Computed Tomography (CT) scans are invaluable diagnostic tools in modern medicine, providing detailed cross-sectional images of the body's internal structures. Since their inception in the early 1970s, CT scans have revolutionized medical imaging, enabling the detection and diagnosis of a wide range of conditions, from fractures to cancers. As a result, CT scans have become one of the most commonly performed medical imaging procedures, with millions conducted worldwide each year [1-3].

The widespread use of CT scans is undoubtedly a testament to their diagnostic power and clinical utility. However, this ubiquity also raises important questions about public awareness, perception, and understanding of CT scans. While healthcare professionals are well-versed in the benefits and risks of these scans, the general population may not have the same level of knowledge. This is a crucial concern because patient awareness and perception can influence healthcare decisions, including whether to undergo a CT scan when recommended [4-6].

As the utilization of CT scans continues to grow, it is essential to investigate how the general population perceives these procedures, comprehends their benefits, and weighs potential risks. Informed decision-making is a fundamental aspect of patient-centered care, and it hinges on individuals' understanding of medical procedures, their associated benefits, and any potential risks [7-9].

This study aims to explore the awareness and perception of CT scans among the general population through a comprehensive survey-based analysis. By assessing knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding CT scans, we can gain insights into how well-informed individuals are about this diagnostic tool and identify any misconceptions or concerns they may have. Understanding public perception is vital for healthcare providers, policymakers, and educators to develop strategies that promote informed decision-making and facilitate effective patient-provider communication regarding the use of CT scans.                

Objectives of the Study

To evaluate the awareness and knowledge regarding CT Scans among the general population of Himachal Pradesh

• Research Approach: Descriptive

• Research Design: Cross-sectional survey design

• Study Area: Himachal Pradesh

Study Duration

Between April 2023 to July 2023

Study Population

The study's target population encompassed all adults aged 18 and above who had been residents of Himachal Pradesh for a minimum of 12 months

Sample Siz

A robust sample size of 400 adults was determined using a 95% confidence level, an estimated knowledge level of 50% regarding CT Scans, a precise 5% absolute error margin, and a conservative 5% non-response rate. 

Study Tool

A google form questionnaire consisting of questions regarding socio-demography and knowledge regarding CT Scans was created. The questionnaire was initially pre-tested on a small number of participants to identify any difficulty in understanding by the respondents. 

Description of Tool

• Demographic Data Survey Instrument: The demographic form elicited information on participants’ background: age, marital status, religion, employment, education and many more.

• Questionnaire: The questionnaire contains 20 structured knowledge related questions regarding CT Scans. One mark was given for each correct answer and zero for incorrect answer. The maximum score was 20 and minimum score was zero. Scoring was done on the basis of marks as >80% (16-20) = very good, 60-79% (12-15) = Good, 41-59% (8-11) = Fair, <40% (< 8) = poor

• Validity of Tool: By the experts in this field

• Data Collection: Data was collected under the guidance of supervisors. The google form questionnaire was circulated among the residents of Himachal Pradesh for responses using online modes like e-mail and social media platforms like Whatsapp groups, Facebook, Instagram and Linkedin till the 400 responses were collected. 

• Data Analysis: Data was collected and entered in Microsoft excel spread sheet, cleaned for errors and analyzed with Epi Info V7 Software with appropriate statistical test in terms of frequencies and percentage. 

• Ethical Considerations: Participants confidentiality and anonymity was maintained.

The primary objective of this study was to gauge the understanding of CT Scans among the general population of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 400 participants took part in the study, with 275 (68.75%) residing in urban areas and 125 (31.25%) in rural areas (Table 1).

In the present study 21.75% (87) females had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards CT Scans, 24.5% (98) having good knowledge (12-15 marks), 40.5% (162) having fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 13.25% (53) having poor knowledge (<8 marks).

Table 1: Responses of the Participants to Various Statements

Computed Tomography (CT) scans are widely used medical imaging procedures that provide detailed cross-sectional images of the body's internal structures. Understanding how the general population perceives and comprehends CT scans is essential to ensure informed decision-making and effective communication between healthcare providers and patients. This discussion section analyzes the findings of the study on awareness and perception of CT scans among the general population of Himachal Pradesh, India, highlighting knowledge levels, misconceptions, and implications for healthcare.

The study revealed varying levels of knowledge among participants regarding CT scans. While 21.75% demonstrated very good knowledge, a significant proportion (40.5%) had only fair knowledge, and 13.25% had poor knowledge. These findings suggest that there is room for improvement in educating the general population about CT scans. Approximately 40.75% correctly identified "CT" as an abbreviation for "Computed Tomography." This indicates a moderate level of familiarity with CT scan terminology. Enhancing public awareness of these abbreviations may improve communication between patients and healthcare providers. A positive finding was that 43.75% of participants could briefly describe what a CT scan is and how it works. This demonstrates a basic understanding of the technology behind CT scans, which is crucial for informed decision-making. However, efforts should be made to raise this percentage to ensure a more comprehensive grasp of the procedure. About 45.5% correctly identified common medical conditions or situations for which CT scans might be recommended. Recognizing the medical contexts in which CT scans are utilized is essential for individuals to appreciate their diagnostic value. A notable 50.5% of participants understood that CT scans are different from X-rays. However, the study revealed a lack of awareness regarding the differences between CT scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), with only 20.75% providing correct responses. Clarifying these distinctions can contribute to more informed decisions when choosing between imaging modalities.

