The study focused on the effect of reciprocal peer tutoring and` devil’s advocate on academic performance of upper basic Social Studies students in Delta State. The design of the study was quasi-experimental design. The study sample was 262 upper basic II Social Studies students. The instrument for the study is the Social Studies Performance Test (SSPT). Mean was utilised to analyse the research questions while Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilised to analyse the hypotheses. The found that there is a significant effect of peer-tutoring instructional strategy on Social Studies students’ performance; there is a significant effect of the devil’s advocate instructional strategy on Social Studies students’ performance. It was recommendations that Social Studies teachers should adopt peer-tutoring instructional strategy in teaching; the government should train Social Studies teachers on how to effectively use and implement innovative instructional strategies; the government should provide enriched learning environment to facilitate the effective implementation of innovative instructional strategy like peer tutoring and devil’s advocate.

Being the largest democracy in the world, India witnessed elections during the pre-Independence period. During India's pre-independence period, significant changes were made in the election machinery for legislation at both the national and provincial levels. The Governor retained powers under the Government of India Act of 1935, which limited the ministry's authority. During the pre- and post-independence periods, many changes occurred in India's electoral system. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the evolution and growth of electoral administration in India from pre-independence to the present.

The objective of this study is to analyze the diachronic model of the parent/teacher couple on the school performance of primary school children. A sample of the non-probabilistic type made up of 100 parents of pupils out of 200 of the classes of Middle Years 2 from all socio-professional strata was determined. To collect data, we used documentary research, interviews and questionnaires. For data analysis, we used the mixed approach with statistics and content analysis technique. The results indicate that parents, whatever their level of education, who collaborate in the life of the school through their involvement, participate in improving the academic success of their children. On the other hand, those who are not involved in school life have children who have difficulty improving their academic performance. Interventions aimed at making the school more open and welcoming could prove to be favorable to parental involvement in the school and to the educational success of children in primary school.

This study is part of an exploratory framework. Its objective is to determine the typology of pupils and the variations in their academic performance in French in sixth grade. A sample of 320 students was determined. The data collected by questionnaire as well as the exploitation of information from the documentary research were subjected to statistical processing using Excel software. The results reveal that there are three types of pupils, namely "type 7 (girl at an abnormal age and having never taken a class)", "type 5 (girl at a normal age and having never taken a class)” and “type 1: (boy of normal age and having never returned to class)” which positively influence the academic performance of sixth-grade pupils in French than the other types. These results teach us that the control variables of age, gender and educational background act as modulating variables of academic performance. To do this, educational policies, material and human resources in terms of special education must focus on the characteristics associated with the students themselves and their environment outside of school.

An integrated sustainable solid waste management system involves a combination of techniques and programs to suit the local needs. The unprecedented production of municipal solid waste (MSW) represents one of the greatest challenges nowadays confronted by waste manager at varying spatial scale around the world and the urban local bodies (ULBs), state and federal governments are very much concerned and place a high priority on managing municipal garbage in order to protect public health, the environment, and natural resources. The situation in the Indian city of Udaipur with regard to SWM is particularly worrying, and it is made worse by rapid population growth and urbanisation. An accurate prediction of the volume of solid waste that will be produced in the future is necessary for establishing suitable plan and procedure of an efficient MSW management system. Therefore, the primary goal of the current work is to create a model for precise MSW generation estimation that aids solid waste-related administrations in improving the design and operation of MSW management systems. Furthermore, the current study's use of a novel analytical technique predicts that by the year 2041, the city will produce about 403 TPD of solid waste. The results will be useful to decision- or policy-makers in the future as they develop long-term planning and design in the SWM system.

The role of women farmers in the economic development of Ibi Local Government area in Taraba state cannot be over emphasized. There is basically no aspect of economic development in Taraba state that one cannot find women. On the realization of the role women played in daily activities, this study evaluates the role of women farmers in Ibi Local Government Area Taraba State with a view to identifying attendant problems and indicating necessary recommendations. Attention is focused on the women farmers in the economic activities through Agriculture. A review of feminist literature, indicate that there is now a demand for re-orientation of research and change in methodological produces used for complication of national statistics so as to reflect accurately the position of women and their labour in the national economy in general and Taraba state in particular. A sample of sixty-five (65) respondents consisted of fifty (50) women farmers and fifteen (15) TADP staff are employed for the study, while data are collected using a structured questionnaire. A descriptive statistic is adopted to analyse the data collected and present the results. Finding shows that Women are regarded as catalyst for employment generation and for solving the problem of food scarcity through agriculture and economic development in the study area. Women need to be encouraged to broaden their base and increase their scale of operation particularly in agro allied industries and through self-employment.

