Background: Pediatric infectious diseases significantly impact child morbidity and mortality in developing regions, including Himachal Pradesh. Effective prevention relies on public awareness of vaccination, hygiene practices, and early symptom recognition. Limited healthcare access and educational disparities in this region can hinder disease prevention efforts, underscoring the need to assess public knowledge to identify gaps that may impede effective intervention.Materials& Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2024, with 400 adult participants from Himachal Pradesh. Data were collected via an online structured questionnaire distributed across social media platforms. The questionnaire included socio-demographic details and 20 questions on pediatric infectious diseases, preventive practices, and vaccination awareness. Scores were categorized as Very Good (>80%), Good (60-79%), Fair (41-59%), and Poor (<40%). Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software.Results: Findings revealed a foundational understanding of general symptoms and hygiene practices, but gaps remained in knowledge of specific diseases and vaccine functions. While 57% could identify common viral symptoms, only 46% recognized a high-pitched cough as a sign of whooping cough. Handwashing was recognized as an essential preventive measure by 59.5% of respondents, though only 48% associated it with respiratory infection prevention. Regarding vaccination, 67.5% understood the importance of routine schedules, but only 49.5% identified the BCG vaccine’s role in tuberculosis prevention. Knowledge scores showed that 25% of participants demonstrated Very Good awareness, while 34% scored Good, 28% Fair, and 13% Poor, highlighting opportunities for targeted health education.Conclusion: Residents generally showed foundational knowledge of pediatric infectious diseases, yet specific gaps remained, particularly in recognizing symptoms, vaccine functions, and varied hygiene practices. Targeted community-centered education could bridge these gaps, empowering caregivers to support effective early intervention and disease prevention, ultimately improving pediatric health outcomes in Himachal Pradesh.

Background: Otitis externa (OE), commonly referred to as "swimmer's ear," is an inflammation of the external auditory canal, primarily caused by bacterial infections. It is associated with risk factors such as swimming, mechanical trauma, and underlying dermatological conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical presentation, risk factors, microbiological profile, and treatment outcomes of OE. Methods: This study was conducted over one year (June 2023 to May 2024), involving 126 patients diagnosed with OE. A detailed clinical assessment was performed, including demographic details, symptom presentation, risk factors, otoscopic examination, and microbiological analysis of ear swabs. Treatment outcomes were assessed at Day 7, Day 14, and 1 Month. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests and logistic regression, with p-values <0.05 considered significant.Results: The mean age of patients was 34.2 ± 12.6 years, with 58.7% being males. The most common symptoms were ear pain (94.4%), pruritus (82.5%), and ear discharge (70.6%). The primary risk factors included swimming (48.4%), use of earphones/cotton buds (46.8%), and recent upper respiratory infections (35.7%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.1%) was the predominant bacterial isolate, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (28.6%). Treatment with topical antibiotic-steroid ear drops showed significant improvement (p < 0.0001), with 87.3% of patients achieving complete resolution within one month. Recurrence was observed in 9.5% of patients, with swimming and earphone use significantly associated with recurrence (p = 0.047).Conclusion: This study confirms that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the predominant pathogens in OE, with swimming and mechanical trauma being major risk factors. Topical antibiotic-steroid therapy remains highly effective, with a low recurrence rate when risk factors are minimized. Preventive strategies, including avoiding water exposure and mechanical irritation, are essential for reducing disease burden.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an invasive bacterium that is becoming more and more linked to dangerous infections in hospitalized patients, particularly those who are dependent on life support. A. baumannii has developed resistance to practically every antibacterial agent on the market today, including carbapenems, which were formerly thought to be the best medication for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. Hospitalized individuals are notoriously vulnerable to A. baumannii, which has been known to generate epidemics that have been documented globally. Both the production of antibiotic resistance and virulence characteristics that permit bacterial colonization appear to be necessary for these strains to be able to spread broadly. A. baumannii's ability to produce biofilms seems to be a key element in colonization, particularly of medical equipment. The aim of this article was made for study Fluoroquinolones Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii As Molecular level and another mechanism for drugs resistance . 

Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) presents a significant clinical challenge, with its persistent nature and resistance to standard treatments affecting millions worldwide. This comprehensive review explores the critical role of bacterial biofilms in the pathogenesis of CRS, shedding light on the sophisticated mechanisms through which biofilms confer resistance to antibiotic therapy and evade host immune responses. By delving into the complex life cycle of biofilms-from initial adhesion and growth to the development of a mature, resistant structure-this article elucidates the underlying reasons for the recalcitrance of CRS. It further examines the current methodologies for biofilm detection and analysis, highlighting their advantages and limitations in advancing our understanding of CRS. The interplay between biofilms and CRS not only necessitates a reevaluation of diagnostic criteria but also opens new avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies. This review underscores the importance of integrating biofilm-targeted approaches into the management of CRS, aiming to disrupt biofilm integrity or prevent its formation altogether. Looking ahead, the article advocates for intensified research efforts to develop and refine biofilm-specific therapies, with the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce the healthcare burden of CRS. By embracing a biofilm-centric view of CRS pathogenesis, we pave the way for breakthroughs in treatment strategies that could transform patient care and quality of life.

