The ocular insert represents a significant advancement in the therapy of eye diseases. Ocular inserts are defined as sterile, thin, multilayered, drug-impregnated, solid, or semisolid consistency devices placed into the cul-de-sac or conjunctival sac, whose size and shape are especially designed for ophthalmic application. They are composed of a polymeric support that may or may not contain a drug. The drug can later be incorporated as dispersion or a solution in the polymeric support. They offer several advantages as increased ocular residence and sustained release of medication into eye. The inserts are classified according to their solubility as insoluble, soluble, or bio-erodible inserts. The release of drug from the insert depends upon the diffusion, osmosis and bioerosion of the drug and this article is an attempt to present a brief about this newer drug delivery system.

Due to an increase in the use of pharmaceutical products this has led to the increase in harmful contaminants in potable water and it has become difficult to remove these contaminants with the current methods or techniques of water treatment. Hence the use of advanced techniques like nano-based adsorbent and photocatalysts, have shown a greater result in removal of most of pharmaceutical contaminants in indirect potable water. Hence in these techniques advanced materials have been used with the adsorbent and photocatalysts which lead to increase adsorbent capacity and degradation of variety of pharmaceutical contaminants. Therefore, the advancement in these techniques included, addition of modified graphene-base nanomaterials to adsorbent and magnetic material and coated optical fibers to photocatalysts which has shown to improve the degradation of pharmaceutical based emerging contaminants from indirect potable water. Hence these advancements have been explained briefly in this article.

Diabetes, is a metabolic disorder of glucose, also it is a serious chronic disease and an important public health problem. Diabetes mellitus, a sort of metabolic disorder disease and it is designated by the high glycemic levels due to the loss of functions to produce or use insulin. The insulin treatment plays an indispensable role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Although, repeated injections is required to productively control the glycemic levels which leads to considerable inconvenience and low patient compliance. In order to enhance the insulin delivery, numerous attempts have been made, like developing the nanoparticles (NPs)-based release systems and oral insulin. At present, some formulations of insulin are accessible in the market including rapid, short-, intermediate- and long-acting and are utilized in a single or combination drug therapy to attain different durations of efficacy. Therefore, for the novel routes of the insulin delivery, researchers have been looking for the non-invasive and controllable administration such as oral nasal, inhalation and transdermal delivery. Compared with the SC injections, oral route of drug delivery is more natural and less invasive. Insulin absorption across nasal mucosa is much quicker than SC injection as nasal delivery is considered to avoid first pass effect. This review article covers all the most relevant non-invasive insulin delivery methods under development, respective technology and clinical data available according to their status of development. Pulmonary and oral appear to be the most advantageous routes, with regard to other marketed products.