Humans have been using budgeting for a long time to organize, conserve and develop their lives, as well as using it in institutions to achieve economic and social goals. It is also associated with the modern concept of management in economic projects. Despite the novelty of the idea in accounting thought, it has intellectual and practical roots in Islamic thought. The budget developed by Prophet Yusuf (peace is upon him) in Pharaonic Egypt to balance the production and consumption of wheat in years of scarcity and prosperity is one of the oldest budgets [1].

The idea of ​​preparing planning budgets for economic projects came from the budgets that governments prepare for their expenses and revenues [2].

The idea evolved later and foundations were laid to help apply it to economic projects in a way that is compatible with the nature of these projects [3].

In order for management to achieve the establishment's goals, it is necessary to carry out pre-planning, organization, direction and administrative control processes [4]. Hence, the planning budget is viewed as a quantitative and financial translation of the goals that the establishment's management seeks to reach and achieve. Additionally, the budget is an effective control tool to ensure good planning and implementation of plans set by the management [5]. The top management sets the strategic objectives for the institution, which the central management translates into applicable means and steps. The lower management is responsible for the implementation process [6]. This is achieved through planning budgets that predefine the different activities and performance required by the various departments in the institution [7].

Planning budgets are referred to by several names, including estimated budgets, control budgets and planning budgets. These budgets have many advantages that can be utilized and planning budgets go through several preparatory stages before their implementation [8].

The Origin and Development of Planning Budgets

The ancient Egyptians were the first to know and use planning budgets in estimating  the  expenses  required  to cover a large project or conduct military operations, as well as the sources of financing for these expenses. These estimates were in the form of simplified versions of planning budgets [9].

The idea of using those dates back to ancient times, as our prophet Joseph used them to estimate the expected production of wheat in Egypt and to draw the consumption trends and volume during years of prosperity and drought. Although Egypt has known the general budget for a long time, the scientific rules for its preparation were developed in England as a result of the ancient conflict between Parliament and the government and the attempt by Parliament to impose permanent control over the state's revenues and expenses [10].

The word "estimated budget" is used to refer to the report prepared by the state to estimate its revenues and expenses. The origin of the word "budget" comes from the French word "Baguette", which means "bag". In the first stages of using budgets and estimates, the English finance minister would prepare the budget and present it to the British House of Commons in a bag. Therefore, these estimates became known as "budgets" and Deazeux was the first to use the term "planning budget" [11,12]. 

Definition of Planning Budgets

There are many concepts related to budgets due to differences in perspectives regarding whether they are a comprehensive and coordinated plan or a means of linking and implementing. These concepts include the following [13].

A comprehensive and coordinated plan for various activities and financial resources in the project for a certain period in the future, expressed in the form of a cash plan or a work program in the coming period aimed at organizing and coordinating the economic activity of a specific unit within the limits of the available human and primary resources so that the best results can be achieved using the best means, methods and ways to reach the goals of the intended work. This plan is distributed to all responsible parties to guide them in their work so that a detailed plan can be used as a basis for evaluating the project's performance [14].

The financial plan that determines the resources necessary to implement the activities of the economic unit, leading to the identification of expected results for the coming period. This includes specialized operating budgets that are linked to each department of the economic unit in addition to a set of financial statements that illustrate the expected business results for that economic unit [15]. A combination of information flow, procedures and administrative processes, which are linked to a standard for evaluating performance, is considered a criterion for decision-makers to make the right decisions, accounting issues and evaluation of implementation, which determines the basis of performance [16]. It is a practical tool for determining the visual, financial and cash balance framework for the operations of a facility, whether it is an industrial, commercial, financial or specialized service provider, whether the facility is a private or public project, department, ministry, authority or government agency, in the short or long term. Researchers define the planning budget as a comprehensive plan for all aspects of the facility's activities expressed in a quantitative form covering the facility's objectives for specific periods, measuring the achieved results and discovering or predicting deviations before they occur [17]. It coordinates between different departments and sections of the facility, involves employees in its preparation and then monitors the actual results of what was planned [18,19].

