Hormonal gonads such Testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin  as well as dopamine were ply important role in an infertility. High prolactin causes levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) to be suppressed which leads to low testosterone. Prolactin can interfere with the body’s release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH. This can lead to lower levels of LH, in turn lowering the production of testosterone. Testosterone is a naturally occurring sex hormone that is produced in a man's testicles. Small amounts of testosterone are also produced in a woman's ovaries and adrenal system. Testosterone injection is used in men and boys to treat conditions caused by a lack of this hormone, such as delayed puberty or growth Luteinizing hormones are called gonadotropic hormones, which are produced and released by the group of cells of the anterior pituitary gland. It is one of the main hormones that control the reproductive system by controlling the function of female reproductive organs – ovaries and male reproductive organs – testes. 

Women Functions For men, LH is involved in releasing the sex hormone testosterone and aids with the production of sperm.

Dopamine is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. Dopamine constitutes about 80% of the catecholamine content in the brain. Blockade of dopamine D2 receptors by antipsychotic agents can cause an increase in the levels of prolactin. Elevated prolactin levels (or hyperprolactinemia) can lead to irregular menstrual cycles and anovulation by altering levels of estrogen and FSH.

Male Infertility (MI) affects about 11-16% of couples with a desire to have children [5], and represents a major clinical problem that affects married couples both medically and physiologically when they fail to achieve conception even after one year of regular unprotected intercourse[10]. According to World Health   Organization ,   infertility  is the inability of the sexually unprotected, active couple to achieve pregnancy in one year (WHO,2010). The proportion of infertility is about 25% is related to  male factors.

Spermatid nuclear transition protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNP1 gene The transition nuclear proteins (TPs) constitute 90% of the chromatin basic proteins during the steps of spermiogenesis between histone removal and the deposition of the protamin lead to sperm nucleus packages[2] . We first summarize the properties of the two major transition nuclear proteins, TP1 and TP2, Distinct roles for the two TPs in histone displacement, sperm nuclear shaping, chromatin condensation, and maintenance of DNA integrity have been proposed. The mutant sperm showed several unexpected phenotypes, including a high incidence of configurationally defects, such as heads bent back on midpieces, midpieces in hairpin configurations, coils, and clumps, other midpiece defects, reduced levels of proteolytic processing of protamine 2 during maturation, and reduced motility. Infertility causes stress defines as imbalance between reactive hormonal gonads species and gene frequency associated with infertility [5,1]. When the DNA sequence is altered in genes that regulate cell replication, infertilityr can result. [4].

Sample Collection

Data and information on patients with four hormones were obtained from Infertility Center at AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital laboratory for year 2023.The number of patients is 100 patients was collected information on samples collection, age, smoking, work duration, location and family history.

Designing of Primers

Primer for amplification of partial gene sequences of TNP1 gene was designed as according to kit method (DNA extraction kit cat.NO.GS100) and analyzed for their factures using [7].

Table1: The Primers Sequences of Tnp1 Gene Using in Pcr.

Source: Statically analysis using SPSS software [8].

Table 2: Pcr Reaction Mixture to Confirm Tnp1 Gene

Table 3: The Pcr Program for The Amplification of Tnp1 Gene

Confirmation of Tnp1 Gene in Patients

DNA samples blood from healthy men and patients were extracted based on the leaflet attached to kit extraction in manufactured by Gene aid (Korean origin). PCR technique was used to amplify TNP1 gene according to the method of [7]. DNA samples were detected by electrophoresis [7]. The PCR reaction and cycling condition are described in Tables 1 and 2. The PCR product was checked on 1.2% gel and sequences were confirmed.

Distribution of Tnp1 Gene Genotypes Frequency

The results of the current study showed that the highly percentage of gene correlation in infertility men 81% compare with control groups 49% with significant different at (P≤0.05) as show in Table 4.

Correlation Between Transitional Nuclear Protein /1 Frequency And Hormones In Infertile Men                                                                                         

The results of the current gene distributed to both hormones Prolactin and testosterone by infertile men status was the highest rate of gene correlation with hormonal gonads subsequently (41%,31%), prolactin 27%) the lowest percentage LH (21%) the percentage of gene absent was calculated from the total number of exposed patients and the percentage of general main hormones of both groups, respectively, as shown in Table 5.

