Cancer is responsible for millions of death across the world. There are so many medicine developed but still required to developed more advanced cancer therapy. Various technologies are developed which are under clinical trials or already into clinical practice. Therefore, development of rationalized and individual therapy is required. In this review we will provide detail description of recent innovation in cancer therapy by various surgery and recently discovered drug via chemotherapy.

Diabetes, is a metabolic disorder of glucose, also it is a serious chronic disease and an important public health problem. Diabetes mellitus, a sort of metabolic disorder disease and it is designated by the high glycemic levels due to the loss of functions to produce or use insulin. The insulin treatment plays an indispensable role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Although, repeated injections is required to productively control the glycemic levels which leads to considerable inconvenience and low patient compliance. In order to enhance the insulin delivery, numerous attempts have been made, like developing the nanoparticles (NPs)-based release systems and oral insulin. At present, some formulations of insulin are accessible in the market including rapid, short-, intermediate- and long-acting and are utilized in a single or combination drug therapy to attain different durations of efficacy. Therefore, for the novel routes of the insulin delivery, researchers have been looking for the non-invasive and controllable administration such as oral nasal, inhalation and transdermal delivery. Compared with the SC injections, oral route of drug delivery is more natural and less invasive. Insulin absorption across nasal mucosa is much quicker than SC injection as nasal delivery is considered to avoid first pass effect. This review article covers all the most relevant non-invasive insulin delivery methods under development, respective technology and clinical data available according to their status of development. Pulmonary and oral appear to be the most advantageous routes, with regard to other marketed products.

The purpose of research work was to develop and optimize mucoadhesive microspheres of Ziprasidone hydrochloride for nasal delivery with the aim to enhance the residence time and improve therapeutic efficacy. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are those that provide intimate contact of the drug with the mucosa for an extended period of time. In our present work, mucoadhesive chitosan microspheres were prepared by emulsification method using liquid paraffin as external phase. Ten different formulations were developed. Results show that as the concentration of polymer increases it affects the particle size, production yield, encapsulation efficiency, swelling index, in-vitro mucoadhesion and in-vitro drug release of mucoadhesive microspheres. The in vitro mucoadhesion of microspheres was investigated using freshly isolated goat nasal mucosa. The mucoadhesion for M0, M1, M2 and M9 was tested. The mucoadhesion property was satisfactory. The M2 exhibited lowest mucoadhesion of 68.9% and M0 displayed highest mucoadhesion of 87.5%. The in Vitro release studies it revealed that 84.1% of drug release from formulation M1 at 7hrs. The 50% of the drug was released from the formulation M2 and 70.67% from formulat ion M9. This formulation was further used for SEM for particles size analysis, mucoadhesion test and in-vitro drug release. The In-vitro % drug release data suggest that the maximum and sustained drug release was obtained for formulation M1. The present study showed that Ziprasidone hydrochloride chitosan microspheres can deliver intanasally which can improve the therapeutic outcome for the Epileptic seizure.

The global outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite extensive research, no definitive antiviral treatment has been established, and current management primarily includes supportive care and combination therapies. In this context, natural bioactive compounds have gained attention for their potential therapeutic value. Curcumin, a principal component of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), has long been used in traditional Asian medicine and is recognized as safe by regulatory authorities. Curcumin exhibits multiple pharmacological properties, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-pyretic and antiemetic effects, making it a promising complementary candidate for COVID-19 management. Previous studies have demonstrated curcumin’s antiviral activity against hepatitis viruses, influenza, Zika virus, chikungunya virus, HIV, HSV-2 and HPV, suggesting its broad-spectrum potential. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may help counteract cytokine surge, oxidative stress, and respiratory complications seen in severe COVID-19 cases. Additionally, curcumin has shown efficacy in reducing fever, improving appetite, and alleviating symptoms associated with viral infections. While preclinical findings indicate encouraging outcomes, clinical evidence specific to COVID-19 remains limited. This review highlights the therapeutic promise of curcumin as a supportive treatment option for COVID-19 and emphasizes the need for well-designed clinical trials to validate its efficacy and safety in infected patients.

