very Good knowledge, 42.8% Good knowledge, while 19.3% and 6.8% demonstrated Fair and Poor knowledge, respectively, highlighting persistent knowledge gaps, especially related to environmental triggers and long-term management. Conclusion: While the study highlights encouraging levels of basic awareness regarding COPD and asthma among adults in Shimla district, critical deficiencies remain in understanding environmental risk factors, chronic disease management and genetic susceptibility. Targeted, culturally sensitive public health initiatives, community-driven education programs and integration of respiratory health services into primary care are essential to bridge these gaps, promote early detection and reduce the growing burden of CRDs in the region.

Background: Childhood vision disorders like amblyopia and strabismus are common yet preventable causes of lifelong visual impairment. Early detection and timely intervention are critical, but parental awareness often determines whether such problems are identified during the critical developmental period. This study was conducted to assess the awareness, knowledge, and attitudes of parents in Shimla regarding childhood vision issues and early detection practices. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted via an online survey among 400 parents of children aged 0–10 years residing in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. A structured, bilingual questionnaire assessed socio-demographics, knowledge of amblyopia and strabismus, awareness of signs and symptoms, understanding of screening guidelines, and beliefs regarding treatment. Awareness scores were categorized into four levels: Very Good, Good, Fair, and Poor. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The majority of parents (45.5%) were aged 30–39 years, and 58.0% had a graduate-level education or higher. While 78.0% correctly identified strabismus as eye misalignment and 82.0% recognized frequent squinting as a symptom, only 55.0% knew the correct age for the first comprehensive eye exam, and just 54.0% understood that school screenings do not rule out all eye problems. Overall, 38.0% of parents demonstrated good awareness, 34.5% fair, 15.5% very good, and 12.0% poor knowledge levels. Conclusion: Although awareness of visible symptoms was relatively high, significant knowledge gaps exist regarding less obvious signs, screening protocols, and the need for early detection. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational initiatives to improve parental knowledge and encourage timely pediatric eye care in the Shimla region.

Background: Adolescence is a critical stage of development characterized by profound physical, emotional, and social changes. Comprehensive reproductive health education during this period is crucial for empowering adolescents to make informed decisions and adopt safe practices. In This study aimed to assess the awareness of puberty changes, contraception, and safe sexual practices among school students in Himachal Pradesh to inform the strengthening of school-based sex education initiatives. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, online survey was conducted from January to March 2025 among 420 students aged 13–19 years enrolled in government and private schools across rural and semi-urban Himachal Pradesh. A structured bilingual questionnaire, hosted on Google Forms, assessed socio-demographic profiles, knowledge of puberty, contraception, and safe practices. Participants were recruited through school management systems and educational social media groups. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26.0, and knowledge levels were classified into "Very Good," "Good," "Fair," and "Poor" categories based on the percentage of correct responses. Results: Among the 420 participants, the majority (39.3%) were aged 13–15 years, with a slightly higher proportion of females (56.0%) and a predominance of government school students (60.7%) from rural areas (61.9%). Awareness regarding puberty changes was relatively high, with 81.0% identifying hormonal development as a key change and 77.6% acknowledging mood swings during adolescence. Knowledge about contraception and STI prevention was moderate; 79.0% recognized condom use as protective, while only 61.2% correctly understood the safety of hormonal contraceptives. Support for sex education was strong (84.5%), but gaps remained regarding HPV vaccination (58.6%) and myths about sexual health. Overall, 46.9% of students demonstrated "Good" awareness, 27.6% "Very Good" awareness, 19.3% "Fair," and 6.2% "Poor" awareness. Conclusion: The findings reveal encouraging levels of basic reproductive health awareness among adolescents in Himachal Pradesh, yet significant gaps persist—particularly regarding contraception, HPV prevention, and overcoming cultural stigmas. Targeted, scientifically accurate, and culturally sensitive sex education programs are essential for promoting safer adolescent behaviors.

Effective wound healing is crucial to recovery from surgical and traumatic injuries. This article examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying wound healing, explores local and systemic factors influencing the healing process and discusses the management of complications such as wound dehiscence in clinical practice.