This study examines the impact of public expenditure on rural infrastructure in Taraba State. Indeed, rural infrastructure brings economic growth, increase in agricultural production, which benefits both government and the rural dwellers. It was found out that problems associated with public expenditure ranges from lack of political will, poverty, and corruption. It also discovered the best way to finance expenditure on rural infrastructure. Questionnaires were administered and utilised as the research instrument, where a total of 300 respondents were sampled to answer the research question. Data collected were analysed using table and simple percentage. Results show the existence of a significant relationship between public expenditure and rural infrastructure in Taraba State, and that government budgetary allocation have little effect on capital expenditure to rural infrastructure. Based on the findings, the study recommends that Taraba state government should increase their expenditure on rural infrastructure with the view to attaining the desired level of economic development.

South Asia has always been a relatively backward region in the development of regionalism. However, South Asia sub-regional cooperation mechanisms have experienced special revivals since the Modi government came to power. For example, the sub-regional cooperation mechanisms represented by Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, South Asia Sub-regional Economic Cooperation and Bangladesh Bhutan India and Nepal sub-regional cooperation are developing vigorously. The development and evolution of the sub-regional cooperation mechanism show the new features of the development of regionalism in South Asia. In this process, due to the active promotion of India, the major power in the region, various sub-regional multilateral mechanisms have achieved great development in the number, depth and breadth of cooperation. At the same time, the involvement of many large countries outside the region also makes India directly or indirectly become a key role in guiding the revival of the sub-regional cooperation mechanisms in South Asia. At present, the development of the sub-regional cooperation mechanisms has a complex impact on South Asia, and their prospects are full of opportunities and challenges: they can not only promote the economic cooperation among the countries in the region, but also aggravate the divisions between countries in the region and the geopolitical game between major powers inside and outside the region.

In order to understand the urban water problem, it is necessary to analyse the pattern of population growth and development of the city. Water demands are a function of the size of the population on the one hand and its lifestyle and activities on the other. Over the years, the amount of fresh water available per capita has been decreasing due to increasing population. High population density and rapid urbanization have severe consequences for the natural environment. The anthropogenic activity of the population far exceeds the infrastructure capacity of the City, leading to the deterioration of the urban environment. The reason for water problem in the study area is the tremendously increasing rate of population. While it may be one of the reasons, water scarcity in the study area is also the culmination of myopic planning, muddled policies and misguided perceptions.

The Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution gives women the same rights as men and yet, there is discriminatory attitude towards women. They are encountered with different types of violation to their rights till today. Indian society is still very much influenced by the patriarchal norms, which strongly hold the notion that men have the right to control and exercise their authority over women and this gender norm even justified several types of violence inflicted on women to control their behavior. Even though, there are several constitutional as well as legal provisions to safeguard and protect women, due to lack of awareness, inadequate policing and judicial practices, customary practices and traditional attitudes, women continued to face severe discrimination and different forms of harassment. This paper is centered on the various types of discrimination and violence faced by women and an urgent need to stop them.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a multisectoral domino effect, but economic activity must continue. One solution is through the digital economy. The increasingly widespread use of digital-based payment systems and the increasing percentage of poverty in Indonesia in the COVID-19 era are the main problems of this research. Various previous research literature has revealed that digital payments can end poverty. Plus, the fact that Indonesia ranks fourth in the world with the most smartphone usage is certainly an advantage for digital payments to expand widely. The urgency of this research is essential to do in forming predictive models both in the short and long term in alleviating poverty based on digital payment systems during the pandemic in Indonesia. This study analyzes whether the digital payment system can affect poverty alleviation in Indonesia during the COVID-19 era with the simultaneous equation analysis method. The study results show that the digital payment system can reduce poverty in the COVID-19 era and increase Indonesia's economic growth. However, not all parts of the studied digital payment system were significantly impacted.

The Hindu civilization is very old but of course not recorded in many journals since most of modern literature has been under the control of Europeans who want a Eurocentric version of history. But the scientific world has over the recent decades been rediscovering much of the ancient Hindu heritage via archeological discoveries, deciphering ancient writings, analyzing linguistics and DNA analysis. Hindu artifacts are being discovered all over the world and some have been dated beyond the earliest contemporary theory of when humans came into being. Many later civilizations have realized that the Hindu culture is very old and have attempted to block out the whole ancient Hindu civilization via the biggest genocide in human history over the last 1000 years in their attempt to bring out their religions which started over the last 2000 years as being the earliest. But the Hindus fought back and are currently the only widely practiced ancient religion which did not go the way of the Egyptian, Persian, Greek or Roman religions. This paper lists out the Hindu version based on the Hindu scriptures. It must be published and later researchers can prove or disprove it with the rigors of rational scientific discoveries.

