The overall aim of logistics is getting amount of goods in their right and expected quality and distributed adequately in time to the people concerned. To plan for the design, procuring, transporting, storage of relief inventory, distributing and the end point aim of satisfying the beneficiaries who in this regard are the internally displaced persons (IDPs) [1] is what is conceptualized as logistics in humanitarian affairs of people who were displaced from their initial areas of settlement because of natural and unnatural happenings [2,3]. However, to the current outcry from practical and literary observations is that most times, there is no sure carriage capacity by the government as the number one official donor to the alleviation of such situations and there is also perceived nonchalance from other actors in the society to the arrest of disaster circumstances thus calling for logistics in humanitarian aid situations to resume it proper place [4,5]

Circumstances relative to distributing relief materials to persons affected were before now largely unstable and unpredictable, ill-equipped and non-specializations were observed in logistics and processes thereof and as a result of this; before a natural disaster occurs, the forecast of demand and the plan associated has recorded difficulty within its procedures that is why circumstances relative to distributing relief materials to persons affected have been ineffectively handled. Thus, Whybark [6] acclaimed that logistics in offering materials of relief often is in proposition of great prospective for enhancements. To this end, authors have noted slight differences in inventory storage in business establishments and stocking for attendant disaster in their outlined chain procedures of acquiring, stocking and storing as well as distributing of the materials to anticipated users [6,7].

Expertise in technology is another aspect that aid efficiency in the process, because in the technological concern; data to be collected on the state of affairs having occurred, use of data in situation diagnosis, analysis of such data and their utilization to implement in order to facilitate the process; in all of these, the ill equipped process tells that the logistics have  been  handicapped  by those technical lapses; because the information are not easily laid hands on, more harm is bound to be recorded seen in the loss of lives and inability to save such situation [8].

However, with more sophisticated equipment in technology, a network of resources to be deployed could be immediately integrated when harnessed, but when these requisite afore preparations are not put in place, there will be hiccups in the channel thus labeling the entire logistics effort deficient [9].

For efficiency and more performing result to be recorded, there is need for a shift from the harrow view to a more comprehensive view integrating solutions that are specific to the customer and specific to service relatedness thus requiring competencies that are cross-functional and multi-skills which spans across adequacy in concerns such as finance, account management, technical design, communicating and project management skills.

Apart from the known (narrow views) views which look narrowly the processes involved with the focus on goods or relief stocks and their attendant distribution to persons concerned, Vega and Roussat [10] views it from the service angle as well as Bealt et al. [11] to counter the long upheld knowledge that relief products are mere goods consumable and which are valued while they last; therefore overlooking the immaterial and material components of these goods stress their satisfying ability on those for which they were provided (the beneficiaries – IDPs).

Similarly, one of the fundamental loopholes exposed from literary studies on humanitarian logistics is the service loop; many times, all the concern is about how the products get dispatched to displaced individuals and not really incorporating the service quotient into the overall process of aiding the affected. Because of this – the inadequacy exposed of the service capabilities and the culture of service, the logistics associated with the humanitarian concern is now addressed to achieve better outcomes in the process. Accordingly, McCoy and Brandeau [7] in their inquiry engaged in deliberation on the level of stock to be effectively maintained, costs on warehousing and service agents to ensure apt response to the needs of the benefactors of such aids; their intense focus was on promoting factors of efficiency alongside other requisite steps to addressing disastrous occurrences on the helpless populace [12].

Thus, building the needed capacity locally and adopting local supplies as well as acquiring humanitarian resources help is needful to support and hearten the regional economy positively [5,13,14]. It was observed that when this is done; speed in delivery will be increased as well as cost-effectiveness associated in humanitarian operations [4,15]. Additionally, when goods produced locally are used compared to those sourced abroad; there is a positive tendency of reduced transport emissions being elicited to be connected to the logistics processes.

Statement of the Problem

Nobody prays for wars or natural disasters but in human existence and co-existence, some of these incrustations befall humanity and when these happen, truth is some innocent ones are left to bear the grief of the unplanned for and the uncertain situation, the helpless populace of women and children are left homeless, uncared for and at the grip of hunger, diseases, suffering and death.