Background: Periarticular fractures of the tibia are complex injuries frequently complicated by soft tissue compromise. Traditional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) carries risks of infection and wound complications, prompting interest in less invasive techniques. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, clinical outcomes, and technical evolution of hybrid external fixation for managing tibial periarticular fractures. Methods and Methods: An evidence-based review was conducted of prospective studies, systematic reviews, and recent innovations involving hybrid fixation techniques. Results: Hybrid external fixation provides excellent fracture stability, high union rates, reduced soft tissue complications, and facilitates early joint mobilization. Advances such as modular systems, coated pins, and computer-assisted correction have enhanced outcomes. Conclusion: Hybrid external fixation is a reliable, minimally invasive method for managing complex periarticular tibial fractures, offering biological advantages and excellent functional recovery when appropriately applied.

Background: With mobile technology becoming central to education, communication and entertainment, young users are spending extended hours on screens. Prolonged usage without ergonomic awareness may lead to significant postural issues and spinal complications. This study aimed to assess spinal health knowledge and screen-related habits among youth in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2025 among 440 participants aged 15–25 years. A structured bilingual questionnaire assessed socio-demographic data, spinal health awareness, screen usage patterns and preventive behaviors. Knowledge scores were classified as Very Good (≥80%), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%) and Poor (<40%). Statistical tests evaluated associations between awareness levels and demographic variables. Results: Out of 440 respondents, 66.8% demonstrated good to very good knowledge about spinal posture and mobile usage. While 79.3% identified poor posture risks, only 45.0% reported engaging in preventive habits like stretching. Misconceptions were more prevalent among rural and less-educated groups. A gap between knowledge and behavior was evident. Conclusion: The study reveals moderate spinal health awareness among Kangra's youth, but limited application of preventive measures. Strengthening awareness through schools, community platforms and digital media is essential to foster healthier digital habits and prevent long-term spinal complications.

Background: With mobile technology becoming central to education, communication and entertainment, young users are spending extended hours on screens. Prolonged usage without ergonomic awareness may lead to significant postural issues and spinal complications. This study aimed to assess spinal health knowledge and screen-related habits among youth in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2025 among 440 participants aged 15–25 years. A structured bilingual questionnaire assessed socio-demographic data, spinal health awareness, screen usage patterns and preventive behaviors. Knowledge scores were classified as Very Good (≥80%), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%) and Poor (<40%). Statistical tests evaluated associations between awareness levels and demographic variables. Results: Out of 440 respondents, 66.8% demonstrated good to very good knowledge about spinal posture and mobile usage. While 79.3% identified poor posture risks, only 45.0% reported engaging in preventive habits like stretching. Misconceptions were more prevalent among rural and less-educated groups. A gap between knowledge and behavior was evident. Conclusion: The study reveals moderate spinal health awareness among Kangra's youth, but limited application of preventive measures. Strengthening awareness through schools, community platforms and digital media is essential to foster healthier digital habits and prevent long-term spinal complications.

Background: Prostate cancer is a leading male-specific malignancy globally and increasingly significant in India due to an aging population and shifting health patterns. Despite its treatability when detected early, public awareness about the disease remains limited, particularly in semi-urban and rural regions. In Shimla, a hilly district in Himachal Pradesh, socio-cultural norms and geographical barriers further hinder early diagnosis and preventive care. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, awareness and perceptions surrounding prostate cancer among adult men in Shimla and to identify demographic factors influencing health literacy and behavior. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to March 2025 among 400 adult men in Shimla. Participants were selected using purposive and convenience sampling across both urban and rural settings. Data were collected through a structured bilingual (Hindi/English) online questionnaire covering socio-demographics, knowledge of prostate cancer symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods and perceptions toward preventive practices. Descriptive statistics and knowledge scoring were applied to categorize awareness levels into four groups: very good, good, fair and poor. Results: The majority of participants were aged 26–35 years (32.0%) and held either secondary or undergraduate degrees (28.0%). Rural residents formed 58.0% of the sample. A high proportion recognized prostate cancer as a malignancy of the prostate gland (78.0%) and were aware of age over 50 as a risk factor (76.0%) and difficulty in urination as a symptom (80.0%). Knowledge of diagnostic methods like PSA testing (76.0%) and digital rectal exams (71.0%) was also relatively strong. However, only 69.0% understood that the disease could be asymptomatic in its early stages and 58.0% were aware of the potential for recurrence. Overall, 33.0% demonstrated very good knowledge, 38.0% good knowledge, while 29.0% fell into the fair or poor categories. Conclusion: While general awareness of prostate cancer among men in Shimla is encouraging, substantial knowledge gaps remain-particularly around asymptomatic presentation, recurrence risk and less visible symptoms like hematuria. These gaps are more pronounced among rural and less educated groups. Addressing these deficiencies through culturally tailored, community-driven educational initiatives and integrated health promotion programs is essential to promoting early detection and reducing mortality associated with prostate cancer.