A considerable proportion (44.5%) recognized the primary benefits of using CT scans in medical diagnosis. Understanding these advantages, such as the ability to visualize internal structures in detail, is vital for appreciating the clinical significance of CT scans. A potential area for improvement is the awareness of potential risks or side effects associated with undergoing a CT scan. Only 26% of participants were aware of these risks. Healthcare providers should prioritize educating patients about the risks, especially radiation exposure, and emphasize that the benefits typically outweigh the potential harm.

The study highlighted a lack of understanding regarding the differences between CT scans and MRIs. This knowledge gap should be addressed to ensure that patients and the general population can make informed decisions when prescribed imaging studies. Awareness of specific preparations or instructions before undergoing a CT scan was limited, with only 27% providing correct responses. Healthcare providers should communicate these instructions clearly to patients to ensure the accuracy of the procedure. A mere 10.5% of participants could name two different types of CT scans used for specific medical purposes. Increasing awareness of the various types of CT scans and their applications can help patients understand the relevance of the procedure to their specific condition. Understanding the necessity of consuming contrast agents or dyes before certain CT scans was low (16%). Patient education should emphasize the importance and safety of these agents when required.

A substantial percentage (59.5%) correctly identified that CT scans are non-invasive procedures. Knowledge of the non-invasive nature of CT scans is crucial for managing patient expectations. Limited awareness of limitations or conditions under which a CT scan might not be suitable (23.25%) underscores the need for patient education regarding the appropriateness of the procedure for specific clinical scenarios. Approximately 18.5% recognized factors that can influence the cost of a CT scan for an individual. Understanding cost implications is essential for financial planning and healthcare decision-making. Only 22.25% were aware of age restrictions or recommendations regarding who should undergo CT scans. Public health campaigns should clarify age-related guidelines to ensure appropriate utilization of CT scans. Over half of the participants (53.5%) recognized the importance of minimizing radiation exposure during CT scans. Educating patients about radiation safety measures is crucial for reducing unnecessary exposure. One-third of participants (33%) were aware of where to find reliable information about CT scans and make informed healthcare decisions. Promoting accessible sources of information can empower individuals to seek knowledge independently.

These findings align with existing research on public knowledge and perception of medical imaging procedures, including CT scans.6,7 Similar studies have reported varying levels of understanding among the general population, with some knowledge gaps regarding the benefits, risks, and differences between imaging modalities [8,9].

This study assessed the awareness and perception of CT scans among the general population of Himachal Pradesh, India. The findings highlight both strengths and areas for improvement in public knowledge and understanding of CT scans. Efforts to enhance awareness should focus on clarifying terminology, describing the benefits and risks, distinguishing CT scans from other imaging modalities, and providing information on preparation and types of CT scans.

Effective patient education is essential to ensure informed decision-making and foster communication between healthcare providers and patients. By addressing knowledge gaps and misconceptions, healthcare professionals and policymakers can contribute to more informed healthcare choices and improved patient outcomes.

1. Kalra, M.K. et al. “Strategies for CT radiation dose optimization.” Radiology, vol. 230, no. 3, 2004, pp. 619–628.

2. Mettler, F.A. et al. “Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog.” Radiology, vol. 248, no. 1, 2008, pp. 254–263.

3. Raman, S.P. et al. “CT dose reduction applications: available tools on the latest generation of CT scanners.” Journal of the American College of Radiology, vol. 10, no. 1, 2013, pp. 37–41.

4. Smith-Bindman, R. et al. “Rising use of diagnostic medical imaging in a large integrated health system.” Health Affairs, vol. 28, no. 6, 2009, pp. 849–859.

5. Brenner, D.J. and Hall, E.J. “Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure.” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 357, no. 22, 2007, pp. 2277–2284.

6. Itri, J.N. “Patient-centered radiology: where are we, where do we want to be, and how do we get there?” Journal of the American College of Radiology, vol. 12, no. 12, 2015, pp. 1371–1377.

7. Khowaja, A.R. et al. “Awareness of and attitudes towards CT colonography in the general public and in health professionals: a systematic review.” European Radiology, vol. 23, no. 9, 2013, pp. 2460–2468.

8. DelliFraine, J.L. et al. “The patient as a consumer: developing and measuring an instrument to assess healthcare consumer attitudes toward healthcare services.” Journal of Healthcare Management, vol. 53, no. 6, 2008, pp. 404–418.

9. Sunshine, J.H. and Maynard, C.D. “The radiographic patient: what does the public know and what do they want?” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 162, no. 2, 1994, pp. 243–248.