Some sources of these situations in time past, part were reported from wars – in the Nigerian Biafra war between 1967-1970, communal clash and communal violence, the recent case of the Fulani herdsmen and bandits (unknown gun men) and their operation have again shifted thousands of people to the point where if there is no attendant help rendered many will die and lose all they have ever labored for in life.

Coming to the aid of this large chunk of populace is why we in this study seek to deploy logistics management to explore how these people are fared for and how such situations are planned for before they occur and the resultant effect on the general wellbeing of the nation’s citizens at large; and no doubt the replica effect on the economy as a whole.

It is obvious from the foregoing that providing essential commodities for this huge number of displaced persons within a very short time could be very challenging as a result there is a need for research into possible ways of addressing the problems. 

For these internally displaced persons (IDPs) to receive commodities meant for their aid; such items of relief witness delay in their distribution and delivery this is what was reported from extant investigations in this regard.

To emphasize the gap perceived in the ill equipped technological base often deployed for these services; for these aid materials to be moved from the point of donors to the helpless recipients; a poor system of clearly ensuring its success has been detected; although in most cases; the delay is endured with, however, getting to the consumption, ill coordinated system is the order of the day as far as the distribution is concerned. To this end, this research endeavor exposes this poverty associated with non-sustainable response plans on disaster situations as well as untimeliness in distributing commodity supply to the persons affected. All of these were the spurring of the researchers to conduct this study.

Humanitarian logistics

That subdivision which is special to responding strategically to the supplies and services critical with assignments related to upsurges in demand, supply uncertainties, poor infrastructural facilities needed to be addressable over these situations and the vast size and scope of operational frameworks in the attendance of disastrous occurrences that often befall humanity from natural and unnatural sources; this explanation is as posited by Altay et al. [16] to delineate humanitarian logistics.

Similarly, the processes involved or undertaken for the managing effectively, planning, acquiring, transporting and stocking of materials and goods as well as items of relief, strategically reaching the consumption points from the place of donation/supplies is what is conceptualized as logistics in humanitarian aid operations; this is done in a way deemed cost effective to attend to benefactors of such relief deliveries; this was the proposition from Balcik [17].

Activities core to manage the plan process, implementation, control efficiency, flowing cost effectively from the donors down to the beneficiaries, goods and materials storing, information management relative to its generating, process adequacy and utilizing to the aid of the affected from occurrences of disaster [18,19]. The purpose of this is to lessen if not alleviate completely the misery spanning across hunger, exposure to diseases and infectious illnesses, suffering and eventual death of these large chunk exposed to such disastrous conditions – when all these factors are brought into one locus, Balcik et al. [17] terms them into humanitarian logistics.

Mobilizing resources intended to solve certain needs for better livelihood for citizens and people of such concerns, either by the way of the normal market laws of demand and supply or by way of assisting the less privileged; this chain process is what delineates logistics because the process is monitored from inception to consumption point [20]. However, logistics for humanitarian aid programs read similar line but different focus because its systems and processes mobilizes people, relief resources, knowledge and skill deployed to rescue persons vulnerable from attacks of nature (natural) or unnatural situations of disaster; this was the assertion of Chakravarty [21].

That is why the concept is replicated in the logistics of commercial processes; although, diversion of focus and locus of concern tends to play out in that minimization of cost in the entire chain of supply of such materials but for logistics concerned on humanitarian aid; the main focus is suffering endured by the affected must be attended to a point of alleviation without sparing indispensible resources – from all agencies of such relief endeavor [20].

Organizations of humanitarian aids such as Medicines Sans Frontier (MSF) and World Food Program (WFP) posits in the agreement that logistics in humanitarian aid operations delineates the entire planning process, implementation, efficient control, cost effective flow, material/goods stocking, information generating and sharing; these processes move serially with surveillance to attending to the beneficiaries with the relief items having been provided by donors.

