Mundhum is knowledge. Kirat's Mundhum is comparable to the Hindu Vedas. Some even consider it folklore. The culture of Kirat was formed by combining Mundhum's wisdom and philosophy with faith. Tungdunge Mundhum is the story of Kirat Samba's ancestral relationship, empowerment, and travel details. Tungdunge used to be their ancestral deity to be worshipped every three years. Kirat Limbu is an indigenous group living in Eastern Nepal, India, Bhutan, and abroad. Different surnames identify them, and one of them is Samba Phyang. The study attempted to examine facts to connect the epic and genealogy. This research investigated the historical, archaeological, and biological context. King Kokaha-Baraha used to be considered a god in history and genealogy. Tungdunge was the youngest son of King Kokaha-Baraha in Koshi Baraha region. He belonged to the Sen dynasty. His journey described in the myth began from Koshi-Baraha to the Mewa Khola in the 17th century. In the Socio-biological approach, the gene directs the path to kinship. He had travelled to Mewa Khola searching for his brother, and Samba welcomed him. This Mundhum attests to the Sen and Samba families' ties. It was a historical case of Eastern Nepal similar to the socio-biological model explained. The Shreng and Samba lineages arose from the Sen dynasty, according to history and mundhum. As a result, the Sen dynasty is the forefather of Samba families, including Phyang.

People often visit and revisit the success story of an institution with good organizational climate. The environment of an institution is frequently reminisced by the culture it promotes. The organizational climate of such successful institution alludes to the members' perceptions of a set of attributes that exist within an organization. The organizational atmosphere reflects how employees feel about working there; the ‘perceptions’. A leader must establish a pleasant corporate atmosphere in order to heighten the morals and values of employees that assures ease and flawless continuation of their working habits. This research paper is a critical examination of the role institutional climate play in order to establish a value and is geared toward explaining and detecting patterns in various studies and approaches used to investigate school climate and student outcomes.

The international recognition of airspace as part of state sovereignty provides strong legitimacy for Indonesia to fully and exclusively regulate its air space. Unfortunately, this has not been done optimally by Indonesia, which can be seen from the lack of adequate facilities, infrastructure and human resources that affect the ability to maintain national airspace sovereignty. Even though the regulation regarding regional borders has been clearly regulated through the 1944 Chicago Convention. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze efforts to strengthen airspace sovereignty that can be done by Indonesia in order to maintain the sovereignty of the Indonesian state. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach by collecting secondary data sources through literature study. From the review conducted, it was found that the efforts that can be made by the Indonesian government to strengthen the sovereignty of the airspace of the Indonesian state are by optimizing aspects of the universal defense system in accordance with Law no. 3 of 2002, which was then followed by a strategy of strengthening airspace sovereignty in the form of improving and optimizing the resources owned.

The importance of English writing for second language learners cannot be overstated. However, improving results in English classes and helping students improve their writing skills remain a difficult challenge for English teachers. For the first time, the author of this essay tries to give definitions of the process approach to writing, compare the product approach to teaching writing with the process approach, and then make recommendations about the fundamental principles of teaching writing with the application of the process approach, all based on their experimental research. The author uses this understanding of the process approach to writing to focus on a discussion of two classroom teaching models, namely teaching models with minimal and maximal control for different levels of English proficiency. In an experiment, the participants' writing skills improved significantly.

This study is based on prayer as a mentoring tool for spiritual growth in the Nakuru South Seventh-Day Adventist church. It is based on mixed methods of research design. It utilizes both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. The findings on this study indicated that prayer is a fundamental aspect of a believer’s spiritual growth. Living a prayerful life is a sign that one has an existing relationship with God and vice versa. As God responds to the prayers, believers in turn are motivated. In conclusion, there was a general agreement of prayer as a mentoring tool with an overall mean score of 4.093. The study recommended that the clergy and church leadership needs to encourage, train, educate and instruct believers daily and regularly on prayer even in their homes. Furthermore the church should form small prayer groups for purposes of praying together hence this will nurture and mentor members more than in a large group.

