This study examined the factors that constituted women socioeconomic status in southern Yobe axis of north-east Nigeria. It also examined how those factors impact on women participation in elective politics in the Axis. The study came up with policy suggestions on how women socio-economic status can be improved to facilitate their active political participation in the area of contesting for elective positions. The qualitative and quantitative methods of inquiry were used. Secondary data were sourced from journal articles, newspapers, magazines and other electronic as well as print materials. Primary data were obtained through the administration of structured interview on one hundred respondents (all women) chosen from four communities in southern Yobe axis using the stratified sampling technique. Correlation Analysis (CA) was adopted in analyzing the data collected. Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation tool was adopted in testing the hypotheses formulated to guide the study. The study found out that education, employment and wealth are three of those factors that constituted the socio-economic status of women in southern Yobe axis. And women socio-economic status especially illiteracy, unemployment and poverty impact on their participation in elective politics. The study suggested the encouragement and funding of girl child education and adult literacy program for women, special and advantageous criteria for job intake for women in both public and private sectors as well as effective poverty alleviation scheme for empowering women in southern Yobe axis as means to improving women socio-economic status for active participation in elective politics in the southern axis of Yobe state in Nigeria`s north-east region

In northern Nigeria, several years ago, women remain disadvantaged in many areas of life. Including education, empowerment, health and civil rights. Gradually, some of the changes appeared in the picture which has greatly improved their lives and status in the religion, particularly the social, economic and political status. Globally, the issue of women marginalisation and low participation in political leadership and decision making have been attracting a lot of attention from scholars. Although, women and men have different biological and physiological make-up, women may share common features with men in terms of educational qualifications, socio-economic status disparity using both historical and descriptive approaches and guided by patriarchy and liberal feminism theories. Yet, religious interpretations shape gender conceptions and equally create space for sustained diminution of women’s participation in public sphere, especially in politics. Nevertheless, some of these religious texts and dogma have, particularly in recent times, become highly contested and certain portions of holy books fuel popular narratives regarding women’s submission to men. However, the sustenance of patriarchy, mainly through religious fundamentalism still significantly influences the persistence of unequal gender relations. This reinforces the claim that religious interpretations are the social instruments through which cultural norms, values, ideals, and aspirations are transmitted into public space. The paper concludes that patriarchy, religious interpretations and fundamentalisms, rather than religion are the bane of effective participation of northern women in public. The paper recommends that northern women who are nationally patriotic have the ability and capability to contribute their quota in Nigeria’s development.

Students who believe in their abilities tend to perform successfully. One of the most important issues of development, education and academic achievement is to consider the psychological dimensions in the curriculum. This study investigates the construct validity of the General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE) among 8th grade Iranian students. Data was collected from 680 participating eight-grade school students, (317 male and 363 female, all 14 years old) in Tehran and Shahriar City, Iran. Principal component analysis was performed to determine underlying constructs among items on the General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE). The results of the study indicate that there are three factors of internal relationsbetween the items studied: persistence, effort and initiative. Moreover, three items of the whole of the scale items (i.e. 17 items) were deleted. These findings suggest that the General Self-Efficacy Scale-Iranian Form is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of general self-efficacy in individuals’ over the age of 14.

The agenda behind unending oil related conflicts in the Nigeria`s Niger Delta are multi-purpose in objective. Some target resource control, others championed the protection of ethic interest while some were directed toward environmental control and management of harms arising from oil exploration in the region. It is apparent that oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta are induced by oil politics among the ruling elites at the central authority and their agents at the regional level in which oil bearing communities exist. The paper used explorative analysis. It explored oil politics and related conflicts in the Niger Delta, debates on causes of oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta, causes of the conflicts in Ogoni land as well as the impacts of the conflicts on Ogoni land and people. It found that oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta are not rebellion but struggles for social, economic and political emancipation of people of the oil bearing communities in the region. Unjust distributive revenue allocation formula from oil earnings is part of the major causes of oil related conflicts in the region. Economic sabotage, sexual violence, insecurity, loss of lives and destruction of properties are not only the indicators of oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta but were also discovered as the impacts of the conflicts on the region, Ogoni land and people in particular. Equity and fair revenue allocation formula which recognized increased derivational principle to oil bearing communities in revenue allocation formula as found out will go a long way in ameliorating the problem of oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta.