The devastating effects of climate change have been observed, analyzed and felt in communities for decades. Sea-Level Rise (SLR) and flooding happens more often than excepted, extreme storm events are increasing, aquifers are getting more alkaline, acidic and more turbulent with varying degrees of impacts on the environment, ecosystems, infrastructures, livelihood and buildings thereby contributing to huge economic loses, health hazards and human casualties most especially in the coastal areas in recent time [1]. Therefore, communities most especially in the developing world have adopted local adaptation strategies according to their capability with the catena options ranging from continuous routine maintenance, defense to co-exist and finally, retreat when effects becomes less manageable to survive. In response to these threats, raising awareness, adopting climate policies, sound and appropriate insurance policies, adaptation planning and adequate management techniques cum appropriate professional skills and improved socio economic characteristics will enhance adequate adaptation strategies that will promote sustainability in the coastal area. 

Extreme weather event effects on infrastructure, buildings and the ecosystems aroundAyetoro community have widespread impacts on human and natural systems that are believed to be caused by human activities for centuries. Up till date, local adaptation and mitigation actions are complimentary strategies adopted for reducing and managing the risks of weather inundation in this region. Odjugo [2] confirmed that changing climate in Nigeria has led to the frequency and magnitude of SLR/flooding, windstorm and rainstorms have caused the death of about 199 people and destruction of properties worth 85.05billion naira between 1992 and 2007 respectively in the coastal environment. National Environmental Studies/Action Team [3] confirmed that virtually all sectors of the Nigerian economy manifest some evidence of vulnerability to climate-change as none is presently unaffected, nor may remain unaffected in future. IPCC [4] report which uses a more embracing and sophisticated approach at regional and global scale did not only corroborate the patterns established by NEST [3], it states that human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gasses and gas flaring are the highest drive in history. Based on the climate related hazards such as frequent storms, sea-level rise, more heat waves, flooding and extreme storms and more extreme rains including seasonal variabilityand their subsequent devastating effects on lives, properties, infrastructure, ecosystems and the environment, this paper though limited to buildings adaptation strategies, discussesthe effects of socio-economic parameters as regardsit effects on adaptation with the aim of establishing any significant relationship and how this can be utilized to enhance sustainable adaptation strategies in Ayetoro community. 

Literature Review

Literature relevant to this study was reviewed in reference toglobal climate change impacts and adaptation studies: based o general adaptation strategies; adapting buildings’ to climate change; climate change in Nigeria, Niger Delta region, and the coastal communities; climate pattern in Ondo State coastal areas with special reference to sea-level rise/flooding, ocean surge, windstorm and their impacts on buildings and environment. 

In the coastal areas, many communities traditionally are known for their local adaptation strategies to natural disasters including those induced by weather inundation and extreme weather events through a range of measures such as continuous routine maintenance, disaster risk management, material use withassistance received from cooperative societies, community labour and churches [5-6]. Roiko et al. [7] affirmed that global weather variations and the consequent effects ofextreme weather inundation are known to expose human and natural systems to effects outside the known experience due to differences in solar radiation, frequency and magnitude of occurrenceand concluded that the combined and interacting influence of climate variability and change is likely to adversely affect coastal communities due to their closeness to the sea through repeated short and long term interruption to the functioning of amenities with adverse consequences and negative effects on service delivery such as education, social cohesion; and infrastructures, livelihood, environment, ecosystems and buildings.Adger et al. [8]reportbased on investment in climate change research,was focused on biophysical climate processes and ways to adapt to the impactson natural and human systemsthat encompasses socio economic characteristics. They contend that limits to adaptation are endogenous to society and as such contingent on ethics, knowledge attitudes to risk and culture that require more propositions.