Importance of Budget Planning

A Tool for Coordination and Communication 

Coordination is harmony and balance for all aspects of production, services, units or departments existing in the establishment to achieve the objectives of this establishment. The coordination element pushes managers within the company to think about the relationship that connects each department of the company individually with the company as a whole. The budget planning system helps achieve complete coordination between the departments and sections of the establishment and its various activities during the budget execution process; everyone works in a balanced way towards achieving the predetermined goals of the company's management [20].

Planning Tool

The planning as setting and defining goals, developing strategies to achieve these goals. Programmed estimation of the activities of the establishment based on primary information and data, with the aim of reaching the size of these needs, their type and priorities [21]. Determining and analyzing available resources, whether material, human and institutional, their size and the changes they undergo in their relationship. Evaluation to provide a mechanism for monitoring are the plan's implementation first-hand and working on correcting errors through feedback. Accelerates the development process by identifying resources, whether internal or external and improving their utilization, which leads to psychological reassurance among members of the community and helps to achieve their satisfaction as a result of contributing to the plan's development and disseminating projects for implementation and determining the necessary financial means and requirements to achieve those goals [22].

Providing coherence and harmony between different goals and sectors, which facilitates the process of control and commitment to implementation and helps to accurately and clearly define responsibilities? [23].

A Tool for Control and Performance Evaluation

The budgetary planning expression is an effective tool through which control and performance evaluation can be carried out by measuring what is estimated or planned for actual performance, which is expressed by actual numbers extracted from the system. When there are deviations between expected and actual results, the reasons for these deviations are analyzed by responsibility centers so that management can take corrective action [24].

A Tool for Motivating Employees 

Budgetary planning uses a tool to motivate employees within the company at all administrative levels, where failure to achieve the estimated budget at the beginning of each year is considered a failure that reflects negatively on the performance of employees within the company. Therefore, achieving the budget is one of the most important goals that must be achieved by the central management inside the company, which in turn leads to motivating managers to work hard and instructing their subordinates to work hard as well in order to achieve the budget at the highest performance indicators desired [25].

Comprehensive and Detailed Plan

Budgetary planning represents a comprehensive and detailed plan for the activity of the establishment, which is prepared and approved before a specified period so that all departments in the establishment are included [26].

Planning Budget Functions

Planning: The first function of planning budgets is to plan at the enterprise level in an orderly and logical manner that contributes to achieving commitment to the enterprise's long-term strategy, as well as to create compatibility and prevent conflict between parties associated with the performance of various activities at the enterprise level, such as planning sales in the light of market demand in the light of available productive capacity [27].

Oversight

By comparing what has been identified or assessed in an effective manner, identifying changes between preconditions and effectiveness, analyzing the reasons for these changes and directing management's attention in the event of any significant deviations from the plan, taking the necessary corrective steps and encouraging competencies. It can be said that oversight includes the study and examination of budgets and the evaluation of targets set by senior management. Based on this study, it is decided to adjust the objectives to ensure their effectiveness. Accurate identification of the organization and various administrative functions. In this determination, we should be lines of authority, a detailed study of the objectives of the project and its different sections and the problems expected and of the relationships between the different sections of the project. Identification of scientific criteria used for planning purposes [28].

Communication

The budgets provide a global system within the facility where communication within the facility is considered as a function of the budgets, since the budgets achieve an advantage over the course of things since no one wants to stay away knows what their boss expects or what needs to be reached. Good balancing is the one that helps to connect from top to bottom as well as from bottom to top management, senior management sets clear goals, long-term or short-term and is communicated through budgeting to both middle and executive management and thus to all staff and executive management managers inform managers at higher levels of how and how they plan to reach goals and targets [29].

Coordination

Budgets help managers coordinate goals for example, the budget integrates the procurement management plan with the requirements of production management. The Production Department develops a plan in the sales balance schedule. The Chief Financial Officer uses the sales budget and the procurement balance to determine the plant's cash requirements. Accordingly, the budget outlines the common vision of the sections in the light of the overall plan of the business [30].