Background: Hematological disorders encompass a wide array of diseases affecting the blood and its components, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, and the coagulation system. Despite their prevalence and potential health impacts, public awareness and understanding of these disorders remain insufficient, particularly in developing regions. This study aimed to gauge the awareness and knowledge of hematological disorders among the adult population of District Ambala, Haryana, India. Material & Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 2024 to May 2024 in District Ambala, Haryana. The target population included all adults aged 18 and above who had been residents of the district for a minimum of 12 months. A sample size of 400 adults was determined using a 95% confidence level, an estimated knowledge level of 50%, a 5% absolute error margin, and a 5% non-response rate. Data was collected using a pre-tested Google Form questionnaire covering socio-demographic information and 20 structured knowledge-related questions about hematological disorders. The data was analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: The study collected responses from 400 participants, providing a comprehensive overview of their socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge levels regarding hematological disorders. Overall, 74.8% of participants correctly identified what hematological disorders are, while 62.3% recognized common symptoms of anemia. Knowledge about specific conditions like hemophilia, thalassemia, and sickle cell disease was limited, with only 42.3% aware of the symptoms of sickle cell disease. Younger adults (18-29) and those with higher educational attainment demonstrated better knowledge. Males exhibited better knowledge levels than females, and married and employed individuals also had higher knowledge levels.Conclusion: The study reveals significant gaps in the detailed knowledge of specific hematological conditions among the adult population of District Ambala, Haryana. While basic awareness is relatively high, there is a pressing need for targeted educational interventions to address these gaps. Improving public knowledge through culturally sensitive educational programs can lead to better health outcomes and more effective management of hematological disorders.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Disease (PCOD), also known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), is a prevalent endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, and multiple ovarian cysts, leading to complications such as infertility, metabolic disorders, and increased risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to assess the awareness and knowledge of PCOD among women in District Kullu to inform targeted public health initiatives. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 women aged 18 years and above in District Kullu. Participants were selected through online platforms, and data were collected via a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 20 knowledge-based questions covering symptoms, risk factors, prevention, and management of PCOD. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, with results presented in frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed that 75.3% of participants were aware of PCOD, yet significant gaps in knowledge were identified. While 68.0% recognized irregular periods as a symptom, awareness of other symptoms, such as excessive hair growth (59.8%) and acne (62.0%), was lower. Knowledge of risk factors was moderate, with 69.5% recognizing obesity as a risk factor, but fewer participants were aware of the role of stress (60.8%) and family history (57.8%). Preventive knowledge showed that 66.5% knew regular exercise could help prevent PCOD, yet only 58.5% recognized the importance of managing stress. In terms of management, 65.8% were aware that medication could help manage symptoms, but fewer understood the potential need for hormonal therapy (55.5%). Conclusion: While foundational awareness of PCOD exists among women in District Kullu, significant knowledge gaps remain in understanding symptoms, risk factors, and effective prevention and management strategies. Targeted public health interventions, emphasizing a holistic approach to PCOD awareness and management, are crucial. These interventions should be culturally sensitive and focus on empowering women with the knowledge and resources needed to manage their reproductive health, ultimately reducing the burden of PCOD on individuals and the healthcare system in this region.

Background:Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a prevalent and debilitating joint disorder, particularly affecting older adults. Characterized by the gradual breakdown of cartilage, OA leads to pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility, significantly impairing the quality of life. This study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of OA knees among the general public in District Kangra, highlighting gaps in understanding and informing future public health interventions.Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 2024 and May 2024 in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. The study targeted adults aged 18 and above who had been residents of the district for at least 12 months. A sample size of 400 adults was determined using a 95% confidence level, an estimated knowledge level of 50%, a 5% absolute error margin, and a 5% non-response rate. Data were collected via a Google Form questionnaire distributed through online platforms. The questionnaire consisted of 20 structured questions covering socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge regarding OA knees. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software, and results were presented in terms of frequencies and percentages.Results: The study revealed that 79.0% of participants had heard of OA knees, with 72.0% aware that OA could cause joint pain. However, detailed knowledge about the symptoms, causes, prevention, and management of OA knees varied. Only 53.8% of participants recognized that maintaining a healthy weight could help prevent OA, while 47.5% were aware that medications could manage symptoms. The overall knowledge distribution showed that 25.8% demonstrated very good knowledge, 28.8% had good knowledge, 27.3% had fair knowledge, and 18.3% had poor knowledge. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational interventions to improve public understanding of OA knees.Conclusion: This study highlights significant gaps in the knowledge and awareness of OA knees among the general population in District Kangra. Despite basic awareness, there is a clear need for comprehensive educational campaigns that cover the full spectrum of OA symptoms, causes, prevention, and treatment. Strengthening public health initiatives and promoting evidence-based management through community programs and healthcare professionals are crucial for reducing the impact of OA knees on individuals and the healthcare system. 

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder characterized by deficient thyroid hormone production. The cardiovascular system is particularly sensitive to changes in thyroid hormone levels, and hypothyroidism can lead to a variety of cardiac manifestations. These can range from subtle changes in heart function to severe and life-threatening conditions. Objective: This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the cardiac manifestations associated with hypothyroidism, including their pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. Studies and reviews published over the last 20 years were analyzed to provide a detailed overview of the cardiac effects of hypothyroidism. Results: Hypothyroidism can lead to various cardiac manifestations, including bradycardia, increased systemic vascular resistance, reduced cardiac output, and pericardial effusion. Severe hypothyroidism, or myxedema, can precipitate heart failure and exacerbate coronary artery disease. Conclusion: The cardiovascular effects of hypothyroidism are significant and can have serious consequences if not recognized and treated promptly. Regular screening for thyroid function in patients with unexplained cardiac symptoms is crucial for early diagnosis and intervention.