The study explored the link of sectoral public spending to development outcomes with the interaction of governance using panel data from nine countries of the ASEAN economic community from 1995 to 2013. Using path analysis, result shows that the total effect of sectoral public spending such as health, and investment spending to human development index is significant but negative and the direct effect of education spending to HDI is having a positive but non-significant path. These imply that sectoral spending does not directly effect to development outcome. Meanwhile, the direct effect paths from the education and investment spending to governance are positive and significant. These show that the interaction of governance result to positive and significant outcome such that increase in unit of governance result to increase in sectoral spending. Therefore, better governance performance is essential to translate spending to positive development outcome.

The study basically assessed the role of international donor agencies and election supports in Nigeria between 1999-2015.Anchored on Poliarchy theory of international democracy and democratization as advanced by Dahl and expanded by William as it theoretical underpinning, the study utilized both primary and secondary sources of data to generate relevant information which aided the compilation of this study. In effect, findings revealed that USAID and multilateral donors like the EC have primarily supported the installation of the Euro-American version of liberal democracy, expressed overtly as support for rule of law, individual freedom and civil liberty, and free, fair and credible elections. Again and again, it was discovered that USAID played a significant role in the electoral support but to a lesser extent, they are yet to achieve their objectives as most of the informants responded negatively in terms of the needful of what USAID need to do to influence election and democratic governance in Nigeria. Based on this, the study recommends amongst others; that USAID should monitor the implementation and effective use of the electoral supports provided to avoid fungibility. Political parties should also be trained to be ideological based and principle inclined instead of just capturing power for personal benefit. This, will no doubt enable for proper monitoring, implementation and effective utilization of supports from donors agencies henceforth.

Nigeria has been portrayed in bad light due to its unimpressive image and reputation as a corrupt and mismanaged economy often blamed on bad governance and poor leadership particularly in the management of the Niger-Delta crisis. The research basically examines the myths and realities of Niger Delta Crisis and its impact on Nigeria’s foreign image in the fourth republic. Rentier state theory was used as theoretical framework. Mixed research design was employed while data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The sample size of 400 was determined using Rakesh statistical formula from the target population of 1,380. Four hundred (400) questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. However, three hundred and fifty (387) questionnaire were filled and retrieved. Thus 387 out of the 400 questionnaire were used to analyze the data. The responses from the questionnaires were presented according to the objectives using, frequency table (frequency, count and percentage). Findings from the study reveals that Nigeria since inception as a federation has been a fragile and weak nation, Nigerian foreign image reputation has been greatly affected by some internal factors that have made the country not to secure a remarkable influence and respect in sub-regional, regional and global diplomatic relationship despite its wealth and commitment in assisting other countries, the weakness of the Nigerian state arises primarily from the incapacity of the state to deliver essential and basic needs to its citizens and the Nigerian state is a victim of high level corruption and bad governance, political instability, ethnic and religious conflicts among others. These challenges have clogged up the route to sustainable development, tarnished Nigeria’s image and caused the diminishment of Nigeria’s prominence both at home and abroad. The study strongly recommends that the country should accept external third party support for mediating and coordinating the peace process, as this appears to be the only basis on which negotiations with the militants can be effectively conducted. External support of the United Nations is particularly needed here, as this will guarantee a holistic approach to the problem.

This paper explains that one of the theories in Sun Tzu's art of war can be applied in various aspects of life related to solving problems or conflicts through peace. In this paper, the theory of the “sheathed sword” as the highest skill will be juxtaposed with free and active politics related to the pattern used in world peace efforts. The principle of free and active in Sun Tzu's art of war is described as the collaboration of two reliable ways to acquire a supreme skill. This paper will also describe how Sun Tzu's art of war becomes a reference for various aspects of conflict resolution and how free and active politics sees it as an art of "war" with the highest skill.

:This study broadly investigated the impact of government expenditure on manufacturing output in West African countries. The data for this study spanning from the period of 1986 to 2020 and the data were sourced from the Central Banks of various countries involved in the study as well the World Bank Development Indicator. The study utilized econometric technique of ARDL Panel Model to explore the relationship between government expenditure and manufacturing production in six selected ECOWAS countries of Benin Republic, Ghana, Nigeria, Mali, cote d’lvoire and Togo. The results of the long-run estimate showed that virtually all the variables involved in the study have insignificant positive relationship with manufacturing output while only capital expenditure has insignificant negative relationship with manufacturing output. The indication is that capital expenditure has not significantly contributed to the output growth of manufacturing sector in West Africa. Based on the findings, governments of West African countries should endeavour to channel their expenditure on productive sector of the economy as well as maintaining the judicious use of these resources. Government of West African countries should work on institutional quality and also improve their policy measures on interest rate, exchange rate and inflation rate.