Background: Varicose veins are a prevalent vascular condition characterized by dilated and twisted veins, primarily in the lower limbs. Though often dismissed as a cosmetic issue, untreated varicose veins can lead to significant complications such as pain, venous ulcers, and thrombosis. With the availability of effective treatments—including surgical and minimally invasive options—early recognition and intervention are crucial. However, public awareness, particularly in semi-urban and rural regions like Kangra in Himachal Pradesh, remains inconsistent, often leading to delayed healthcare-seeking behavior. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2025 among 400 adult residents of Kangra district. Participants were recruited using purposive and convenience sampling through digital platforms. Data were collected using a structured, pre-validated online questionnaire in Hindi and English, which assessed socio-demographic details, knowledge of varicose veins and related surgical interventions, and health-seeking attitudes. Awareness scores were categorized as Very Good (≥80%), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%), and Poor (<40%). Descriptive statistics were applied for analysis using Microsoft Excel. Results: The study included a diverse sample across age, gender, education, and occupation, with 55% from rural areas. Awareness levels were generally positive: 84% correctly identified varicose veins, 87% recognized common symptoms, and 78% were aware that surgery is a standard treatment for severe cases. Knowledge of risk factors such as prolonged standing (80%) and pregnancy (82%) was also high. However, awareness regarding recurrence (68%), asymptomatic presentation (72%), and complications like blood clots (69%) was comparatively lower. Overall, 40% had very good knowledge, 41% good, 14% fair, and 5% poor knowledge. Conclusion: While public understanding of varicose veins in Kangra is generally satisfactory, crucial gaps remain, particularly concerning disease complications, recurrence, and minimally invasive treatments. Targeted educational initiatives—especially for rural and less-educated populations—are essential to improve timely diagnosis and access to appropriate care. Strengthening community-level health promotion and integrating vein health into broader public health strategies can significantly enhance awareness and clinical outcomes.

Background: In medical emergencies such as cardiac arrest, timely bystander intervention through Basic Cardiopulmonary Life Support (BCLS) can significantly enhance survival outcomes. While BCLS is traditionally associated with healthcare professionals, empowering the general public-especially in geographically challenging and semi-urban areas like Shimla-is critical. However, limited training access, persistent myths, and lack of awareness continue to hinder effective community response. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2024 in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, to assess public knowledge and perceptions of BCLS. A total of 400 adults aged 18 and above were selected through mixed purposive and convenience sampling. Excluding healthcare professionals, data were collected using a pre-validated bilingual questionnaire covering socio-demographics, BCLS knowledge (20 multiple-choice questions), and attitudes toward emergency response. Responses were scored and categorized as Very Good (>80%), Good (60-79%), Fair (41-59%), or Poor (<40%). Data were analyzed using SPSS v26.0. Results: Participants were mostly aged 26-35 years (36.8%), with a slight female majority (53.8%) and a rural predominance (54.5%). A strong majority recognized key BCLS components-78.5% correctly defined BCLS, 77.0% identified scene safety as the first step, and 78.0% knew the correct chest compression site. Awareness of AEDs was moderate (66.8%), while 71.0% understood that chest compressions alone can sustain life. In total, 81.1% of respondents demonstrated Good to Very Good knowledge, though 19% fell into Fair or Poor categories, revealing critical gaps in practical readiness and confidence. Conclusion: Shimla’s public demonstrates a commendable theoretical understanding of BCLS, but noticeable gaps persist in advanced application,   AED   familiarity  and  response  timing.  Bridging  these gaps through widespread, hands-on training, legal reassurance, and integration of BCLS education into schools, communities, and workplaces is essential to foster a lifesaving culture of action when every second counts.

