The philosophy of defense intelligence refers to the theory of Sun Tzu. Sun Tzu taught the necessity of superior information before starting a war.  Sun Tzu says, knowing all the information about your enemy and yourself as well. If you know the enemy and know yourself, you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat. When you are ignorant of the information about the enemy but know yourself, your chances of winning and losing are equal. if unaware of information about your enemy and yourself, you are sure to be defeated in every battle.  [1] The philosopher Sun Tzu pointed out the importance of intelligence as an instrument in decision-making and policies in national defense management.  Information about an enemy is related to the information of the strategic environment. Information in a strategic environment is a clue to predict what happen tomorrow and the day after tomorrow.  It's a very important consideration in various policy formulations in the fields of defense and national security. [2]

Indonesia’s ministry of defense making policies and defense strategy.  Strategy can be detailed such as defense diplomacy strategy, defense management strategy, and strategy for defense planning.  From Indonesia's perspective, the Defense strategy is the integration of military defense and non-military defense in facing various threats [3]. To deal with the task, The Ministry of Defense is always faced with the defense policy process.   The defense policy process is relatively the same as public policy in general.  The public policy process is always related to policy formulation. [4] described policy formulation as two tracks that go hand in hand. The first track is a policy-making process; there are consists of five-stage that follow the constitutional mechanism for making public policy. The second track consists of five-stage of the policy analysis carried out by policymakers at each stage. The first track consists of five-stage starting from, firstly, agenda-setting; secondly, policy formulation; thirdly, policy adoption; fourthly, policy implementation and; fifthly, policy evaluation. The second track also consists of five stages as follows: firstly, identify the problem; secondly, predictive; thirdly, recommendations; fourthly, monitoring and; fifthly, evaluation. The first track and second track run together. Each stage of analysis requires information, so the existence of defense intelligence is essential in providing the required information in every step of the formulation of defense policy.

The spirit of reform in 1998 rolled out all governance arrangements according to the demands of reform. Intelligence problems in the defense sector arose because of the separation of the job positions of the Minister of Defense and the military Commander in chief as a continuation of the 1998 reform. After the split, the strategic military intelligence organization is structurally under the military commander in chief. It caused the Minister of Defense does not structurally have an intelligence organization. Imagine an organization as big as the ministry of defense, which has the main tasks to secure the nation, does not have an intelligence organization within the ministry structure. But on the other hand, several government institutions that are smaller than the ministry have developed intelligence organizations as part of their institution.

The focus of this paper is to look for the urgency of defense intelligence in the organizational structure of the Indonesian Ministry of Defense. This study conveys the background of the absence of a defense intelligence agency in the organization of the Ministry of Defense. This paper also reviews the importance of defense intelligence in the organization of the ministry of defense. The theoretical studies used are modern organizational theory and public policy theory and the concept of defense intelligence.

Defense Intelligence concept

According to[5], intelligence, in general, is defined as knowledge of information that is always met by government officials, both civilian and military, who work to maintain national security. Intelligence can also be seen in three appearances: intelligence as an organization; intelligence as an activity and; intelligence as a science. The appearance of intelligence can explain as follows: Firstly, intelligence as an organization means that the nature of the organization is a secret service that is hidden from public scrutiny. Secondly, intelligence as an activity is interpreted as a closed activity. Intelligence activities are carried out in investigation, security, and propaganda. Intelligence activities include activities that are routine or operational in nature. Thirdly, intelligence is a science, meaning that intelligence is specific knowledge. Intelligence as knowledge helps anticipate threats so that it will be to make better anticipation, get a better strategic step up, and get better planning.

According to [6], intelligence can organize into two major groups, namely, strategic intelligence and tactical-operational intelligence. Strategic intelligence includes national intelligence, which use to formulate and implement national security policies. National security policymakers and national leaders will also use strategic intelligence to transform national strategies to achieve national security goals. Strategic intelligence will exercise all periods in peace conditions, before the war, and during war, even after war.

According to [7], the main thing in intelligence is processing information into helpful intelligence products according to the user's needs. This information processing process is known as the Intelligence cycle. The intelligence cycle generally consists of five steps: First, planning and direction; Second, collection; third, processing and exploitation; Fourth, analysis, and production; fifth, dissemination and integration.

Based on the above understanding, defense intelligence can define as an intelligence organization with strategic stratification with the central issue in the defense sector. Defense intelligence is part of the structural organization of the defense ministry.