Stimulus

Planning budgets are used as a means of motivating individuals and urging them to achieve the enterprise's goals by guiding them to achieve the digital goals contained in those balances, with those goals being both ambitious and realistic [31].

Performance Appraisal

The levels of performance reflected in planning budgets can be used as a basis for evaluating the performance of plant officials as long as those levels are prepared for sound and well-considered standards, since the incentive system can be linked with the achievement of objectives to planning budgets so that the plant workers are given equivalents and awards if those goals are achieved and workers may be punished if the targets are not achieved as a result of their failure or negligence [32].

Control Using Planning Budgets

Planning budgets assist the management of the enterprise in its coordination, planning and oversight functions, as they achieve coordination and planning functions for the preparation of plans. Oversight is achieved through the implementation of the plans in advance. The concepts of censorship have been multiplied by the different views of researchers on the concept of censorship and its role and importance but there are several trends or schools of thought through whom the concept of censorship can be viewed [33].

Stages of the Control Process Using Planning Balances

Phase I: Planning phase control: when preparing the budget process, it includes the full use of available data to assess alternative actions and policies, choose the best available alternatives and plan for achieving the desired goals.

Phase II

Monitoring in the implementation phase, the procedures used relate to making operations as compatible as possible with the established plan. This phase includes the following steps:

• Preparation of performance reports to compare actual results with the estimated

• Study and analysis of deviations

• Take appropriate measures to address weaknesses and support the Force [34,35]

Types of Planning Budgets

Depending on the Time Period

Short-Term Budgets: Budgets prepared for a maximum of one financial year. The objective of the programmer of work during that period is to develop, control, perform and implement the programmer of work, that is, to use it in this case as a planning and oversight tool [36].

Long-Term Budgets

The budgets prepared are the many budgets of a fiscal year. These budgets aim to harmonize future goals and capabilities in the light of current goals and capabilities and based on past experience and experience [37].

Continuing Budgets

A full year's budget is renewable so that a new month is added at the end of each month of budget implementation. That is, it is prepared on an ongoing basis. This method helps in scientific management of continuous and prior planning of budgetary requirements, since it covers the budget for a whole year and therefore has sufficient time and ability to cope with what is new and coordinate different activities [38].

Depending on the Nature of Economic Activity Operations

Operational Budgets: Operational budgets are competent to plan, optimize and control the enterprise's production activities in all their aspects in terms of available resources to ensure their efficient utilization and performance. Operational budgets are prepared in the long or short term or both and can be prepared continuously or permanently [39].

Financial Budgets

It is a good tool for planning the process of meeting short-term commitments and providing the necessary liquidity. These include two types [40].

Cash Balances

Cash balances aim to provide the necessary information in order to avoid cash deficits and surpluses [41].

Capital Budgets

This type of budget is concerned with planning the capital operations activities in the enterprise and how they are financed and controlled in accordance with the established budget. Capital projects represent amounts denied by the enterprise to purchase fixed assets or to improve the efficiency of these assets and are intended for future benefit [42].

By Activity Levels

Static Budgets: The budgets prepared for one level of activity. This expected level. According to the Institute of Cost Accountants and Management in London, fixed budgets are defined as those prepared for one level of activity that does not change regardless of the actual activity level achieved [43].

Flexible Budgets

The budgets prepared for several levels of productive activity fall within the appropriate range of such activity so that the actual level of activity is balanced with one of these levels to increase the effectiveness of the comparison between actual and estimated balancing figures at the end of the budget period [44].

Comprehensive Budget

The overall or main budget is the general framework or summary of the subsidiary budgets for all activities of the enterprise. The general plan of the enterprise is different. The general framework of the overall budget comprises two basic types of budgets: operational budgets and financial budgets [45].

