From the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in 2019 called Coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19, general opinion in Africa thought they were safe. Without a doubt, the fact that COVID-19 started in mainland China,far, very far from Africa, and initially only affected yellow or white people and very few, if any, black people.It’s an emerging infectious disease like viral zoonosis, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the epidemic of which was requalified on March 11, 2020 by WHO as a pandemic. Unfortunately, in record time, like wildfire, this virus from the end of the world has affected all continents, even all the countries of the world with an increase in the incidence. One of the factors in the spread of this infection is human-to-human transmission by air. In Africa, almost all countries have been progressively affected by infection with the corona virus or COVID-19. The pandemic has brought about a radical transformation in the daily lives of some three billion people [4]. According to the United Nations (UN, 2020), more than a third of humanity is now called upon or under confinement to contain the spread of the coronavirus. The current pandemic caused by COVID-19 disease, certainly has visible effects in most West African countries including Côte d'Ivoire through two channels. The health and humanitarian response require unexpected human and financial resources as well as a reallocation of resources allocated to other development efforts. This situation inevitably has an impact on the social and health position of the populations living in Côte d'Ivoire in general and more particularly of the population of the autonomous district of Abidjan, the epicenter of the pandemic. The study aims to analyze the social impact of the coronavirus on the Abidjan populations precisely those of the commune of Bingerville which represents our field of investigation. Indeed, Bingerville is an old colonial city which is today overtaken by the city of Abidjan with the rise of rapid urbanization. It constitutes a cosmopolitan environment which brings together different nationals from the countries of West Africa. This justifies the choice of this locality as our investigation site. Given the problematic of COVID-19 news, the study to try to favor the mixed approach, despite the limitations of the data collection techniques used to capture the social and health impact.

Kenya has had inflation fluctuation over the over years. The CBK has always put efforts to maintain the inflation rate at 5% with a variation of 2.5%. Despite the efforts to achieve the vision 2030 goal, fluctuations are experienced. Exchange rate has been varying over years globally but in Kenya it has been increasingly varying. The increment in the exchange rate raises the prices levels and affects the production of imports. Policies on the exchange rate enhance the control of inflation as well as making the domestic goods compete internationally. Hence, the study was to establish the relationship between exchange rate and Inflation in Kenya in the short run between 2012-2018. Purchasing Power Parity was used to establish the relationship between inflation and exchange rate while the theory of absolute advantage and monetary approach was used to establish the relationship between exchange rate and BOP in Kenya. The data was collected from sources including CBK and KNBS, then diagnostic test was done for stationarity. Granger causality was used to determine the monthly relationship between the three macroeconomic variables. The results found that the p-vale was greater than the critical values, hence fail to reject the null hypothesis, therefore no granger causality between inflation and exchange rate in the short run, indicating that exchange rate is not the best variable for policy implication in the control of inflationary economy. Henceforth, the government can factor other economic variables such as interest rate in short run to stabilize the variations in the inflation in Kenya.

Parents’ supervision of their children’s homework plays a crucial role in the implementation of a curriculum and academic achievement of pupils in public primary schools. Despite the impotence that may accrue from parental involvement in academic affairs of their children, more than 55% of parents in many countries of the world don’t care about what their children’s learning after school leading to poor performance of pupils in Primary schools. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of parents’ supervision of homework on academic achievement of pupils in public primary schools. It was based on sequential explanatory research design. It consisted of 300 teachers, 1,210 parents, 75 head teachers and 1,210 pupils drawn from 75 public primary schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 230 pupils while purposive sampling technique was used to select 50 parents, 23 head teachers and 90 teachers. Data was collected using; questionnaires, Interview schedules and Focused group discussion guides. The study found out that; Majority of parents don’t assist their children with doing homework and lack of adequate supervision of homework play a negative role on the academic achievement of pupils’ in public primary schools. The study recommended that; home set rules for homework taking should be encouraged in every home and parents should set aside special rooms for taking and writing homework for their children while doing their private studies at home.

In this article the relationships between self-logotherapy, mindfulness meditation, terror management theory, the coronavirus pandemic, and the Trump presidency are described through the lens of various authors, supplemented by a relevant personal experience of the present author. The conclusion is that self-logotherapy and mindfulness meditation are potentially powerful and effective tools to constructively deal with the terror management consequences of both the coronavirus pandemic and the Trump presidency.