Spermatogenesis is a process of developing male gametes, known as sperm within the male reproductive organs, the testes. In this process, each sperm haploid, containing a single copy of each chromosome. In order to create the haploid gamete, a cell undergoes the process of meiosis in which the genome is replicated and divided twice to produce four haploid gametes this process generally occurs in the somniferous tubules of the testes following different stages. It is followed by maturation in the Epididymis where they are secreted in the form of semen along with glandular secretions. This process begins during puberty and ends only when the individual dies. The complete process of spermatogenesis in males are carried out by the actions of Leydig cells, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland The quantity of these sperms gradually reduces with the age and finally leads to infertility [3]. Current study show that dopamine hormone is one of the most common infertilit causes which has been influence on human fertility since patients whose (dopamine hormone disturbance), they sever from hyperthermia that lead to temperature body changing via blood collection which effect directly on sperm vitality and movement and this may be effects and prevent fertility,so blockade of dopamine D2 receptors by antipsychotic agents can cause an increase in the levels of prolactin which lead to infertility.    Decreased    sperm count,    decreased   motility of sperm, and an increase in the number of deformed sperm are related to dopamine hormone disturbace,thatlead to constitute,   cause   infertility by raising the temperature in the scrotum      and     decreasing      sperm     production. Dopamine disturbance can cause three main problems: Impaired fertility, decreased testosterone production by the testis, or scrotal discomfort. For this reason, they are not usually treated unless there is reason for concern about one of these problems.

Table 4: Comparison Between Patients and Control Gene Deletion 

OR =Odds Ratio and 95%CI = Confidence Interval. *= significant.

Table 5: Correlation Between Transitional Nuclear Protein /1 Frequency and Hormones in Infertile Men

Figure1: Electrophoresis of Pcr –Products of Tnp1 Gene on Agarose Gel at Concentration of 2%

Figure 2: Electrophoresis of Pcr-Rflp Products on Agarose Gel at Concentration of 2%

The statistically analyses of results show that there is significant difference (correlation) between the mutant and general main hormones influence. These results indicated that there is correlation between frequency of TNP1 and general hormones causes of people which is increasing due to population growth, Hormonal imbalances occur when there is too much or too little of a hormone in the bloodstream. Because of their essential role in the body, even slight hormonal imbalances can cause side effects throughout the body. Hormones are chemicals produced by glands in the endocrine system Unexplained infertility is when standard infertility testing has not found a cause for a couple's or a woman's inability to get pregnant. 

LH stimulates testosterone production from the interstitial cells of the testes, Luteinising hormones are called gonadotropic hormones, which are produced and released by the group of cells of the anterior pituitary gland. It is one of the main hormones that control the reproductive system by controlling the function of female reproductive organs – ovaries and male reproductive organs – testes.    In males, the luteinizing hormone triggers the production and secretion of hormones known as androgens from the testes. Along with the secretion of androgens and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), this hormone also controls spermatogenesis, Disorders of the Luteinizing hormone. High levels of LH in men are a sign of a problem with the testicles. Low levels of LH result in disorder with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus the hormonal level usually varies with age

Testosterone plays a role in fertility. Here are some ways in which testosterone affects fertility: In people whose testosterone levels are in the normal range, a single ejaculation can contain more than 15 million sperm per milliliter. If your testosterone levels are low, your sperm count may also be low, which decreases your chances of conception

Testosterone is vital for a healthy sperm count. Your brain makes special hormones, called gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH), which signal the testes to make more testosterone. High levels of testosterone can lead to problems with sperm production and may cause infertility. Male hormones, also called androgens, help drive the development of follicles structures that contain and ultimately release an egg that can be fertilized by a man’s sperm. The research also details how male hormones boost the production of follicles in mice.

Prolactin is a hormone that can affect male fertility by reducing the production and quality of testosterone and sperm. High levels of prolactin can also interfere with the release of other hormones from the pituitary gland, such as FSH and LH, which are involved in reproduction. Prolactin can cause erectile dysfunction, low sex drive, and hypopituitarism in men In some cases, high prolactin levels can lead to infertility, but this is rare3 dopamine is involved in the regulation of LH secretion in mammals.

According to these results, We concluded that the hormonal gonads are highly effect on TP1 gene processing that is essential for histone displacement or chromatin condensation. The absence of TP1 may partially be compensated for by TP2 and P2 precursor, but this dysregulation of nucleoprotein replacement results in an abnormal pattern of chromatin condensation and in reduced an in- fertility. Risk factors such as hormones disturbance is highly effects on TNP1 gene deletion, It was founded highest percentage in (Dopamine hormone) patients more than others hormones. 

Acknowledgment

Acknowledge the facilities at Al-Hussein hospital teaching infertility unite laboratory.

Authors’ Contributions

TO designed experiments, TO conducted experiments, HF and TO interpreted data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Funding

Self.

Confelects of Interests 

No financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work.

Ethical Clearance 

Not required.

Data Avilibility 

All data supporting this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

Publisher Note 

This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation.

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