Thomas [22] asserted that every response to disaster must contain disaster-specific characteristics to be responsive relevant because Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) explained an occurrence to be disastrous when such events causes up to 100 deaths, up to human injuries recorded 100 and what were worth at least USD 1 million damages. To this end, efforts towards disaster relief have been with mankind from history Dunant, H. ascribed aids on humanitarian concern to the roots of World War 1 which birthed the inception of the movement – Red Cross Association (RCA); thereat, soldiers who were wounded in the cause of the war. To this end, logistics on humanitarian concerns is not a thing of today; it has been, although, not extensively used but the practice has aged long.

Relief operations have long incorporated the practice of the concept although having late recognition in the field of research – that is why its phenomenon has been judged of lack in operational knowledge although it has been central to mission fulfillment; however, know-how outlay and techniques and methods in communicating has been insufficiently supplied over these years for example mathematical modeling [23]. Additionally, there was a deficiency of experts in humanitarian logistics, so internal processes of supply chain were largely labor-intensive, there was poor assessment and planning, and inadequate collaboration and coordination [22].

Because of this, even in response to humanitarian aid programs, the gap of poor/non-professionalism has absented its agents from the core activity of planning its programs. The replica effect out cried by Thomas and Mizushima [22] is the lack of/non-incorporation of the voice of her logisticians – keeping the function of logistics in this regard inaccessible from supports – financial, reaction to emergency, technology and management of information thus, inefficiency and ineffective operations become the resultant effect from the sub-optimizations perceived in its systems.

Some papers have through various angles investigated network of supply and presenting organizations in its single view, stakeholder relationships and their collaborative as well as coordinative nature, activities, processes and their optimization and standardization thereof and found the benefits enormously attached to partnerships by relating networks with multi-supplier and facility layout and how that aid agencies can benefit from these frameworks other than working independently – this is as was observed by Kovács and Spens [13].

Whenever disastrous situations occur, impulse demand insurgence occurs and when aligned with the devastated structure of equipment, factors from the environment and their bewildering effects tend to hamper and compress resources harmonization to effectively deliver to the end users who are the benefactors (15,25,26]. However, it has been observed and posited to be necessitated – competent communication system through a layout of multi-facility and supplier frameworks – so that actions adequately fitting can be put up to attend to the situations that come up instantaneously [27]; thus transmitting the under supplied information needed to rescue the persons in need, this posited authors in research Tomasini and Van Wassenhove [26] and stated that the situation has called for the clearing off of inefficiencies associated with the supply chain by incorporating the agencies of development and humanitarian aid groups in the resources they use thereby leveraging efficiency in the entire process.

To retort to disasters adequately, more operative supply chain is viewed by authors to postulate an integration of intellectual capital from academicians, humanitarian and business merchants so that relief obligations are accomplished [7,28,26].

Furthermore, by consorting to alliances deemed strategic, humanitarian and private sectors in emergent operations of relief have tendency of creating cross learning prospective for example in alliances such as International Alliance against Hunger (IAAH) as Kovács and Spens [4] posited. They equally noted that relief activities in the short term as well as developments with long term perspective could still associate coalitions as a result of transference of strong knowledge and collaborating closely with specialties in fields although dissimilar but specialized in categories of commodity and operation.

Nonetheless, harmonizing and standardizing activities in the line of humanitarian logistics are viewed still as perplexing; the Kosovo conflict in 1999 is what Kondaj [29] applied this dilemma to; where different stakeholders in a given management group of emergency were cooperatively interlinked so that illnesses, diseases hosting refugees, their wellbeing thereof, were adequately coped with and in furtherance of its successful implementation fill the gap often created between normal development and activities of emergency and be speedy at making affected individuals return to their normalcy – this was Kondaj [29] proposition among many other researchers.

Resilience in supply network in addition to strong stakeholder relationships is an evident outcome of a well-functioning harmonization and collaboration.

By employing progressions unvaried in manner and planning for supply chain pre-scripted across all organization of humanitarian aid logistics, this can further lead to harmonizing or collaboration reinforcement.

Kovács and Spens opined that added topics such as modularizing and calibrating of packaging and products have not attracted the focus of researchers so far; however, patterns of homogeneity are recently fashioned to accelerate sharing of information with and across all actors in the chain of supply system.

Supplemental indicators have been established by authors Jahre and Jensen [30] for efficiency illumination matching response to disaster in flexibility on their undertaking for inter-cluster synchronization from supply chain networks.

Diverse functions in their various groupings of water and sanitation, logistics, shelter, all these groups focus on needs of beneficiaries through functional coordination besides the standardization in various aspects – The United Nations Office (UN) of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) as it relates to affairs of humanitarian coordination from the office opined the need for authorities and organizations of humanitarian aid affairs to be in collaboration in their designated local and global leadership operations so that the capability efficiency will be perceived as healthy as much as it concerns speedy response to emergency situations [31]. They added that coordinating the field level operations strategically and enhancement of speedy answer will be ultimately derivable from such collaborations.

Suggestions keep coming in from authors in various concerns of research about making decisions in this regard and adequate structure to assume, supportive tools potential, processes of demand and supply, necessary and requisite materials and factors that account for success in operation of relief regarding disastrous circumstances - it was in their opinion that all these factors are critically examined to elicit best practices in their entire system. To this end, directives must be in clarity, and should be defined appropriately too; policy initiation should not go without apposite funding to ensure wide spaced attention at global, national and local levels to the intent of improving collaboratively all stakeholders’ impact to the relief of affected persons and adequate monitoring in the movement of migration.

Adapted supply chain simulation model for IDPs

The process of getting a simulation model consists of a few steps. This is hereby presented a simulation modeling approach according to Persson and Olhager’s framework (Figure 1).

Fairness in Relief Distribution: A model for its Logistics

After a disastrous occurrence say an earthquake; in order to quickly respond center of distribution must be properly stated from the beginning to represent each node of demand.

The subsequent propositions are put forward: (1) stage of earthquake occurrence – aftermath in the early stage; there is perceived relief material shortage; (2) Helicopter will be used in an Island case to deliver material items of relief; otherwise vehicle becomes the delivery medium (3) Nodes of large demand – common delivery and delivering directly involves simultaneously strategizing to achieve it [32]; (4) several times nodes of demand can be served; and (5) Ill-equipment and distribution in the quality of relief items; after the whole thing, the template used returns the same center of distribution from the afore center of distribution. How to fairly distribute relief and allocate fairly is the central focus of this decision problem.

Sets and Parameters

• B {b\b = 1, 2, ..., \B\} = set of candidate distribution centers;

• BQ_b = amount of relief that distribution centers b can provide

• V {r\r = 1, 2, ..., \V\} = set of vehicles

• VQr = load capacity of vehicle r, where VQmin is the smallest load capacity of vehicle

• VS_r = speed of vehicle r

• H{k\k = 1, 2, ..., \H\} = set of helicopters

• HQ_k = load capacity of helicopter k, where HQmin is the smallest load capacity of helicopter

• HS_k = speed of helicopter k

• s_i = amount of relief needed by demand node i

• d_i = actual amount of relief allocated to node i based on the standards of fairness, d_i ≤ s_i

• BC {f\f = 1, 2, ..., \BC\} = set of large demand nodes in which the actual amount of allocated relief exceeds VQ_min or HQ_min

• SC{m\m\m = 1, 2, ..., \SC\} = set of small demand nodes in which the actual amount of allocated relief is less than VQmin or HQmin and the virtual demand nodes generated from large demand nodes by the segmentation strategy

Figure 1: Persson and Olhager’s framework

• C{c\c = 1, 2, ..., \BC\ + \SC\} = set of all demand nodes, C = BCUSC

• N = BUC = set of all nodes in the emergency logistics network, i, j є N

• η_ij є {0, 1} = 1 if the road between node i and node j is connected and 0 otherwise

• q_ij = distance between node i and node j

• ϑ_ij = maximum allowable speed of the vehicle between node i and node j

• VT_ir = time that vehicle r arrives at node i; if i є B, VT_ir = 0

• VT_ijr = time that vehicle r arrives at node j from node i, VT_ijr = q_ij / min (ϑ_ij,VS_r)

• HT_ik = time that helicopter k arrives at node i; if i є B, HT_ik = 0

• HT_ijk = time that helicopter k arrives at node j from node i, HT_ijk = q_ij/HS_k