This article is based on the need to contribute to a better understanding of the academic debate that takes place precisely through in Journals of Social Science. The Political Economy from the southern view, of the role of the peasantry for the structural change of our countries, both economically, socially, politically and ecologically based on the analysis of the national reality of the case of Paraguay. In this way, it contributes to the debate developed by Moyo, Praveen and Paris [28] about the classical agrarian question and the new agrarian question. The struggle for the land of the peasantry is analyzed to show changes in the historical role of the peasentry for the socio economic change of our peripheral countries. We ask ourselves the following research questions: Will the peasantry not be the new historical subject of change within the framework of the new agrarian question? Is not the rural road a safe road to change with equitable, sustainable, democratic development, with participatory democracy, integral sustainability with its collective vision of agroecology and solidarity economy?

This small-scale study explores the extent to which the Qur’anic discourse shifts verb tense, sentence pattern, and language style. It aims to describe, interpret, and explain the linguistic factors lying behind these switches. The study benefits from corpus linguistics through which a concordance of specific key words in context (KWIC) is used to collect data. The study applies a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach. Therefore, it builds on van Dijk’s [1] model of analysis. It has been found that the Qur’anic discourse tends to shift the tense to present time when arguing for certain themes including mainly martyrdom and prisoner taking. The Qur’anic discourse also applies three modes of sentence pattern: OVS, VSO, and VOS. On the rhetorical level of the Qur’anic discourse, the OVS pattern is exclusively used to organize sub-topics; the frequent VSO is referentially used to provide knowledge about sub-topics, and the VOS mode is essentially applied to meet norms of polite address. The Qur’anic discourse uses three types of language style: nominal, verbal and mixed. The nominal style is selected to package meaning; the verbal to develop relations between arguments and the mixed to help connote specific feelings about certain predicates under discussion. Consequently, it has been concluded that the Qur’anic discourse shifts the tense to maintain life for war fighters from both sides, the clause pattern to meet both rhetorical and pragmatic criteria, and finally the style to load and implicate meaning.

The traditional view holds that the main reason for the outbreak of the war of independence in North America is the British oppression and exploitation of the North American colonies. Since the 21st century, with the use of new materials and the introduction of new western ieas, traditional ideas have been challenged. This paper attempts to reveal the main reasons for the outbreak of the British North American war from a new perspective by combining ethnology, psychology and history. The main reason is that the North American colonies gradually lost their sense of national identity to their home country, Britain. Through the analysis of the American War of independence, people hope that it can be used for reference to the reality.

The process of forming a collective national identity within a given territory, broadly referred to as nation building, has been imperative for many African governments especially after gaining independence. This was necessary to unite post-colonial societies that had been fragmented in the years of colonialism. However, the persistent occurrence and reoccurring of violent conflicts, backed especially by ethnic strife in the post-colonial era, demonstrates that national unity has not been fully achieved in some countries and that it is still a necessary initiative to work for. Cameroon like many African nations is a multicultural society and has engineered national unity through its educational system commonly referred to as the “English and French” sub-educational systems. The central focus of this paper is to examine how effective peace and citizenship education in the two sub-educational systems in Cameroon in general and in the North West Region in particular can eradicate conflicts and promote national unity and integration in the said bilingual state. This is because education is central to societal growth and the vehicle through which many nations have been built. Besides, this paper equally examines the extent to which peace and citizenship education is taught in both sub-educational systems in the region. The degree of internal cohesion and propose solutions by respondents for effective cohesion in the area in particular and the nation in general was equally examined. Although great importance is attached to the role of education in national unity and national integration in Cameroon, the results indicate that the role of education in the sub-systems has been tentative, thus, the need for further training to sustain and enhance multicultural awareness.

This study was conducted to understand the relationship between community social life habits and practices and the food security of the people in Adjumani district. The study covered a sample of 150 respondents who are farmers and the data were collected through a questionnaire and personal interview using both probability and non-probability sampling technique. Designing field data recording sheets was done before data collection and data collection was done with appropriate quality control. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Scientists. The study found general social life habits and practices of the people like domestic violence, cultural practices and lack of planning for production as the cause of cyclical food insecurity especially from April to June every year. The study recommended that sensitization and counseling of the community about social life factors affecting food security and enactment of by law to control the bad social life practices.