Preparation of Planning Budgets

• A sound information system that provides easy and timely access to the necessary data and information. Objectives to be achieved through planning budgets should be possible and not impossible

• Management personnel 'awareness of the concept and importance of budgeting, which has an impact on the positive involvement of them in the effective preparation of the planning budget

• Clear timing of the budget preparation period as well as the period covered. Clearly define the responsibilities of preparing the budget through the formation of a committee responsible for honour affairs on the preparation of the focus and coordination of sub-budgets at the division level or the focus of responsibility

• The planning budget is an internal plan for the management of the enterprise and therefore is not subject to the established accounting principles. There are no instructions or principles issued by any of the specialized accounting boards that regulate the preparation of the budget but there are general principles that must be taken into account in the preparation and implementation of the budget to ensure its success as a financial plan aimed at programming the economic activities of the enterprise [46-48]

Principles for the Preparation of Planning Budgets

The Principle of estimated data preparation is based on the preparation of estimated data for the next budget period. This requires predicting the different processes during the balance period and identifying the interlocutory suspensions between the different processes. The process of forecasting is based on scientific bases and rules that require analysis of a lot of data [49].

• The principle of time or timing: the timing of operations and their distribution throughout the budget period depending on the likelihood of occurrence, such as dividing the budget into 4 periods or 12 periods and the time distribution process does not mean the distribution of the figures by balance to parts of the year What is meant is the timing of operations during the budgeting period according to

the likelihood or expectation of their effective occurrence. One of the most important advantages of the time distribution process is the avoidance and bottlenecks that the enterprise may experience as a result of the loss of the time balance between the different processes [50]

• The principle of linking the budget forecasts with the liability centers: So that the effectiveness of the balance can be achieved as a planning and oversight tool, from linking the balancing estimates with the supervisory and liability centers of the establishment. This is achieved by distributing the budget estimates by the violating organizational units so that these units can proceed according to a planned plan and in order to compare the actual results with these estimates by organizational units, Thus, steps can be taken to address weaknesses and excesses, encourage competencies and link budgetary estimates with accountability centers, where periodic reports are prepared on the implementation of the budget for different administrative levels [51]

• The principle of consistency and flexibility: It may be considered that the budget on a fixed or flexible basis and the fixed budget are prepared on a single level basis for the activity so that all ART progression is prepared on the basis of this fixed level of activity. If the actual level of activity changes from the level specified in the budget significantly and noticeably, all ART progression will be adjusted in the light of the changing level of the activity. It highlights the inadequacy of the fixed budget in achieving effective control and its inability to show real deviations between the actual numbers and the estimated figures when the actual production activity level differs from the estimated production activity level. To address this deficiency, flexible budgets have been used in order to achieve control over both costs and revenues [52]

• Incentive principle: When budgeting, workers' behavioral aspects should not be ignored. The requirement is to provide incentives for workers to commit to budget. Such incentives may be material or moral. Without incentives or motivations, workers may not move to increase the output and reach the establishment to a balanced state [53]

• Balance principle: When preparing the balance of income and expenditure or between resources and uses so as not to cover one over the other [54]

• The principle of coordination and complementarity: In the preparation of the balance sheet, the coordination and integration of the sub-budgets shall also be coordinated between all aspects of the activities contained in the plan and the budget [55]

• Principle of obligation: The budget shall be binding on the staff at each location so that each individual feels his or her responsibility and role in the implementation of the budget until the objective is achieved [56]

Steps to Prepare Planning Budgets

• Setting Objectives: The management evaluation determines the desired objective within a specified period. The objective varies according to the enterprise. It may be to achieve sales volume, production or incapacity of the capital invested in a certain proportion or to achieve social goals. The objectives must be possible and convincing in order for deviations to be made

• Determining the Controlling Factors in the Number and Implementation of the Budget: In the construction and implementation of the planning budget. These factors influence the preparation and implementation of the budget. These factors represent a constraint that is fundamentally different for the surrounding economic conditions and spatials of another industry and the same project from time to time depending on the resources available to the project. For example, sales and materials are the volume of the crude used in production

• Forecasting: This stage is considered the most important stage in the preparation of the planning budget, prediction "is the extrapolation of the future and the events that are expected to happen". The forecast is made under the study of past events and their specific circumstances and current and expected conditions to be high in the future (all estimates remain in the balance on forecasting and use statistical methods such as time chains and advanced mathematical methods