Maƙasudin wannan bincike shi ne a fito da daɗaɗɗiyar sana’ar mazarƙwaila da maɗi a idon al’umma dangane da sauye-sauyen zamani da aka samu a cikin sana’ar. Haka kuma binciken ya taƙaita ne a garuruwan ‘Yanware da Hayin Alhaji a ƙaramar hukumar Tsafe. Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da suka haɗa da ziyarar gani da ido a wuraren da ake gudanar da sana’ar da kuma tattaunawa da masu ruwa da tsaki a kan wannan sana’a. Har wa yau, binciken ya yi ƙoƙarin tattaro bayanai daga masana wannan fanni domin fito da ingantattun bayanai dangane da yadda ake sarrafa rake zuwa mazarƙwaila da maɗi, da kuma kasuwancinsu. Har wa yau an yi amfani da ayyukan magabata kama daga littattafai da maƙalu da kundayen bincike da suke da alaƙa da wannan bincike. Daga ƙarshe, binciken ya gano alfanu da illoli da suka jiɓinci wannan sana’a ta mazarƙwaila da maɗi.

This research has been formed with the aim of explaining and comparing the innovative features of the republic in the political ideas of the Imams of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. In this regard, by using the research method of content analysis, all the statements and thoughts of Imam Khomeini from 1963 to 1989 and the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei from 1989 to 2015 in full as a statistical population under study Is located. In order to carry out the research, 15 indicators for the republic were determined from the perspective of the Imams of the Islamic Revolution of Iran After obtaining the approval of experts regarding the desired innovative indicators, coding was performed and a total of 420 items of Imam Khomeini's orders and 512 items of the Supreme Leader's statements were cited in statistical analyses. In the following, the collected data and information are analysed and the research findings indicate that the most important indicator from Imam Khomeini (Allah’s pleasure)'s point of view is the "Populares of the Islamic government" and from the perspective of the Supreme Leader " Obligation, constructiveness and honest service to the people " which is defined and explained based on the conditions and requirements of the time.

Data from 120 rural families was collected to know the Clothing purchase pattern of rural families for marriage/occasional use. It was found that regarding occasional purchase, most of the respondents prefer to buy from shops in their own cities. Majority (80%) of the respondents reported that individuals and parents collectively took the decision for the type and number of clothing items to be purchased for occasions like marriage. About 62.58 per cent of the respondents spent ₹ 1-3 lac on purchase of trousseau and other clothing. Wedding events, newspapers/magazines, internet and fair/mela were used as an inspiration source for trousseau planning by the respondents. Family members played a major role in trousseau planning, as reported by 93.33 per cent of the respondents. For purchasing trousseau articles, various speciality stores were used by 85 per cent of the respondents.

Intelligence is an essential part of modern organizations. Related to the modern organization, the defense intelligence agency is compulsory of the defense ministry organization.  Defense intelligence's job is to look for some information and then to proceed into intelligence analysis products. This intelligence analysis product is needed by Minister for decision making and also for policy analysis to formulate some defense policies. The problem arises from the absence of a structural defense intelligence organization in Indonesia’s Ministry of Defense. The idea of performing defense intelligence is still being debated, so the defense intelligence function is currently carried out by the defense strategic installation agency. This paper discusses the reasons for the urgency of a defense intelligence organization structurally under the ministry of defense.  The results in this discussion indicate the need for a defense intelligence organization.  Several reasons are that intelligence is a feature of modern organizations; defense intelligence is needed in the policy formulation cycle. Defense intelligence is required to support defense diplomacy.  Methodology in this writing uses a descriptive qualitative method based on data collected from scientific journals, books, and statements of resource persons obtained from open sources. For a recommendation, intelligence stakeholders need to respond to the initiation of the formation of a defense intelligence agency.