Modern Organization theory

Modern organizational theory views organizations with a systems approach. The system approach will look at the relationship between elements within and outside the organization. The systemic approach sees that the characteristics of modern organizations are: First, they tend to specialize; Second, there are organizational principles; Third, data management is getting faster; Fourth, the elements of an entire organization; Fifth, more intensive use of staff; Sixth, the organization is getting bigger. [8].Looking at the characteristics of a modern organization above, the Ministry of Defense categorize as a modern organization. The organization of the Ministry of Defense consists of elements or parts that are quite complete and have different task specializations for each position. The Ministry of Defense should develop defense intelligence as a modern organization for organizational purposes. Formulating important decision-making policies at the Ministry of Defense requires analysis of products from defense intelligence. The defense strategy places defense policy as the goal of the national strategy set by a country.

Defense Policy concept

[9] defines public policy as a formal statement from the government about the best alternative solutions to public problems. According to [4],  public policy is a policy produced by policy actors through a series of intellectual activities of a political nature. The political activity practices a policy formulation process consisting of five stages: agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation. Simultaneously with the policy formulation process, a policy analysis process is also carried out. Policy analysis also consists of five stages: Problem formulation, forecasting; recommendation; monitoring; and evaluation. [4]. The difference between policy formulation and policy analysis is about the doer.  Formulating the policy process is a political actor, but the policy process analyzes public policy work. A cycle of sequential activities according to time simultaneously.  The policy analysis process is scientific activity to apply the logic of policy assessment. 

Public policy in the field of defense is called defense policy. Similar to public policy, the formulation of defense policy also consists of a policy formulation process which is a political process, and a policy analysis process which is a process of an expert policymaker. The highest defense policy products are laws or national acts in the field of defense, Government Regulations, Presidential Regulations, Presidential Decrees, Minister of Defense Regulations, and Minister of Defense Decrees. To deal with the task of formulating these laws and regulations, the Ministry of Defense has four directorates general. The four directorates general are defense strategy, defense planning, defense strength, and defense potential. The Directorate General is the initiating unit that drafts these defense policies.

The focus of this paper is to analyze the urgency of defense intelligence in the Indonesian Ministry of Defense. This paper uses a descriptive qualitative method based on secondary data obtained from scientific journals, books, and statements of resource persons from open sources. The data is then analyzed qualitatively by coding the data and ideas of resource persons who answer the problem. The analysis results are then used for writing reports.

The urgency of defense intelligence as a supporter of external needs

Defense intelligence enhances Defense diplomacy. Defense diplomacy Theory Defense diplomacy has become one of the important instruments of a country in the use of defense force as a diplomatic effort. Defense diplomacy is an activity in the form of defense cooperation carried out by the Ministry of Defence. Defense diplomacy is to avoid conflict or open war by using defense force. This diplomacy is more directed at building and maintaining trust between countries so that it is hoped that regional security will be realized [10]

Defense diplomacy is carried out in times of peace, war, and after the war. Defense diplomacy is influenced by the combination of hard power and soft power capabilities. One of the soft power capabilities is defense intelligence.  Defense intelligence support analytical for all defense diplomacy. priority of defense diplomacy to neighboring countries and major countries. Defense diplomacy carries out to build mutual trust (thrust building). Defense diplomacy is also used in building the defense force's capability (capability building). The forms of defense diplomacy include exchange visits, officer exchanges for education, bilateral dialogue, trilateral dialogue, multilateral cooperation, and joint exercises. Cooperation in the defense industry consists of purchasing (import) of defense weaponry systems, sales (export) of defense weaponry systems, research and development collaboration, joint production. The forms of diplomacy as above require intelligence analysis according to their needs. 

Defense diplomacy Theory Defense diplomacy has become one of the important instruments of a country in the use of military force as a diplomatic effort as well as a balance of power (balance of power), By the statement conveyed that defense diplomacy is an activity in the form of military cooperation. carried out by the Ministry of Defence, which aims to avoid conflict or open war by using military force. On the contrary, this diplomacy is more directed at building and maintaining trust between countries, so it is hoped that regional security will be realized  [10]

Human Assistance Disaster Relief (HADR). 