Miao and Popp [9] examined the impact of three types of natural disasters floods, droughts and earthquakes on the innovation of their respective adaptation strategies. They concluded that natural disasters lead to more risk-mitigating innovations while the degree of influence varies across different types of disasters and technologies such as necessity as mother of invention (adaptation theory). Nurudeen et al. suggested that the application of adaptation theory will help to adapt to the impacts of climate change locally that mayultimately lead to the achievement of sustainable built environment. Nawani [10] studied how high wind air-borne projectile, wind driven water, ocean-surges and flooding hazards threatens buildings and theecosystems in the coastal communities. His findings revealed thatthe mean pressure coefficients of gusting effects of windstorm have to form the peak of wind speed typically average of about 3 seconds, and the pressure exerted on a component of a building depends upon the local wind velocity and the location of the tributary area transferring the load to the component, which resultant effects will be the difference between the pressureson the two surfaces butbuilding code stipulates a pressure to be used at a particular location and height during construction, which had to be multiplied by a shape factor; especially a pressure coefficient or wind speed derived from metrological data that gives velocity pressure that varies in an appropriate level with height. 

Hauge et al. [11] report affirmed the need toprepare societies for the future climate change (simulation) and its consequent devastating effects to the environment, livelihood economy and buildings. The study’s findings were placed within the context of the climate services literature, and “user’s guide” that are understood as a type of “climate services product.Malek and Grierson [12] report was based on tools to support the development of national building sustainability that involves sources of impacts, specific bench-marks, and priorities for weighing system for assessment criteria. This is based on development of regional based tools such as, current climate change adaptation policies and priorities, its environmental conditions and socio-economic effects, building typologies, standards and bench. Dioha and Emodi confirmed the current climate change conditions in Nigeria and ambitions to transit to a low carbon economy while planning for a long-term fossil fuel energy supply system. They concluded that options for the future must include the distribution of mitigating efforts, exploiting the renewable energy and energy efficiency practice, robust financing mechanism, education and awareness for sustainable developmentthrough promulgating appropriate policies and interventions.

Adeleke et al. study, measures the impact of climate change on the eight coastal regions in Nigeria in recent year and the result revealed that flooding has devastating effect on water quality, species distribution, physiology, and population of the aquatic organism in the coastal areasand proposed adequate erosion control through channelization, drainages and embankments, while Akinyemi examined and analyzed the climate of Ondo State, Nigeria with respect to bio-meteorological parameters based on air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and rainfall from 1998 to 2008. The study shows three different grade of physiological stress over the two zones of Ondo State, and recommends incorporation of atmospheric environmental parameters into health management systems for MDG sector. Bussey et al. [5] confirmed that the inhabitants of many communities in the delta area have a history of local adaptation strategies such as risk management/maintenance techniques, relocation to neighbor’s house, raise the floor level of structures, use of water resistant light weight building materials, planting trees as windbreak, digging of gutter/drainage around the structure, planting of grasses, increase the height of stilt and relocating to a higher ground to rebuild as panacea to extreme weather event impacts. However, assumed global climate change processes are done to expose human and natural systems to impacts that may be outside the range of historical experiences due to differences in magnitude, direction and frequency of phenomenon.

IPCC, confirmed acomprehensive outlines adaptation options for coastal communities as ‘protect’, ‘accommodate’, or retreat. The protect options have been used in coastal management globally and it includes hard or soft measures that represents a range of options used in the coastal region such as building codes, insurance and materials specifications and improved socio-economic characteristics. Retreat options include relocation of buildings away from the affected areas to lessen vulnerability from extreme weather events impact. They concluded that all options pose a degree of disturbance to socio-ecological systems and adaption strategies that requires possible considerations in conformity to local contexts and long term sustainability index [13].