Family is the most basic and primary social unit. For a child, parents are the first teachers who guide and educate the child in every way possible. It is this socialisation of the children given by the parents in the family which moulds the character of the child from a very young age telling them right from wrong, protecting the children from harm and danger thereby providing them with the basic necessities of life and also healthy living. Traditionally in Mizo society, the mother besides child-rearing, took care of her home, juggling multiple tasks in and around the house and in the fields. While she was busy doing household chores, grandmothers and older siblings looked after the small children acting as caretakers and protectors. With the changing nature of family due to various socio-economic factors and with the Government’s aims at improving the condition of the country’s assets, i.e. the role of parents childcare and child protection are relevant today regarding children’s developmental needs and representing their best interests.This paper presents the significant importance of the role of parents, family and primary learning centres like Anganwadi in matters of childcare and protection in Mizoram, India. The paper relies on secondary information collected from the case studies of the department of women and child development and child protection agencies in Mizoram

The study examined the challenges of digitalizing institutional libraries in Nigeria`s North-East region with reference to four selected Federal Polytechnic libraries in the region. It was conducted with the used of quantitative method of data collection. The study identified the challenges bedeviling the digitalization of institutional libraries and investigated the current nature of institutional libraries in four selected Federal Polytechnics in North-East Nigeria. The study found that, inadequate fund, lack of political will and expertise are some of the challenges bedeviling the digitalization of institutional libraries in North-East Nigeria. It also found that the current nature of institutional libraries in the region is traditional. The study recommended that, adequate fund, retraining of library professional and more commitment from the part of political leaders are necessary for digitalizing institutional libraries in Nigeria`s North-East region.

Vocabulary is an important aspect of teaching and learning a language, especially in teaching and learning a second language or a foreign language. Lexical Approach by Lewis (1993) contains a taxonomy of lexical items which shows what kind of vocabulary the learner should develop, and Cameron (2001) states that in learning vocabulary the aspects of pronunciation, meaning, spelling and the grammatical usage of the specific words should be taught. In that case, there have been various strategies to teach and learn vocabulary in the English as a Second Language (ESL) context. This study investigates whether the usage of English songs and poems in English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom enhance the knowledge in the vocabulary of the secondary level learners. This study provides an answer to the research question “How does the usage of English songs and poems enhance the ESL students’ knowledge in vocabulary at the secondary level?” and claims two hypotheses, a) The use of English songs is more effective than using English poems in teaching vocabulary. b) There is a significant and positive impact after the usage of songs and poems in grade 10 with compared to grade 6. Twenty-five students from each class from grade 6 and grade 10 at H/ Weeraketiya Rajapaksha Central College participated in the study. The data was collected using the pretests and posttests. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. The findings indicated that both songs and poems have a positive impact on the enhancement of vocabulary knowledge at the secondary level. In both grades, songs were more effective in teaching vocabulary than poems. The second hypothesis of this study was partially confirmed as Grade 10 group that exposed to songs had an improvement whereas Grade 10 group that exposed to poems had shown a reduction in their marks, compared to Grade 6. Overall, the findings indicate the effectiveness of usage of English songs and poems in teaching and learning vocabulary in the secondary level ESL classroom. Though teachers do not pay much attention to the usage of songs and poems, they would be very much productive in enhancing the ESL learners’ knowledge in vocabulary.

Who was it that gave birth to existence and the universe? Curiosity is something that everyone has. It's an age-old question with no clear answer. We're reviewing myths for new information based on existing knowledge. Our forefathers and mothers wondered about this as well. It is impossible to know indeed what they were thinking. However, we discovered their expertise through folklore. Literary writers created stories with simile, sarcasm, and metaphors with symbolic significance from knowledge and wisdom. Shamans are singing the lyrics. In this way, people passed down creation stories. People of gold and Silver have been described by Kirat Saksak Mundhum, as has Greek mythology of human creation. According to legend, the two men did not succeed and clashed with the Creator. Then there's the story of a guy built of clay, ash, sky water, and a crucifix in Mundhum. Greek mythology has more bronze, heroic, and even iron men. The myth provides crucial information if we take it as a message. Since the Man of Gold and Silver period, the Kirats and Greeks have lived together. Kirat split off and went east after the Bronze Age or Bronze Man. As a result, Saksak mundhum lacks ages of bronze, Heros, and Iron Man, as Greek mythology describes. Per the mythological study, the Kirat community in Nepal and India who believe in mundhum is a mixed-age group. Accordingly, philosophical analogy and evidence imply that it was made present by Gold, Silver, Alloy, and Iron Age humans.