Whbhe be treated as intrinsic value? These are one of the Issues in Ethics. In this regard, deontological theories of Kant assert that individual persons have a special status and because of that status, we owe them respect that must not be violated regardless of the consequences. Based on this view, respect for persons and their rights and duties are the building blocks of moral reasoning. However, persons according to Kant, have intrinsic value because we are capable of making rational, independent judgements regarding how to live. So for the fact that man is rational and can make a rational judgement, he is said to be conscious when he is using his fellow men as a mere means instead of an end. The reason why this work is so important is that this abysmal phenomenon has become rampant in different spheres of life, especially in business, religion, politics, to mention but few. Moreover, following what has been said above and the formulation of Kant that we treat humanity not simply as a means only but as an end, which is our main focus in this paper. Equally as Dwight Furrow points out, for Kant, once we recognize that human beings have objective worth, we cannot treat them merely as instrument to promote the common good or any other purpose. And this means that moral reasoning must proceed, not from the hypothetical imperatives, but from what Kant calls a categorical imperative. Expository and critical methods will be resort to in this regard to achieve the researchers aim.

Development planning in Nigeria has suffered from lack of coordination, implementation and harmonization of programmes/policies both within the tenure of an administration and those succeeding it. In addition, experience show that this critical task which ought to draw input from critical sectors and be a bottom-up process operates in the reverse, which may be the reason why some of the development plans like Vision 2010 did not see the light of the day. The paper is subdivided into: Prefatory; concept of social development; Conceptual Discourse on Development Planning; History perspective and Trend in Development Planning in Nigeria; Vision 2010 and social development analysis; Reasons for Development Planning failures in Nigeria; Conclusion and Recommendations. It concludes that social development concept/dimensions are visibly in-cooperated in the Vision 2010 development document. Furthermore, the social development concept and dimensions inherent in it were identified and explained. The paper, among other things, recommends a multi-sector approach to planning and implementation of public sector programmes and harmonization of planning initiatives in order to reduce the problems associated with plan implementation, etc.

Historiography is the study of the processes by which historical understanding and knowledge is attained and shared. The use of historical methods and the writing of history through the perusal of these methods are done through this. The Mughal reign had created a lot of changes in the political and administrative spheres of the Indian subcontinent and no other had been more influential in this than Akbar the Great. It was a golden age for historiographers as he was a true patron. This paper studies the historiographers and their writing that bears testimony to the reign of the great emperor.

This study aims to present analytically Said Nursi’s ideas about the Qur’an’s aims, to define the main aims of the Qur’an’s Suras and verses, and to compare them with the ideas of Shaykh Yusuf al-Qardawi. The research attempts to deal with this important subject in a way that demonstrates the harmony and interrelation of Said Nursi’s ideas and Shaykh Yusuf al-Qardawi, and their complementary nature. A good perception of those aims and the instances of wisdom proceeding from them will assist greatly in differentiating between the matters given priority by religion and the matters in which people get involved just as individuals and communities will adopt a line whereby they may reshape their lives in accordance with the Divine wishes; so they have to conform to the arrangement of the important aims and not confuse one with the other. Everything apart, the research considers that Said Nursi’s ideas and Shaykh Yusuf al-Qardawi on the subject deserve detailed investigation and scholarly analysis. Comprehensive and close study of their ideas will provide an opportunity to see their interrelatedness and harmony, and their complementary character. This paper studies and analyzes Said Nursi’s ideas and Shaykh Yusuf al-Qardawi about the Qur’anic aims. In the paper researchers endeavoured to maintain a scholarly balance while presenting the ideas of Said Nursi’s and other Shaykh Yusuf al-Qardawi. Finally, the paper tries to demonstrate differences between Said Nursi and Shaykh Yusuf al-Qardawi in respect of the harmony and interrelation of their ideas.

Masquerading is an important aspect of the Igbo culture and it is used for the entertainment pleasure of the audience. During certain occasions and festivals, Mmanwu performs to delight as well as educate the audience. In addition to the enlightenment and pleasure that mmanwu offer when they perform, they also have other crucial functions in the society such as using their chants to criticize societal ills for social reformation. Mmanwu is also used for the settlement of certain customary disputes. In the pre-colonial Africa, Masquerading used to be a fundamental aspect of the African drama. However, with the coming of the Europeans with their sinister aim to annihilate the African way of life in favour of theirs, Africans got disillusioned about masquerading as they were given the impression that masquerading is idolatry. Gladually, the import of Mmanwu in the society began to diminish bit by bit. Despite the aspersions by the unwary Europeans, African theatre can never be discussed in isolation from Mmanwu. Therefore, in this paper, the researcher examines the features of drama in Mmanwu with particular reference to Njokoya. The researcher considers other theoretical approaches and sees the Sociological approach as the most appropriate theory for the paper.