Description of Study Area

Ayetoro community in Ondo state, Nigeria, lies on latitude 6^o13.785’’ N and longitude 4 ^o38.975’’ E.It is situated at about 160km East of Lagos state and separated from the mainland by about 40km of swampy terrain inhabited by the Ilaje people of Yoruba ethnic group of Nigeria, in Ilaje local government area (ILGA) with headquarters at Igbokodain Ondo State, Nigeria (figure 1and2) in the Southern Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria. The eastern tip of this community is the Atlantic Ocean while the west and north canal constitutes the west and north boundaries. The pull factor to this settlement is basically theocratic, fishing and trading for livelihood an advantage offered by both the Atlantic Ocean and the canal. The study area was chosen due to the level of decadence caused by the devastating effects of extreme weather events on buildings, environmentand the ecosystemswith the aim of aptly nipping in the bud the appropriate adaptation strategy. Further instantaneous sea incursion that regularly encroached the community and has claimed more than 900m land area have caused severe damage to buildings and infrastructures, livelihood and bastardized the economy but the inhabitants, through corrective intervention strategies without translocation of the inhabitants/community to other settlements have been able to weather the storm till date.

Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing Ondo State

Figure 2: ILG showing Ayetoro community

Source: Peas Associates, 2006

Data Collection Methods 

The research work utilizes both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. The survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire and research schedule for FGD to identify the characteristics of the potentially affected population and affected groups that were captured and consultedthrough random sampling method while a multi-stage sampling technique was used with a purposive selection of the most affected chosen area of the community where 25 streets were selected from the existing 56 street representing 45% of the entire streets in the community. Second is the systematic sampling technique with a sample interval of 3 to select household to be assessed on each street where 379 dwellings/respondents were randomly selected for quantitative information in accordance to Krejcie and Morgan determination formula for a given population from owners/occupants above 18 years old. Data collected was also complimented with focus group discussion (FGD) from 28 participants divided into 3-group and direct observation of affected buildings. 

Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the computation of frequencies and percentages on cross tabulation, chartsand figures. The cross tabulation analysis between socio-economic characteristics and building conditions was analyzed using Cramer’s V-test statistical tool while the FGD was transcribed and coded and subjected to content analysis.

Findings

Social-Economic Characteristics Analysis: An overview of the socio-economic conditions of respondent’s in Ayetorocommunity (Table 1 below) focusing on participant’s sex, age, religion, marital status, employment status, monthly income of household, number of residence in the household and year of duration in the community. This is to provide a contextual platform of the area in general for the study. The main objective is to analyze socio-economic characteristics of respondents in a bid to findingtheir relationships and dynamics asrelated to building conditions andtheir adaptive capacities tothe effects of extreme weather events in the coastal areas. The entire community shows age group distribution where females were more than male as about 212 (57.3%) of the sampled respondents were females, while 158 (42.7%) were males. Based on age categorization, it was observed that 86 (23.2%) of the respondents were within the age ranges of 18 - 25 years, 166 (44.9%) were aged between 26 - 35 years, while 118 (31.9%) were aged between the ranges of 36 - 60 years respectively. It therefore implies that about 284 (76.9%) of the respondents fall within a very active age of between 26-60 years. The dominant religion in the study area is Christianity(>90%) which shows that 340 (91.9%) were Christians (being a theocratic community) attending ‘The Holy Apostles church Ayetoro’ while only 30 (8.1%) (<10%) were of Muslim/other religious faith trading in the community. The educational attainment of the respondents shows that 159 (43%) had secondary school leaving certification (O’ level/trade and craftsmanship from the Trade Centre established owned by the community), while 151 (40.8%) had tertiary education and 60 (16.2%) had no basic education at all, the result also revealed that 310 (83.8%) of the respondents possesses at least basic education and therefore, are relatively informed with skills and reliable source for extracting required quantitative information for this study.

Majority of the respondents live as extended/joint family system in the same building with only few living as nuclear households. This explains the predominance of extended, male headed families living under the same roof in the study area where the head of the family takes care of all social matters and other activities including income and family needs. Observations shows that341 (92.2%) of respondents were married, while 29 (7.8%) were single. Fishing is the predominant occupation among males and females that is done in the sea by males while women are restricted to the creeks, canal and stream/rivers and are largely most involved in fish and ogogoro/math trading. Specifically, it was revealed that about 311 (84.1%) were self-employed in skilled/non-skilled works such as boat making/operation, while 30 (8.1%) were working with private sector/organization. About 29 (7.8%) were in the public/civil sector such as school teachers and local government employees. 