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID19) pandemic reportedly had a great impact on people's mental health. This study aims to evaluate the psychological impact of COVID19 on the victims found in the municipality of Lawngtlai. The study was conducted during this period through a structured online questionnaire among 123 victims found in the area. Many people report that they have experienced anxiety, worry about COVID19, difficulty relaxing, restlessness, easy anger, and fear of what will happen with COVID19. Furthermore, the blockade has led to psychological problems experienced by the locals. This shows that COVID19 has a negative psychological impact on people. The government must continue to monitor people's mental health during and after the COVID19 pandemic and provide them with the support they need.

Lady Macbeth, a Sichuan opera, is adapted by Xu Fen, from Macbeth, one of Shakespeare’s plays. This play has made great influence in China and other countries, and it is regarded as the communication through time and space. Then Liana Chen translated it into English. The lyrics in the play show the plot and the mind of Lady Macbeth, and it’s not easy to translate these lyrics. This paper takes several of them as the examples, based on “Three Beauties” of Xu Yuanchong, to find out the difficulties in translating lyrics in the opera, points out that “Three Beauties” can also be applied to translating lyrics, and tries to provide some reference for the future lyric translation in the opera.

Child-rearing or development is fundamental in every society and any society that cannot inculcate the spirits of child-rearing from this generation to another generation will not be a good and developed society. It is through child-rearing that children are prepared for their adulthood activities and responsibilities in their respective societies. Erick Erickson developed a general psychosocial theory that includes the interplay between psychological and cultural forces working in child development. Given this, Erickson’s concepts had a basis of validity in analyzing some Hausa socio-cultural life in respect to child-rearing, while on the other hand, his concept has no validity. It is because of this, that this paper proposes that despite the Erickson theory of development, Hausa people have their developmental schema which goes hand in hand with that of Erickson. In fact, the concept of the developmental stage is more than a Western construct indiscriminately applied to indigenous culture. The Hausa culture has its views of development that is perceived as a progressive series of stages. In each stage of life, there is an element of “tarbiya” that will enable them to produce who will carry on the family honor and tradition. In Hausa, the concept of “tarbiya” encapsulates the highest of Hausa virtues. Therefore, this paper examined and highlights some of the important issues related to child development in Hausa culture and compares them with Ericson’s theory of development.

Vocabulary is an important aspect of teaching and learning a language, especially in teaching and learning a second language or a foreign language. Lexical Approach by Lewis (1993) contains a taxonomy of lexical items which shows what kind of vocabulary the learner should develop, and Cameron (2001) states that in learning vocabulary the aspects of pronunciation, meaning, spelling and the grammatical usage of the specific words should be taught. In that case, there have been various strategies to teach and learn vocabulary in the English as a Second Language (ESL) context. This study investigates whether the usage of English songs and poems in English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom enhance the knowledge in the vocabulary of the secondary level learners. This study provides an answer to the research question “How does the usage of English songs and poems enhance the ESL students’ knowledge in vocabulary at the secondary level?” and claims two hypotheses, a) The use of English songs is more effective than using English poems in teaching vocabulary. b) There is a significant and positive impact after the usage of songs and poems in grade 10 with compared to grade 6. Twenty-five students from each class from grade 6 and grade 10 at H/ Weeraketiya Rajapaksha Central College participated in the study. The data was collected using the pretests and posttests. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. The findings indicated that both songs and poems have a positive impact on the enhancement of vocabulary knowledge at the secondary level. In both grades, songs were more effective in teaching vocabulary than poems. The second hypothesis of this study was partially confirmed as Grade 10 group that exposed to songs had an improvement whereas Grade 10 group that exposed to poems had shown a reduction in their marks, compared to Grade 6. Overall, the findings indicate the effectiveness of usage of English songs and poems in teaching and learning vocabulary in the secondary level ESL classroom. Though teachers do not pay much attention to the usage of songs and poems, they would be very much productive in enhancing the ESL learners’ knowledge in vocabulary.