This study examined the factors that constituted women socioeconomic status in southern Yobe axis of north-east Nigeria. It also examined how those factors impact on women participation in elective politics in the Axis. The study came up with policy suggestions on how women socio-economic status can be improved to facilitate their active political participation in the area of contesting for elective positions. The qualitative and quantitative methods of inquiry were used. Secondary data were sourced from journal articles, newspapers, magazines and other electronic as well as print materials. Primary data were obtained through the administration of structured interview on one hundred respondents (all women) chosen from four communities in southern Yobe axis using the stratified sampling technique. Correlation Analysis (CA) was adopted in analyzing the data collected. Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation tool was adopted in testing the hypotheses formulated to guide the study. The study found out that education, employment and wealth are three of those factors that constituted the socio-economic status of women in southern Yobe axis. And women socio-economic status especially illiteracy, unemployment and poverty impact on their participation in elective politics. The study suggested the encouragement and funding of girl child education and adult literacy program for women, special and advantageous criteria for job intake for women in both public and private sectors as well as effective poverty alleviation scheme for empowering women in southern Yobe axis as means to improving women socio-economic status for active participation in elective politics in the southern axis of Yobe state in Nigeria`s north-east region

In northern Nigeria, several years ago, women remain disadvantaged in many areas of life. Including education, empowerment, health and civil rights. Gradually, some of the changes appeared in the picture which has greatly improved their lives and status in the religion, particularly the social, economic and political status. Globally, the issue of women marginalisation and low participation in political leadership and decision making have been attracting a lot of attention from scholars. Although, women and men have different biological and physiological make-up, women may share common features with men in terms of educational qualifications, socio-economic status disparity using both historical and descriptive approaches and guided by patriarchy and liberal feminism theories. Yet, religious interpretations shape gender conceptions and equally create space for sustained diminution of women’s participation in public sphere, especially in politics. Nevertheless, some of these religious texts and dogma have, particularly in recent times, become highly contested and certain portions of holy books fuel popular narratives regarding women’s submission to men. However, the sustenance of patriarchy, mainly through religious fundamentalism still significantly influences the persistence of unequal gender relations. This reinforces the claim that religious interpretations are the social instruments through which cultural norms, values, ideals, and aspirations are transmitted into public space. The paper concludes that patriarchy, religious interpretations and fundamentalisms, rather than religion are the bane of effective participation of northern women in public. The paper recommends that northern women who are nationally patriotic have the ability and capability to contribute their quota in Nigeria’s development.

Students who believe in their abilities tend to perform successfully. One of the most important issues of development, education and academic achievement is to consider the psychological dimensions in the curriculum. This study investigates the construct validity of the General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE) among 8th grade Iranian students. Data was collected from 680 participating eight-grade school students, (317 male and 363 female, all 14 years old) in Tehran and Shahriar City, Iran. Principal component analysis was performed to determine underlying constructs among items on the General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE). The results of the study indicate that there are three factors of internal relationsbetween the items studied: persistence, effort and initiative. Moreover, three items of the whole of the scale items (i.e. 17 items) were deleted. These findings suggest that the General Self-Efficacy Scale-Iranian Form is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of general self-efficacy in individuals’ over the age of 14.

The agenda behind unending oil related conflicts in the Nigeria`s Niger Delta are multi-purpose in objective. Some target resource control, others championed the protection of ethic interest while some were directed toward environmental control and management of harms arising from oil exploration in the region. It is apparent that oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta are induced by oil politics among the ruling elites at the central authority and their agents at the regional level in which oil bearing communities exist. The paper used explorative analysis. It explored oil politics and related conflicts in the Niger Delta, debates on causes of oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta, causes of the conflicts in Ogoni land as well as the impacts of the conflicts on Ogoni land and people. It found that oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta are not rebellion but struggles for social, economic and political emancipation of people of the oil bearing communities in the region. Unjust distributive revenue allocation formula from oil earnings is part of the major causes of oil related conflicts in the region. Economic sabotage, sexual violence, insecurity, loss of lives and destruction of properties are not only the indicators of oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta but were also discovered as the impacts of the conflicts on the region, Ogoni land and people in particular. Equity and fair revenue allocation formula which recognized increased derivational principle to oil bearing communities in revenue allocation formula as found out will go a long way in ameliorating the problem of oil related conflicts in the Niger Delta.