In recent years, diabetes mellitus has been linked to an increased risk of osteoporosis-related fractures and osteoarthritis. ABRE (Achyranthes Bidentata Root Extract) has previously been shown to prevent bone damage. However, it is unknown whether ABRE can protect diabetics from developing bone loss when co-treated with Rosiglitazone. This study looks at the effects of ABRE on bone oxidative stress and turnover markers in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin (STZ) causes diabetics. Five groups of six Wistar albino rats were studied: control (vehicle therapy), Streptozotocin (diabetes) group, ABRE group, Rosiglitazone and Rosiglitazone + ABRE group. Each medicine was given by gastric gavage once a day for 35 days. A healthy rat group was used as a standard control group. Insulin, oxidative stress and bone turnover markers were measured in the blood using ELISA assays. Diabetic rats given ABRE had significantly greater insulin and osteocalcin levels than diabetic control rats. ABRE may be able to prevent diabetic osteoporosis by boosting osteogenesis and lowering bone oxidative stress. These findings support the use of ABRE as a diabetic osteoporosis therapy. 

Nanotechnology is a science that deals with the use of material at nanoscale (10^-9 metre). Nanotechnology applies in dosage form design provide various advantages like increased solubility, enhanced dissolution rate, increased stability, increased bioavailability so rapid onset of action. It gives great opportunities in pharmaceutical field. There is tremendous potential and scope of nano based drug delivery system in near future. This review includes types of nanoparticles, nanotechnology in drug delivery system, their application, commercially available nanoparticles, current and future prospective of pharmaceutical nanotechnology.

Extracts from plastrum testudinis (PTE) have been shown in-vivo to protect against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). The effects of PTE on bone oxidative stress and turnover indicators in diabetic rats are investigated in this study. Wistar albino rats were split into five groups, each with six rats: control (vehicle therapy), Streptozotocin (diabetic) group, PTE group, Pioglitazone (PGZ) and Pioglitazone + PTE group. Each medication was given by gastric gavage once a day for 35 days. A healthy rat group was employed as a standard control group. Insulin, oxidative stress and bone turnover markers were measured in the blood using ELISA assays. Insulin and osteocalcin levels were substantially greater in diabetic rats given PTE than in diabetic control rats. By increasing osteogenesis and decreasing bone oxidative stress, PTE may be able to prevent diabetic osteoporosis. PTE substantially increased bone quality and quantity, according to the findings. This showed that PTE can help diabetic rats recover from PGZ-induced bone loss.

Ecliptae herba (EH) has been used to strengthen bones for centuries. Evidence suggests that EH may have antiosteoporotic properties. The goal of this study was to see how EH aqueous extract (EHE) affected diabetic rats that were also on pioglitazone (PGZ). In type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, pioglitazone may be associated to a decrease in bone density and an increased risk of fracture. Wistar albino rats were split into five groups, each with six rats: control (vehicle therapy), Streptozotocin (diabetes) group, EHE group, Pioglitazone (PGZ) and Pioglitazone +EHE group. Each medication was given by gastric gavage once a day for 35 days. Bone turnover markers were measured using ELISA assays. By preventing bone loss, EHE improves bone mass in diabetic rats. By increasing osteogenesis and modifying bone turnover markers, EHE may be able to prevent diabetic osteoporosis. This implies that EHE might be developed as an alternate treatment for osteoporosis caused by anti-diabetic medications and diabetes.

Diabetes has been linked to an increased risk of osteoporosis-related fractures and osteoarthritis in recent years. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SME) extract has been shown to reduce bone damage in the past. However, whether SME can protect against antidiabetic drug induced bone loss is unknown. The effects of SME on bone oxidative stress and turnover markers in diabetic rats are investigated in this study. Diabetic Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6) were utilised to study streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes. Five groups of six Wistar albino rats were studied: control (vehicle therapy), Streptozotocin (diabetes) group and SME group, Rosiglitazone and Rosiglitazone +SME group. Each medication was given by gastric gavage once a day for 35 days. A healthy rat group was employed as a standard control group. As a normal control group, a healthy rat group was used. ELISA assays were used to detect insulin, oxidative stress and bone turnover indicators in the blood. SME treatment substantially increased insulin and osteocalcin levels in diabetic rats compared to diabetic control rats. By increasing osteogenesis and decreasing bone oxidative stress, SME may be able to prevent bone damage. These data support the use of SME as an osteoporosis treatment in diabetics.

