Background: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Early identification and intervention can significantly improve outcomes, yet parental awareness and understanding are crucial for early detection. This study aimed to evaluate parental understanding of ASD symptoms, available diagnostic and intervention options, and common misconceptions, to inform public health initiatives and promote early intervention efforts.Materials& Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was employed to assess parental awareness of ASD across diverse districts in Himachal Pradesh. The study included 400 parents and primary caregivers aged 18 and above, residing in the state for at least 12 months. Data collection was conducted over three months (August–October 2024) through a structured online questionnaire distributed via social media and online platforms. The questionnaire comprised two sections: socio-demographic details and 20 structured questions assessing knowledge on ASD symptoms, diagnostic and intervention options, and prevalent myths. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and Epi Info V7, calculating frequencies and percentages to interpret awareness levels and identify demographic trends.Results: The results indicated varied awareness levels among participants. Many parents (63.5%) identified common early signs of ASD, such as delayed speech and limited social interaction, while 69.5% recognized symptom onset as early as age two. However, only 59% correctly identified diagnostic professionals, and only 52% were aware of community resources for ASD support. Table 2 shows knowledge scores distribution: 26% of participants scored “Very Good” (16–20 points), 32.5% scored “Good” (12–15 points), 27.5% scored “Fair” (8–11 points), and 14% scored “Poor” (<8 points). These findings underscore the need for targeted educational interventions, particularly for those with foundational or limited knowledge of ASD.Conclusion: This study highlights significant awareness gaps among parents in Himachal Pradesh regarding Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorders, particularly in understanding diagnostic processes, intervention options, and available support resources. While foundational knowledge exists, targeted education is essential to bridge misconceptions and promote early ASD recognition and intervention. Addressing these gaps through community-based public health initiatives can empower parents to support their children effectively, fostering a more supportive environment for ASD diagnosis and management across Himachal Pradesh.

Background: Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a critical global health challenge, threatening the efficacy of antibiotics and leading to prolonged illnesses, higher healthcare costs, and increased mortality. Public awareness of AR and the responsible use of antibiotics are pivotal in combating this issue. This study aimed to assess awareness levels of antibiotic resistance among the residents of Shimla, focusing on knowledge gaps, socio-demographic influences, and perceptions regarding antibiotic use.Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Shimla district over three months (August–October 2024), encompassing urban and rural populations. A structured, pre-tested questionnaire captured socio-demographic data and assessed awareness of antibiotic resistance, causes, consequences, and preventive practices. The study included 400 participants selected through convenience sampling. Scores were categorized as Very Good (>80%), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%), and Poor (<40%). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to identify trends and correlations.Results:The study revealed moderate awareness levels, with 20.50% scoring "Very Good," 36.25% "Good," 31.75% "Fair," and 11.50% "Poor." While 65.00% identified self-medication as a key contributor to AR, only 52.50% correctly stated that antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections. Misconceptions about antibiotic use and resistance mechanisms were prevalent, with only 51.00% accurately defining AR. Awareness of improper disposal contributing to resistance was low (44.50%). Rural residents (57.50% of the sample) and individuals with lower educational attainment demonstrated significantly lower awareness.Conclusion: The study underscores critical gaps in public knowledge about antibiotic resistance, particularly among rural and less-educated populations. While some foundational awareness exists, misconceptions and limited understanding of resistance mechanisms and preventive measures persist. Targeted, community-specific educational interventions focusing on the appropriate use of antibiotics, the importance of completing prescribed courses, and proper disposal practices are essential. Public health strategies must prioritize underserved populations to reduce the misuse of antibiotics and mitigate the spread of resistance, safeguarding antibiotics for future generations.