The surveys further revealed that majority of the respondents were gainfully engaged in one trade or another and earn a living. It revealed that about 93 (25.1%) earn an average annual income of ₦300,000 while 246 (66.5%) earned between ₦312,000 and ₦720,000. This implies that about 73.7% of the respondents earn average annual income within ₦300,000-₦720,000. Those that earned between ₦1.15m-3.0m were those on specialized contract jobs) working withthe Multi-National Oil Companies (MOC). These therefore shows that the average annual income of respondents as well as dwelling location, type and status are indicators of the type of building, standards as well as their adaptive capacities. A beautiful way of life in the study area is the presence of communal unity as both formal and informal social groups were established to assist morally, financially, spiritually and emotionally before and during impacts. The agriculturally relatively sparse but rich swampy terrain of this zone does not encourage farming since over 94% of the entire area is waterlogged all year round.

On household composition, the study revealed that 15 (4.1%) of the respondents were living alone, 116 (31.4%) agreed that between 2 to 4 persons were living together, 104 (28.1%) had 5 to 8 persons cohabiting together, while 135 (36.5%) had 9 or more persons in their household. This suggests that the average number of persons per dwelling unit is 6. This high figure is explained by the polygamous nature in practice in the community. But the desire for improved living standard has led to a relatively high migration to urban cities in search of better economic opportunities and higher education. Lastly observed was the years of duration of the respondents within the community and it was also revealed that 15 (4.1%) of the respondents had lived in the community for less than 10 years, 30 (8.1%) had stayed there for duration of years ranging between 11 and 20 years, 138 (37.3%) had stayed there for years ranging between 20 and 29 years, while 187 (50.5%) had stayed there for over 30 years. This result shows that 225 (87.8%) of the respondents who participated in the research study cut across various categorizations and had stayed in the community for more than 20 years with enough knowledge of the community’s environmental problems, thus limiting possible sample biases. The 28 participants of the focus group discussions comprises of 19 (67.8%) that were males and 9 (32.1%) females, aged between 43 -73 years old with at least a school certificate, and they were all married and earn good income from their private enterprises.

Housing Conditions and Characteristics Analysis

Table, 2a below, revealed responses on housing conditions and characteristics in the study area. Ayetoro community being a theological society that practiced communism as a way of life in those days has a building typology designated for male and female separately. These buildings were later sold or distributed to interested elders of the community and were subsequently renovated to function effectively as a complete functional self-owned dwellings for a nuclear family after the abrogation of communalism. Most of the buildings are linearplate 1, while some are nucleated. The entire sampled population lives in loosely-fortified houses plate 2, built in close proximity to each other. Buildings here are seen as temporary made of Omeghen post,planks and zinc or plank and thatch with other light weight building materials such as plywood, long span aluminum roofing sheet, aluminum sliding windows, and casement/match-boarded doors on raised stilt 1200mm from ground level ofplank floor material with communication between buildings on raised wooden stilt plate 3 because of the swampy nature of the environment.

Table 1: Social-Economic Characteristicsof the Respondents

Sources: Field work, 2021

Figure 3: Satellite Image of Ayetoro community

Source: Researchers photo, 2021

Theprototype fisherman bungalowsinherited from the communityare now family owned. No building in Ayetoro community is fenced. The buildings are largely devoid of necessary facilities such as toilet, bathrooms and kitchen. The studies also revealed that about 353 (95.4%) were bungalows, while only 17 (4.6%) were storey-buildings built with wood and other lightweight materials. Among the 28 participants of the FGD buildings, 26 were bungalows Figure 6, while only 2 were storey-buildings Figure 8. The buildings in Ayetoro wereequipped withnone or inadequate facilities: (FGD P8 and 20, January, 2021). The locations of the houses were both on stilt in the swamp, and on land built parallel to the Atlantic Ocean with very few and short secondary streets adjourning the man Broad street that runs the entire length of the community Figure 1.