Background:  Medical  imaging-spanning  ultrasounds, X-rays, CT, MRI and PET scans-is a cornerstone of modern healthcare, enabling accurate diagnosis and monitoring. However, public understanding of these modalities remains limited, often clouded by misconceptions, especially in low-resource and rural settings. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adults in Shimla from October to December 2024. A pre-validated questionnaire assessed participants' knowledge of imaging technologies through 20 multiple-choice questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS v26 and knowledge levels were categorized as Very Good, Good, Fair, or Poor. Results: Of the respondents, 39.5% demonstrated Very Good knowledge and 40.5% showed Good knowledge, while 15.3% had Fair and 4.8% Poor knowledge. High awareness was noted for ultrasound in pregnancy (82.0%) and X-ray use for fractures (82.3%). However, only 66.8% recognized PET scans for brain function and 68.5% understood MRI’s safety in pregnancy. Rural residents and those with lower education levels showed more significant knowledge gaps. Conclusion: While overall awareness of common imaging modalities is encouraging, critical gaps persist regarding advanced imaging techniques, safety and procedural understanding. Addressing these through targeted, culturally relevant educational efforts and better provider-patient communication is vital for informed consent and improved diagnostic engagement.
 

Background: Dry Eye Syndrome (DES) is a prevalent yet underrecognized ocular condition marked by insufficient tear production or poor tear quality, causing discomfort and visual disturbances. Despite its increasing incidence, public awareness remains limited, contributing to delayed diagnosis and inappropriate management. This study assessed DES-related knowledge, awareness and misconceptions among residents of Himachal Pradesh, India and explored demographic factors influencing awareness levels. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adults across Himachal Pradesh from October to December 2024. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographics, DES knowledge and healthcare-seeking behavior. Responses were categorized into four knowledge levels: Very Good (≥80%), Good (60%-79%), Fair (41%-59%) and Poor (<40%). Statistical analysis identified associations between demographics and knowledge scores. Results: Participants exhibited fair overall awareness, with 38.5% achieving "Very Good" knowledge and 39.0% scoring "Good." While 81.5% correctly identified DES as a tear deficiency disorder and 86.8% recognized its chronic nature, misconceptions were common. Only 66.5% identified a gritty eye sensation as a symptom and 65.8% linked low humidity to symptom worsening. Awareness gaps were more prominent in rural populations (59% of participants) and those with lower education levels. Conclusion: Despite satisfactory overall awareness, significant gaps persist in recognizing symptoms, preventive measures and complications of DES. Targeted educational interventions and improved rural healthcare outreach are crucial to enhancing public understanding, promoting timely care and reducing preventable ocular complications.
 

This study investigated the relationship between CXCR4 and CXCL12 gene polymorphisms and the risk of breast cancer in a sample of Iraqi women. The CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays a vital role in cancer progression and metastasis, making it a key focus in breast cancer research. The study analyzed CXCL12 rs1801157 and CXCR4 rs2228014 polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). However, technical difficulties arose during the analysis of CXCR4 rs2228014 due to the inefficiency of the restriction enzyme used, necessitating DNA sequencing for accurate results. The findings showed no significant association between rs1801157 (CXCL12) polymorphism and breast cancer risk. While some previous studies suggest that the G allele may increase susceptibility to breast cancer in certain populations, this was not confirmed in the Iraqi sample. The role of rs2228014 (CXCR4) polymorphism remains unclear due to analytical limitations. Despite these results, the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis remains a critical target for future research. Further large-scale studies with advanced genetic analysis techniques are necessary to validate these findings. Additionally, exploring gene expression levels and the functional impact of these polymorphisms could offer deeper insights into their role in breast cancer initiation and progression. Given the involvement of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in tumor cell migration and metastasis, studying its potential as a therapeutic target could contribute to new treatment strategies.