• Coordination: Where coordination takes place between the different sections and branches and departments of the project, which is the stage of preparing in-kind estimates under the required objectives and policies. These estimates must enjoy spatial flexibility and eliminate conflicts. They are translated into financial values in the light of prevailing prices or prevailing during the budget period. Financial budgets are obtained and compiled in the most important stages of the budget

• Budget Approval and Dissemination: The budget is presented to senior management for examination and after approval; the budget is implemented and distributed to the executive departments of the project. This phase is the beginning of the oversight process with the planning budget through recharge

• Comparisons: At this stage, actual results are recorded and then compared with what is planned, deviations are identified and then reports to senior project management. This is the most important stage in budgetary oversight and the best preparation of balance checklists in short periods in order to take corrective steps for any variables in circumstances by making and approving adjustments [57-29]

Rules for the Preparation of Planning Budgets

• The planning budget characterizes the ongoing operations and capital formation of CAL on a monthly or quarterly basis

• The economic unit is committed to distributing the annual budgets in kind, financial and monetary. These budgets must also be divided according to the main economic activities of its main economic activities. On the branches that go sideways

• The Economic Unit is committed to distributing annual budgets geographically

• When preparing the planning budget, the economic unit adheres to the models that serve all planning processes

• The planning budget connects cost centers to the combined cost centers: production centers, production services, marketing services, administrative and finance services and capital operations [60-63]

Planning Balance System Challenges

• The Complexity of the Technical Aspects: The degree of technological presentation of the industry to which the enterprise belongs is linked to the degree of unpredictability of the future resources and uses of the enterprise [64,65]

• Natural Market Environment: This handicap relates to the market framework that operates as an enterprise and its factors and influences of competition and openness to foreign markets the less competition and openness to foreign markets. Low level of competition, easy to predict future market conditions, which helps plan and increases the potential for effectiveness of the system and, if the market is characterized as a free economy, this would complicate the problems of planning and forecasting global markets on the domestic market [66]

• Type of government legislation: The system of planning budgets influenced by State domestic policy factors in terms of the extent of the establishment's legal form [67]

• Facility Autonomy: It is self-evident that if a facility is associated with the holding and subsidiary system, this would somewhat affect the degree of autonomy of the enterprise in making its planning decisions and preparing planning budgets. Therefore, the facility not associated with the holding and subsidiary system has a climate that enables it to achieve greater degrees of effectiveness of planning budgets [68]

• Enterprise organizational structure: A sound organizational structure with a focused budget and clearly defining terms of reference, powers and responsibilities increases the effectiveness of the planning balances system and vice versa [69] 

• Interpersonal relationships between individuals in organizing: Interpersonal interpersonal relationships between individuals at managerial levels play a role in determining the effectiveness of the planning budgeting system. Whenever these suspensions are positive, there are aspects of cooperation and trust between different individuals [70]

• Applying the planning budgets properly makes the cash flows regular according to the set plan
• Applying the planning budgets facilitates the process of preparing cash flows
• Preparing the cash flow statement based on planning budgets can help detect future deviations
• Applying the planning budgets properly leads to cash flow control
• Well-prepared and clear planning budgets help in their proper execution, which leads to improving financial performance efficiency
• Clear policies and procedures set by management for proper implementation of the planning budget system ensure its execution
• 7-Proper application of planning budgets leads to improving financial performance efficiency
• Planning budgets provide periodic reports on work progress and performance during the budget execution period, leading to improving financial performance efficiency
• The implementation of budget planning helps employees to commit to achieving their goals
• Industrial companies involve employees in preparing plans to ensure their execution and thus increase financial performance efficiency
• Budget planning is used in the enterprise as a work program to achieve its various goals, for the industrial companies system
• Budget planning helps identify deviations that occur and how to address them
• Budget planning is an effective tool for linking the goals of the institution with its available resources, which leads to good planning and control
• Budget planning helps to identify the goals and resources used to achieve those goals

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