The housing conditiondistribution according to table 2bwas such that about 191 (51.6%) were located on the swampy area (stilt/water), while 179 (48.4%) were on higher groundstill on stilts, that experiences constant flooding during the wet and sea incursion period due to the low level of the environment. Investigation on tenure status revealed that about 283 (76.5%) owned their houses, 77 (20.8%) is family-owned, while 10 (2.7%) were in rented apartments. On the rent charged for compound/apartment, 61 (16.5%) of the sampled respondents who were tenants confirmed they were paying monthly rent of less than ₦5,000 per month, 16 (4.3%) said they were paying between ₦5,000 and ₦10,000 respectively, while the question was not applicable to 293 (79.2%) of the respondents because they don’t pay house rent in their quarters at all. 

On sources of watersupply to the community, 194 (52.4%) confirmed that they havepublic pipe borne water installed in 2018 by OSOPADECFigure 4, though not connected to any individual’s home.This water is hard and acidic therefore not fit for human consumption because of its alkalinity.It is basically used for domestic purposes with discharge points located at some different locations within the community, and the supply is epileptic in nature, (FGD P 9 and 15, January, 2021). All respondents 370 (100%) confirmedriver or ocean water as abundant and available for their domestic use at all times but remarked that the water is hard, salty and polluted, withvery high iron content and not good for human consumption. About 29 (7.8%) said they sourceportable sachet/bottle water from Okitipupa through vendors at a price to compliments rain water stored in GP reservoirs during the wet season for human consumption.

Figure 4: building layout in Ayetoro

Figure 5: communication link in Ayetoro community

Sources: Researcher’s photo, 2021

The survey also revealed that 122 (33.0%) relied on well water just like the pipe borne water dug and protected with 600mm diameter/75mm thick reinforced concrete rings beside the houses that is basically used for domestic purpose because of its bad quality and taste. The sanitation facilities available in the buildings showed that 8.1% of the respondents living on higher terrain had protected shallow hole (pit latrine) dug behind their building and protected with circular concrete ringswith elevated zinc walls and roof covering Figure 10that gets filled up and litter and pollute the environment during flooding/sea incursion period, 60 (16.2%) had access to water closet with septic tank/soak-away with problems similar to pit latrine but the swampy nature of the environment and the high level of water in the subsoil did not guarantee sustainable mechanical waste disposal systems. About 59 (15.9%) said they prefer to use chemical/pail toilet whicheffluent/waste still dischargesinto the rivers or sea, whilemajority 224 (60.5%) engaged in open defecation in the rivers, ocean and the environment that pollutes the ecosystems causing infections and diseases. (FGDP2, January, 2021) remarked that most of the communitarians practices open defecation thathas affectedthe environmental sanitation of the community.

Figure 6: Water Reservoir in Ayetoro

Figure 7: Indescriminate refuse dumpin Ayetoro

Figure 8: Plankstorey-building in Ayetoro

Figure 9: Fiber/Aluminum Building in Ayetoro

Figure 10: Fisherman’s Bungalow in Ayetoro

Figure 11: Building Made of Plnk as Affected by Ayetorocommunity Climate Change in Ayetoro Community