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and recent meta-analyses and cohort studies have established that T1DM and T2DM are linked to a greater fracture risk. In rats, rosiglitazone (RSG) induces bone loss. Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) offers a novel approach to osteoporosis prevention and therapy, creating interest in finding anti-osteoporotic chemicals and fractions from this plant. The current study will investigate at the potential benefits of FLL extracts on bone health in diabetic rats that were also given RSG. Five groups of six Wistar albino rats were studied: control (vehicle treatment), Streptozotocin (diabetic) group and FLL group, Rosiglitazone and Rosiglitazone + FLL group. Each medication was given by gastric gavage once a day for 35 days. The bone mineral density (BMD) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were tested at the end of the therapy period. BMD of the femur and lumbar vertebrae was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the end of the trial. Serum glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin serum were also tested. FLL and RSG reduced elevated blood glucose levels substantially, both alone and in combination. RSG treatment significantly decreased HBA1C levels in comparison to the positive control. Blood glucose and HBA1C levels were significantly decreased when RSG and FLL were combined. RSG showed a detrimental effect on BMD in the femur and lumbar vertebrae, while FLL treatment alleviated these effects considerably. FLL supplementation in diabetic individuals on RSG appears to be an effective way to reduce RSG-induced bone loss, according to this research.

Phytochemical studies carried out on the Phragmites karka plants have demonstrated a wide variety of the bio molecules present in the plants which may be responsible for their use in traditional medicine. Through various bioassays, different biologically active compounds were identified. Since bio autography was used to monitor the wound healing activity of the extract, this shows that bioassays can be used as a guide during isolation. Although a p-coumaric acid compound isolated in this study was not identified due to a contaminant, this study shows that there is a biologically active compound belonging to the phenolic derivative which may be unique. Further work is required to identify the specific phenolic and to determine if it is indeed unique and a good candidate for the treatment of infected wounds.

Optimization study was done on the basis of experimental design. Sustained release bilayer tablet was prepared by using direct compression technique. Optimization was done by using HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M at different concentration. Concentration of the release regulating polymer was increased in definite amount for the preparation of different batches of bilayer tablet, which show that the increase in concentration of HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M retard the release of the drug from sustained release layer of bilayer tablet hence ,increase in % cumulative drug release up to 24 hrs. Bilayer tablet (furosemide) formulation was done on the basis of following crucial factors like hardness, friability, Weight variation, Disintegration time, Drug content and drug release the result were found to be 7.3±0.19kg/cm2, 0.74±0.059%, 415.8±4.077mg, 28.16±1.47sec., 96.22±2.06%, 96.63% after 24 hr, respectively. Both the tablet layers of Furosemide were optimized with the help of experimental design respectively. The optimization was done on the basis of following crucial factors like hardness, drug content, disintegration and drug release profile. On the basis of above parameters, Bilayer tablet of (furosemide) was found to be best, it was concluded that, Bilayer tablet of (furosemide) was best.

Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a common metabolic bone disease characterised by low BMD and microstructure deterioration. Eucommiae Cortex (E. Cortex) has been shown to be beneficial for osteoporosis; however, it is unknown if E. Cortex protects against diabetes-induced osteoporosis. The bone preventive benefits and possible mechanism of E. Cortex on diabetes-induced bone loss were found in this work, which used a rat model of diabetic osteoporosis produced by streptozotocin injection. Wistar albino rats were split into five groups of six rats each: Control, Streptozotocin (diabetes), E.Cortex, Rosiglitazone (RSG) and RSG+E.Cortex. Each medication was given by gastric gavage once a day for 35 days. The bone mineral density (BMD) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were tested at the conclusion of the therapy period. Consumption of 500 mg/kg E. Cortex decreased blood glucose and enhanced BMD in diabetic rats, according to the findings. The data shows that consuming E. Cortex orally can help prevent diabetic osteoporosis co-administered with RSG.

The purpose of this study was to see how effective an ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (H. rosa sinensis) flowers were in healing wounds. A dead space wound model was used to investigate the wound healing activities of H.rosa sinensis on Wistar albino rats. Breaking strength, granulation tissue dry and wet weight were the variables investigated. The granulation tissue was utilized to calculate total hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, tissue protein and lysyl oxidase at the end of the research. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to examine the data. It was determined that P<0.05 was statistically significant. In comparison to the control, the extract of H. rosa sinensis considerably increased wound breaking strength. In a dead space wound model, the weights of wet and dry granulation tissue increased considerably. In comparison to the control and standard medication treated groups, there was a substantial increase in tensile strength, dry granuloma weight and wet granuloma weight in the H. rosa sinensis treated group. The wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract of H. rosa sinensis was higher than the control.

Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, is growing more prevalent across the world. Diabetics have a higher risk of mortality and morbidity, as well as cardiomyopathy and nephropathy, since they have a higher chance of bone fractures due to poor Bone Mineral Density (BMD). Diabetic individuals have worse bone quality than non-diabetic patients due to hyper glycemia, the toxic effects of Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs) on bone tissue and an altered bone micro vascular system. Hyperglycemia has been linked to the development of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.  As a result, glucose control is important for bone health in diabetics. Furthermore, research suggests that women who took Rosiglitazone (RSG) had more fractures than those who took other type 2 diabetes medications. Sesamin, a lignan extracted from Fagara plants, has been shown to have anti-osteoporosis therapeutic and preventative properties. Using a diabetic rat model, the goal of this investigation was to see how RSG therapy affects bone quality and whether it might be avoided by co-administration with sesamin. Five groups of six Wistar albino rats were studied: control (vehicle therapy), Streptozotocin (diabetes) group, Sesamin group, Rosiglitazone and Rosiglitazone+Sesamin group. Each medication was given by gastric gavage once a day for 35 days. The Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were tested at the end of the therapy period. Consumption of 80 mg/kg Sesamin decreased blood glucose and enhanced BMD in diabetic rats, according to the findings. The researchers discovered that taking 80 mg/kg of Sesamin reduced bone loss caused by RSG by reducing blood glucose and improving BMD. Sesamin combined with RSG appears to be effective in preventing diabetic osteoporosis.

The medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum (G.lucidum) is widely used. G. lucidum has been proven to have wound healing properties in excision wounds linked with diabetes mellitus in scientific studies. The wound healing efficacy of the hot aqueous extract of G. lucidum in dead space wounds in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats was investigated in this work. Breaking strength, granulation tissue dry and wet weight were the variables investigated. The granulation tissue was utilised to calculate total hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, tissue protein and lysyl oxidase at the end of the research. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to examine the data. It was determined that p<0.05 was statistically significant. In comparison to the control, the G. lucidum extract considerably boosted wound-breaking strength. In a dead space wound model, the weights of wet and dry granulation tissue rose considerably. When comparing the G. lucidum treated group to the control and conventional drug-treated groups, there was a substantial increase in tensile strength, dry granuloma weight and wet granuloma weight. The wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract of G. lucidum was higher than the control. The benefits of a standardised aqueous extract of G. lucidum in ehnancing wound healing in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats are clearly supported by these findings.

Both glucose and metabolism and bone mass are controlled by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma). Recent data shows that anti diabetic thiazolidinediones (Rosiglitazone) have undesirable bone effects when used to modulate PPAR gamma activation. Psoraleae Fructus (FP) is the spicy and slightly bitter dried and ripe fruit of the leguminous plant Psoralea corylifolia L. It has been found to have a substantial anti-osteoporosis impact by increasing osteogenesis, decreasing adipogenesis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. The objective of this trial was to investigate if Psoraleae Fructus might help prevent bone loss caused by the drug rosiglitazone (RSG). Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes. Wistar albino rats were put into five groups of six rats each: vehicle treatment, Streptozotocin (diabetes) group, Psoraleae Fructus group, Rosiglitazone and Rosiglitazone + Psoraleae Fructus group and Rosiglitazone +Psoraleae Fructus group. Each medication was given by gastric gavage once a day for 35 days. The bone mineral density (BMD) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were tested at the conclusion of the therapy period. BMD of the femur and lumbar vertebrae was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the conclusion of the trial (DXA). Serum glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin serum were also tested. Both alone and in combination, Psoraleae Fructus and RSG significantly reduced elevated blood glucose levels. RSG treatment significantly decreased HBA1C levels when compared to the positive control. RSG and Psoraleae Fructus together significantly decreased blood glucose and HBA1C levels. The effects of RSG on BMD in the femur and lumbar vertebrae were unfavourable, while the benefits of Psoraleae Fructus treatment were considerably improved. Psoraleae Fructus supplementation in diabetic individuals using RSG may be an effective way to reduce RSG-induced bone loss, according to this study.