Housing is a critical component of social-economic and health fabric of nations. Flooding happens when there is heavy rainfall in a short amount of time. The effect of flooding has led to inadequate access to housing in Agbor. This research adopted a quantitative method of inquiry through measurement of flood length, widths and areas of coverage added to the administered 1000 copies of questionnaires and oral interviews. Research findings revealed that flooding in Agbor is 100% attributed to the weather parameters of rainfall and anthropogenic-Induced. Result show that the locations with the highest inundated land area are the 7th avenue and the 1st avenue of the DDPA housing estate. This is because the area has nearly a flat terrain and there is complete absence of drainage system in the area. The other areas with low inundated lands are Odeh and Ngbeken streets. This is highly associated with clustering of houses in the area. This paper concludes that residents should obey environmental laws to avert environmental crisis and for the common good of humanity. It is recommended that the Federal Government through the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), Niger Delta Affairs Ministry, Policy Makers and stakeholders should revisit and review existing environmental policies and laws in Nigeria to encourage strict adherence to project development laws that govern urban development should be enforced. People should evacuate from floodable plains to the upland areas.

This paper reports a discriptive study to enquire into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) K-12 teachers perceive about benefits and challenges of written feedback by questioning in writing. This paper draws on data collected as part of a larger project including semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that teachers held positive perceptions about the impact of written feedback by questioning in writing. However, they also perceived several drawbacks when using the technique. Based on the results of this study, suggestions are shared with teachers and students who will apply this method in the process of teaching and learning English in the future.

India as well as China, have maintained diplomatic ties with the five former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan after the Cold War ended. Both India and China have devised diverse tactics in recent years to develop their respective connections with these resource-rich economies known together as the Central Asian Republics. China's strategic ambition is the Belt and Road Initiative, whereas India's objective is Connect Central Asia’s policy to expand its influence in a region that has been considered the most important region to complete China's hegemonic intention in Asia. China's closeness to the Central Asian Republics, financial power, and policy stability has propelled it ahead of India. This article examines the geopolitical significance of Central Asia on the political map of the world and contends that New Delhi's approach in the Central Asian Republic region is constructive while China's approach is hegemonic, from which to assess the two countries’ strategic competition in this region.

This paper provides a sketch on the European colonization of Latin America. It highlighted the reasons why Spain and Portugal ventured across the oceans to colonize Brazil and Mexico in the 17th and 18th centuries. More particularly it examined how these European countries came across peasant civilizations, interfered in their social and economic arrangements - agriculture, mining and industrial activities and transformed the societies according to their wishes. The paper concluded by examining the consequences of European interference on the indigenous people and their societies.

Whilst Mary Wollstonecraft is most known for her work on politics, she also made momentous alms to educational thought and practise. Her negating point was reason. According to Mary Wollstonecraft, our ability to discern the truth and subsequently acquire insights of matters right and wrong, which distinguish us from other animals. This ability serves as the foundation for our human rights. This obliges as the foundation for instructional ideas. We developed into moral and political beings through the use of reason. All of the time's progressive thinkers accepted this worldview. Thoughts on the Education of Daughters was a brief pamphlet written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1786, but it was not until the French Revolution began in 1789 that she became well-known. The era witnessed many radicals in Europe embraced the Revolution. The fight opposing aristocracy and for a functioning democracy was perceived as entering a new phase thanks to the new Republic's founding values of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The affluent elite and their supporters in the country reacted with venom. Supporters of the Revolution were targeted often because they were thought to be dangerous subversives. The book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was written by Mary Wollstonecraft. It became a feminist classic after becoming a crucial turning point in the debates over women's rights. The research study aims to gain insights into Wollstonecraft's writings and glean her ideas on education.

The term of former US President Donald Trump has attracted the attention of many countries around the world, regional and international organizations including ASEAN. In his term, he focused on the role of the Quartet and considered the importance to the bilateral rather than the multilateral, which brought concerns that ASEAN’s central role no longer matters to the United States. However, Trump’s Government has to reconsider its policies as Asia Pacific plays an increasingly important role and China is growing influence in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the US pays attention to ASEAN’s role in the frame of bilateral comprehensive cooperation activities. The US hopes that the support of ASEAN and its regional allies will help successfully implement the Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy (FOIP), in response to the “Belt & Road Initiative” (BRI) of China. This paper mentions the role of ASEAN in the US the Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy of US policy towards ASEAN under former US President D. Trump.

The study examined impolite acts in an Iraqi T.V. sports talk show interview to illustrate the functions and categories of impoliteness strategies using a descriptive qualitative method. The data were in the form of utterances, while the context of the data was the dialogues spoken by the host and the guest in the interview. The data source was a short 8-minute video clip of the interview on YouTube that has gone viral among Iraqi sports fans. In this research, an inductive approach was used in analyzing the data. From a theoretical perspective, this research is expected to shed light on impoliteness strategies in Iraqi T.V. sports shows. From an applied perspective, the results of this study are hoped to help people be more aware of the importance of being cautious in choosing certain politeness strategies to maintain good communication with others and gain their goals through that communication.