Figure 12: Public Toilet in Ayetoro Community

Figure 13: PHCN/Solarnet Work and GLO Mast

Source: Researchers Photo, 2021

Figure 14: Public School of Sandcrete in Ayetoro 

Figure 15: PHCN Electricity Network in the Broad Street

Figure 16: Bamboo Houses in Ayetoro

Figure 17: PHCN Electricity Network in the Broad Street

Sources: Researcher’s Photo, 2021

Figure 18: Bamboo Houses in Ayetoro

Figure 19: PHCN Electricity Network in the Broad Stre          

Sources: Researcher’s Photo, 2021

On electricity supplies, the table revealed that 261 (70.5%) confirmed that they were connected to the national grid Figure 13, that has remained passive for more thantwelve (12) years now due to the collapse of electricity distribution/supply agreement basically on pre-paid meters and estimated billing options between Benin Electric Distribution Company [BEDC] and all the five (5) local government areas in the Southern Senatorial district of Ondo state (Odigbo, Okitipupa, Irele, Ilaje and Ese-Odo).(FGD participants 11 and 23, January, 2021) confirmed that the disconnection from the national grid for over 12 years has completely destroyed the community’s economy,making livelihood very difficult. It also enhances vandalization of the electricity network due to its inactiveness and lack of maintenance. This has prompted about 208 (56.2%) of the .interviewed residents to result to private generator, while 98 (26.5%) confirmed they relied on solar source of power supply. NDDC had also installed Solar Street Light (SSL) all over the community now for security sake. (FGD, P8, 11, 15 and 28, January,2021) remarked that the community was alienated because it lackedall basic amenities and it is now at the verge of extinctiondue to incessant impacts from weather inundation.

The table 2cfurther shows the responses on the description of the building materials used for construction. It revealed that for wall construction, about 27 (7.3%) confirmed they used either bamboo or raffia palmFigure 14. This material was mainly used on make shift houses in the swampy area of the community where it is practically impossible to use better modern sustainable building materials by peasant fishermen or the poor who cannot afford cost of a better dwelling. Majority, 337 (91.1%) used either planks or timbers Figure 15, while 6 (1.6%) used adobemud for wall constructionFigure 7 and 12. On roof covering material, 267 (72.2%) confirmed using long span aluminum sheet because of its corrosion resistant quality while 27.8% used corrugated iron zinc due to cost difference. None of the sampled respondents used thatch/leaves, bamboo, concrete, tarpaulin, asbestos, or steel/iron materials as roof coverings. For the floor finishes, it was discovered that 280 (75.7%) of the respondents used timber/plank Figure 6. FGDP6, January, 2021 confirmed that during the communal period, all prototype buildings were constructed with planks/wood and other lightweight materials that is gradually going into extinction. 

The survey further revealed that 30 (8.1%) respondents, on the higher grounds used concrete/sand-crete Figure 12, while 60 (16.2%) used either laterite or sand for filling and floor finished with plank to protect the building from weather effects. Building construction in Ayetoro community is seenas temporary that can be swept away by either sea level rise, flooding/erosion or windstorm unannounced because of the volatile nature of the environment due to extreme weather events and the poor bearing capacity of the sub-soil, therefore investing in construction using standard construction materials/technology would have been a waste remarked (FGD, P4, 8 and 16, January, 2021). Today, some buildings built with sand-crete/concrete in the community are government institutions such as schoolsFigure 17, event centers, health centers and local government buildings most of which have been destroyed or swept away by weather induced impacts due to non-adherence to standard building codes, improper foundation footings anduse of inappropriate materials (FGD, P10, January, 2021).

Table 2: Housing Conditions and Characteristics

Sources: Fieldwork, 2021

Table 3: Cramer’s V Test of Relationship between the Socioeconomic Characteristics and Building Conditions in Ayetoro Community, Nigeria

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey, 2021

On tenure status, table 3 shows that 30 (8.1%) affirmed that their buildings have been in existence for between 6 to 15 years on age categorization, 188 (50.8%) said it had been in existence for years ranging between 26 and 35, while 46 (12.4%) agreed that there had been in existence for between 36 and 45 years. About 46 (12.4%) also confirmedthat their buildings age isbetween 46 and 50 years old, while 60 (16.2%) agreed that their buildings is over 51 years. The present conditions of the buildings shows that just 30 (8.1%) of the respondents indicated that their buildings were adequate and in good condition while 31 (8.4%) said it was too bad and not habitable at all. Majority of the respondents 209 (56.5%) said their buildings condition requires major repairs while 100 (27%) said theirs need minor repairs. FGD P3, 6,11,18,24 and 27 in the 3 groupsof January, 2021, whose houses age ranged between 15 to 45 years, confirmed a gory tales of weather devastating effects on their buildings and how this has affected their livelihood and income.

