Calcium is one of the body's electrolytes, which are minerals that carry an electric charge when dissolved in body fluids such as blood. Calcium is a mineral most often associated with healthy bones and teeth, although it also plays an important role in blood clotting, helping muscles to contract, and regulating normal heart rhythms and nerve functions. About 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bones, and the remaining 1% is found in blood, muscle, and other tissues. If people do not consume enough calcium, too much calcium is mobilized from the bones, weakening them. Osteoporosis can result. Without sufficient calcium levels, thrombocytes (blood cells that play a key role in blood clot formation) would not be able to release their contents during an acute blood loss, which could lead to death Ionized or free calcium is the most active form calcium present in our body. Only the ionized or free calcium (Ca++) is the physiologically active form of calcium in our body. It is the form that triggers various biological functions and responses, such as blood coagulation, muscle contraction and hormone release. Calcium exists in 3 distinct forms. Approximately 15% is complexed calcium bound to organic and inorganic anions, 40% is bound to albumin, and the remaining 45% circulates as free ionized calcium. A randomized cross-sectional study of 120 patients comprising of 61 females and 59 males who were selected on the basis of age group (below and above 40 age group) for the study samples who attended Medicine OPD and IPD in A.C.S Medical college and hospital . After getting consent from the patients’ blood sample was collected. Serum was separated, and then calcium estimated by Arsenazo III method. Out of 120 samples, Out of 60 peoples included in below 40 age group, 60 people (100%) people had normal calcium and normal prothrombin time. Out of 60 peoples included in above 40 age group, 30 people (50%) people had normal calcium and normal prothrombin time and 30 (50 %) people had hypocalcemia and increased prothrombin time.

Background: Hemorrhoids, a common medical condition characterized by the swelling of blood vessels in the rectal and anal region, significantly impact individuals' quality of life. Despite their prevalence, misconceptions and knowledge gaps about hemorrhoids persist globally. This study aimed to assess awareness and knowledge levels regarding hemorrhoids among the general population of Lima, Peru, where healthcare access varies across diverse cultural landscapes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 400 adults residing in Lima was conducted between March and May 2023. Participants completed a structured questionnaire covering demographics and 20 knowledge-related questions about hemorrhoids. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study revealed varying levels of awareness and knowledge among participants. While 70.25% correctly identified hemorrhoids and 69.75% knew their anatomical location, only 40% correctly identified potential causes. Awareness was relatively higher for symptoms and consequences, with 69% correctly identifying common symptoms and 71.25% recognizing the need for medical attention. Misconceptions about causes were evident. In terms of management, 62.5% recognized preventive measures but only 58.25% knew about over-the-counter medications. The majority (71.25%) knew when to seek medical attention and 59.75% were aware of non-surgical treatment options. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for targeted public health initiatives in Lima, Peru, to improve hemorrhoid awareness and knowledge. Bridging knowledge gaps and clarifying misconceptions through educational campaigns and accessible healthcare information resources is crucial. Enhancing understanding can promote early detection, timely intervention and improved quality of life for individuals affected by this common condition.

A trivalent Iron (III) metal chelates of sulfonamide-derived Azo-azomethine (HTDB), as ligand. The Azo-azomethine compound HTDB was synthesized using a condensation reaction of 4-((2-hydroxy-4-oxopent-2-en-3-yl)diazenyl) benzenesulfonamide and p-toluidine, resulting in a magnificent yield. The ligand connected with this transition metal through the oxygen of the hydroxyl group and the nitrogen of azomethine, acting as a bidentate. By using a variety of physical, spectral and analytical techniques. Physical (melting point, color, yields, solubility, magnetic susceptibility and conductance measurements), spectral (UV–visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and mass analysis) and analytical (CHN analysis) methods were used to determine the structures of the ligand and their transition metal complex. They expertly established the structures of the ligand HTDB and their transition metal complex.. Finally, the synthesized compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against strains of bacteria (Escheria coli and Streptococcus aureus) and fungi (Candida albicans).. The significant outcomes of these experiments demonstrated the bioactivity of the ligands and the transition metal complexes they had.

Background: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) (lipocalin-2) is an endogenous bacteriostatic protein that is released from renal tubular epithelial cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Aim: to investigate the role of serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) among hemodialysis patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Materials and methods: This prospective hospital-based study conducted in Kirkuk city. The study included 30 CKD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis at Kirkuk General Hospital, along with 30 healthy individuals as controls. Blood samples were collected before and after hemodialysis, as well as from the control group and analyzed for various parameters. The blood samples were collected for determination of serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin blood urea and serum creatinine levels were measured using biochemical colorimetric methods. Results: The findings of the study revealed that hemodialysis (HD) patients had significantly higher levels of serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) compared to the control group. The average NGAL level in HD patients was 500.2±146.1 ng/ml, whereas it was 131.65±37.1 ng/ml in the control group. This suggests that NGAL may serve as a potential biomarker for inflammation in HD patients. Additionally, after the dialysis session, the serum NGAL levels in HD patients decreased to 457.2±120.1 ng/ml. This reduction indicates that the dialysis procedure may have a beneficial effect on reducing inflammation in HD patients, as reflected by the decrease in NGAL levels. Furthermore, the study observed elevated levels of urea and creatinine in the blood of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients before undergoing hemodialysis. However, after the completion of the dialysis procedure, there was a significant decrease in these levels. This indicates the effectiveness of hemodialysis in removing waste products such as urea and creatinine from the bloodstream. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential role of NGAL as an inflammatory biomarker in HD patients and demonstrate the efficacy of hemodialysis in reducing both NGAL levels and waste products in CKD patients. Further research and investigation are warranted to fully understand the clinical implications and the relationship between NGAL, inflammation and the effectiveness of hemodialysis in managing CKD patients.

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, has been reported for the first time in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Due to its quick expansion and high death rate, the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has severely disrupted society, making it a worldwide emergency. Since the outbreak, governments and the scientific community have responded quickly to discover the causing agent, express the viral genetic sequence and implement steps to limit the pandemic. Recent studies show the symptoms and signs vary from person to person and from region to region. In this study, the Clinical Pathological Study in AL-Anbar government, Iraq, shows the highest risk factor related to age and sex, whereas Hematological and Biochemical parameters show the A blood group has the highest risk of infection in sever and non-sever cases and the Neutrophils, Lymphocytes , CRP, D-dimer and Ferritin have being highly significant correlation (p<0.001) with (4.85 and 2.69 (10⁹/l)), (0.695 and 1.65 (10⁹/l)), (645.7 and 130), (90 and 2.6) and (0.828 and 0.431) for both severity and non-severity cases of infected by a coronavirus, respectively.