• T = time limit of relief distribution

• Decision variables

• y_b = 1 if the candidate distribution center b(b є B) is opened and 0 otherwise

• β_bi = 1 if the node i( i є C) is allocated to b(b є B) and 0 otherwise

• e_ijkb = 1 if helicopter k of distribution center b flies to node j( j є C) from node i(i є C) and 0 otherwise

• 'ijrb = 1, if vehicle r of distribution center b travels to node j( j 2 C) from node i(i 2 C) and 0 otherwise

Fairness in Relief Distribution: A model for its Logistics

Du [33] suggests that for fairness to play out that distributing and allocating items for beneficiaries who sustained disastrous events should be based on efficiency in equity. The ratio of satisfaction to dissatisfaction on utility function that was observed to be harmful was out cried by Xue and Feng [34] and carefully they enumerated how shortage in relief materials can be caused by allocation of relief materials in fairness.

Nash equilibrium in game theory states that a competitor by not deviating from his initial strategy can still have his postulated outcomes achieved – this was the position of Du et al. [35] in their report that for relief items to be distributed fairly, then the adoption of that theorem becomes germane.

Having observed severity in disaster and nodes of demand in their defenselessness when discontented is the node of demand an orientation with people focus and attitude is suggested for deployment so as to reduce losses in each node because $i is defined as demand node loss.

At all nodes, relief allocation in its totality is denoted by (d) expressing dissatisfaction in demand; this then reports disaster as rigorous – which is conveyed in disaster categorization, impairment degree witnessed and intensity of earthquake and (i) connotes node of demand vulnerability for (I) in unfulfilled demand which is from a resultant effect of thoughtfulness in bearing disaster effects, decreasing damages from disaster the capacity thereof, disaster degree, composition of personnel equipped to attend adequately to the situations and disaster location [32].

It is observed from this study that although there is similar link between logistics in commerce and industrial purpose and humanitarian aid logistics however expertise in the former may not gender effectively in the later because of other factors often incorporated in logistics concerned with humanitarian aid programs as mentioned in the study; the need to properly manage IDPs in Nigeria and Cameroon cannot be overemphasized inasmuch as improper management of the group may make the countries prone to violent conflicts and other several complexities such as epidemics. However, the management of IDPs cannot be left in the hands of any one individual or group. It appears that collaboration is the name of the game.

Two basic yardsticks come into play when determining the overall success of IDPs. The first is the provision of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal displacement while the second is reintegration of IDPs.

Recommendations

• The Nigerian government should fight corruption and ensure a direct link between the management agencies and the IDPs. The role of intermediary played by government agencies such as NEMA and SEMA should be discouraged, and in fact, discontinued

• It is requisite to incorporate in research efforts efficiency in development of aid programs and relief of disastrous circumstance as it concerns adequate templates in logistics to curb/alleviate the negative effects of loopholes experienced in the resource sharing and usage efficiency because these things are effects from uncertainties associated with such events and improper planning with it as well as ill-wealth of finance provided for the attendant arrest

• Thirdly, in vulnerable regions, local expertise is expedient to put in place through training programs even among refugees so that initial response will be provided through these mechanisms; processes of logistics in the local forum should also be optimized and reinforced as much as the provision is from the private sector; this way, practices churned out from those innovative endeavors and tested and adequately implemented

• Future research exercises in public health should incorporate refugees’ wellbeing and focus should be on mortality rate reduction in areas prone to disaster – thus, treatment on health of the affected through effective approach in the supply chain should be cultivated to handle issues of such concern for example, vaccinations at large scales and supply of water and other basic necessities to promote the wellbeing of the vulnerable persons

• Thus, every beneficiary should be treated fairly, refugee camp operations should be preserved and a resilient network of supply should be built and the overall wellbeing of every citizen should be borne at heart to give rise to a stable and a healthy nation and economy

   

Finally, to witness proficiency in logistics of humanitarian aid programs, will not be independent or in isolation of approaches practical successes emulated from disciplines that deploy logistics in their operations like the commercial and industrial sectors.

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