Relationship between Socio-Economic Characteristics and Building Condition

This section was analyzed using the Crammer's V test on the nominal scale to determine the level of relationship between the variables. The socio-economic characteristics considered in this sub-section include sex, marital status, religion, age of the respondents, the highest level of education, number of residences, years of duration in the community, employment status, monthly income, and location of the house. Each of the socio-economic characteristics is measured using different variables while building condition is determined by ok or adequate, needs major repairs, needs minor repairs, and too bad and not habitable. The analysis is shown in Table 4 below, where 0< effect of size < 0.2 indicates weak relationship, 0.2≤ effect of size <0.6 indicates moderate relationship, and 0.6≤ effect of size ≤ 1 indicates strong relationship, and also highlighted values indicate p-value <0.05 (5% significance level).

Socio-economic and Building Conditions in Ayetoro Community

To ascertain whether there is any relationship between age and building conditions in Ayetoro community, a regression analysis using cross tab and Crammer's V test was carried out to measure these effects, patterns, and relationship as shown in table 3. The result shows that the number of respondents who were either married, single, divorced, or separated table 1, in conjunction with the categories of their building conditions (okay, needs major repairs, needs minor repairs, and too bad and not habitable) table 3revealed a weak relationship of value of 0.130 (0< effect of size <0.2) between marital status and the building conditions. Majority of the married people said the condition of their building needs major repairs while a few single ones said their building needs major repairs and some of the married respondents also said their building conditions are okay as well as some affirmed that the condition of their building is too bad and not habitable. Table 3 also revealed the relationship between religion and the building conditions. It shows a weak relationship of value of 0.132 (0< effect of size <0.2) between religion and building conditions as various number of Christians or Muslim respondents affirmed that their building conditions are (okay/adequate, needs major repairs, needs minor repairs, and too bad and not habitable). The report showed that a larger number of Christians said the condition of their building needs major repairs and a few Muslims also said their buildings need major repairs while few Christians also said their buildings are okay and some said their buildings are too bad and not habitable. 

The number of residence and building conditions was also considered and the result shows a statistically significant relationship between the number of residences and building conditions since the p-value = 0.000< 0.05 (5% significance level). The figure also illustrate that 1 person, 2 -4 person, 5 – 8 persons, and 9 persons and above table 2 said their houses need major repairs but the number of residences between 9 persons and above has the highest number of respondents with the condition of the buildings that require major repairs while 2 – 4 persons said the condition of the building is okay and 5 – 8 persons said the condition of the building is too bad and not habitable. The result also shows a moderate and significant relationship between years of domicile and building condition of (value = 0.427 (0.2< effect of size <0.6), p = 0.000 <0.05).

Figure 20: Employment Status and Building Condition Relationship

Source: Researchers Data on Socio-economics Characteristics and Building Conditions Cross-tab

This indicates that the year of duration is statistically significant with building conditions as majority of respondents who have spent about 25 years in the community confirmed that the condition of their buildings need major repairs with few of them from other categories whose years of duration are less or equal to 1, 2 – 5, and 15 – 25 years that also confirmed that their building requires major repairs while 15 – 25 years said theirs are okay and some affirmed that the condition of their buildings was too bad and not habitable. 

On age categorization, the result, shows that the respondent's age is significant with building condition at (p = 0.000 < 0.05) with a moderate level of relationship showing the value of 0.379. It was further observed that there is a moderate relationship between respondents' age and building condition (0.2< effect of size <0.6). The result shows that respondents' with age between 18 – 25 years, 26 – 35, and 36 – 60 years confirmed that their building needs major repairs while few of the respondents whose age were between 26 – 35 years and 36 – 60 years chose too bad and not habitable option.

The results on educational standardshows that the highest level of education has a statistically significant relationship with building conditions as (p = 0.000<0.05). The result, however, showed a moderate relationship between the level of education and building condition with the value of 0.537 (0.2< effect of size <0.6). Therefore, the cross tab of respondents from the highest educationlevel and their building condition table 3 shows that respondents with no formal education, chose ‘need major repairs’ while some others said the condition of their building is ‘okay/adequate’ and some who had tertiary education said the conditions of their building are too bad and not habitable as shown in bar chart figure 3.The location of the house is of a significant importance to building condition in the community as it determines sustainability. The result shows that a statistical significant and moderate relationship exists between the housing location and building condition with the value of 

Table 4: Highest Level of Education/ Building Condition

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey, 2021

Table 5: Employment Status/ Building Condition

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey, 2021

Figure 21: Monthly Income and Building Condition Relationship

Source: Researchers Data on Socio-Economics Characteristics and Building Conditions Cross-Tab

Table 6: Monthly Income of the Respondents/ Building Condition

Source: Researcher’s Field Survey, 2021

0.459 (0.2< effect of size <0.5). The result shows that the highest number of people who live on land said the condition of their buildings needs major repairs as well as people whose building are on stilt in theswampy area, while some other respondents whose houses are on both location chose okay as well as too bad and not habitable options as their housing conditions.

Furthermore, employment status as analyzed has a statistically significant relationship with building conditions in the study area. The result shows that there is a weak relationship between employment status and building conditions in Ayetoro community with the value of 0.137, indicating the range of 0 < effect of size < 0.2. Meanwhile, the result obtained from the socio-economic characteristic of employment status and building conditions as shown in the cross-tab table 4 confirmedwith the bar-chart shows that self-employed 311 (84.1%) had the highest number of respondents, and private sector employees had 30 (8.1%) and government employees 29 (7.8%)respectively are interwoven as their buildingconditionscut across all the various categories of building conditions such as: needs major repairs, it is okay and too bad and not habitable. This is in line with Shouke Wei et al. [14] where he confirmed the importance of education as panacea to raising people’s awareness of their environment. 

Respondents’ incomeeffect on building conditions is also investigated in accordance withthe decision rulewhich shows that monthly income has a statistically significant relationship with building conditions. The findings value of 0.720 (Table 3, above)revealed a strong relationship with building conditions, indicating that the monthly income has a very strong effect and it determines the condition of the building. It shows that as monthly income increases, the building condition will also improve. However, people whose monthly income is less than 21,000 naira and between 21,000 – 60,000 naira said their building needs major repairs while some of the people whose income is between 21,000 – 60,000 naira said their building is okay. Also, those who earn between 121, 000 – 250,000 naira said the condition of their building is too bad and not habitable.

Ogie et al. in his report affirmed that climate change and socio economic characteristics are deeply intertwined social and economic activities that are the main drivers of climate change, (human activities/exposure to severalextreme weather events) that causes SLR, sea incursion, windstorm, flooding and draughts that will in turn have serious devastating economic/social impacts on the social activities of people and the environment in the community.

This paper explores the importance and effects of socio economic characteristics in achieving sustainable building conditions in Ayetoro community usingCrammer's V test based on the crosstab between socio economic characteristics and building condition nominal scale scenario to determine their level of relationship. Under this scenario, the result shows that where 0< effect of size <0.2 indicates weak relationship; 0.2 ≤ effect of size <0.6 indicates moderate relationship, and 0.6≤ effect of size ≤1 shows strong relationship, in compliant with p-value <0.05 (5% significance level. The results shows that improved socio economic conditions will definitely have a positive effect on building condition with or without climate policies. In reality, socio economic conditions are more important than climate policies in achieving appropriate climate adaptation strategies and sustainability particularly adaptation option in combatting the effects of extreme weather event on buildings and the environment in the coastal region as they are closely linked to the main drivers. Socio economic factors according to this study are not specifically linked to vulnerability in Ayetoro but have direct influence on the adaptation strategies and building conditions. Any change in socio–economic variables affects building condition characteristics directly.

Furthermore, the benefits of a joint effort aimed at the concept of climate policies and proclamation of socio economic changes should be taken seriously by policy makers.

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