ASEAN Coordinating Center for Humanitarian Assistance (AHA Center). Regarding the geographical conditions among Southeast Asia countries that are potential for natural disasters, Indonesia took an initiative to create a collective concept of disaster management. The purpose of this paper is how this concept can be achieved using ASEAN Way under the agreement signed for ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) in 2009 and institutionalized as the ASEAN Coordinating Center for Humanitarian Assistance (AHA Center) in 2011. However, ASEAN Way has not been stated as an effective method. This writing uses the concept of Defense Diplomacy and Regional Governance and is examined using qualitative methods of literature review. With AADMER‘s presence, the establishment of the AHA Center, and its roles, Indonesia, through its defense diplomacy, proved that ASEAN Way can work effectively. Keywords: One ASEAN, One Response; ASEAN Way; Defense Diplomacy; Regional Governance  [11].In addition to the general diplomacy above, defense diplomacy is carried out in the Southeast Asia region and part of the association of southeast nations (ASEAN). Matter such as intelligence cooperation between ASEAN countries, ASEAN politics, and security, ASEAN regional forums, ASEAN defense ministerial meetings, Asean our eyes need the role of defense intelligence. Defense intelligence analyzes are necessary because of Indonesia's role as the initiator of cooperation. For example, the ASEAN Our Eyes cooperation and Indonesia's role in the ASEAN Defense Ministerial Meeting (ADMM). [11] 

ASEAN Our Eyes Cooperation. 

Indonesia was the initiator of ASEAN Our Eyes Cooperation.  Our Eyes is cooperation among ASEAN countries related exchange information only on strategic information. Such as transnational terrorism.  ASEAN deals with the global context emerging dynamically which brings about multidimensional challenges and threats. This initiative was adopted for the sake of forestalling any possible threat posed by terrorism, radicalism, and violent extremism through timely strategic information exchange among ASEAN member states. [12] .  For Asean our eyes cooperation, Indonesia’s ministry of defense needs a defense intelligence agency.

ASEAN Defense Ministerial Meeting (ADMM). 

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization that brings together disparate neighbors to address economic, security and political issues, but the group’s impact remains limited. Asean has not had a collective defense dealing with traditional threats from outside.  Some day when Asean members are invasion by another country, no one ASEAN member should defend or assist with force military.[13]  Asean was developing ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC). The APSC blueprint envisages ASEAN to be a rules-based Community of shared values and norms; a cohesive, peaceful, stable, and resilient region with shared responsibility for comprehensive security; as well as a dynamic and outward-looking region in an increasingly integrated and interdependent world. The APSC Blueprint was adopted by the ASEAN Leaders at the 14th ASEAN Summit on 1 March 2009 in Thailand.

The ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) is an ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting that discusses strengthening defense cooperation in the region to increase transparency, openness, and mutual trust among ASEAN member countries. The ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting (ADMM) is the highest defense consultative and cooperation mechanism in ASEAN. ADMM aims to promote mutual trust and confidence through a greater understanding of defense and security challenges and increased transparency and openness. Defense cooperation in ASEAN is under the mechanism of the sectoral body of the ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting (ADMM/ADMM Plus) which consists of 10 ASEAN countries and 8 partner countries. It was noted that ADMM Plus has established cooperation through 7 areas of cooperation including maritime security, cyber security, military-medical, natural disaster management, land mine handling, peacekeeping, and counter-terrorism. Through these seven areas of cooperation, the defense sector has supported efforts to create a safe and peaceful area through dialogue and technical cooperation between the Ministry of Defense in the Region.

The Minister of Defense is part of the ADMM, which requires intelligence analysis results related to the ASEAN regional situation. ADMM also discusses other regional areas in the global strategic environment that affect ASEAN. In short, defense intelligence will make the defense diplomacy at ADMM better. If the Indonesian Minister of Defense can play a better role in ADMM, ASEAN neighboring strengthens to eliminate possible day-to-day competition, crisis, and conflict. [14] The role of the Indonesian defense minister is very important to work together with the defense ministers of Asean countries to discuss defense cooperation and discuss security problems in the Asean region. The minister of defense in carrying out ADMM meetings needs support for joint threat analysis and needs analysis of threats that may arise due to developments in the regional and global strategic environment.

Trilateral INDOMALPHI

Defense diplomacy carries out in the form of bilateral and trilateral cooperation. In Sub-regional ASEAN,  Indonesia as initiator, Malaysia, and Philippine IINDOMALPHI)  was sign document of Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement (TCA).[15].  The three-country have been affected by transnational crimes such as arm robbery, kidnapping person with a ransom from Abu Sayyaf terrorist group in Philipina. Cooperation between Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines (INDOMALPHI). This trilateral cooperation aims to secure the Sulu Sea area from that crimes. INDOMALPHI is doing several cooperation operations; firstly, coordinated sea patrols (Corpat) carried out by military vessels of each country in the Sulu Sea region. Secondly, the Trilateral Air Patrol (TAP) is a joint patrol activity between the air forces of three countries in the Sulu Sea. Thirdly, Land forces cooperate to release hostages and capture the doer of the crime.    INDOMALPHI's success in getting down the crimes.

Defense Intelligence is the center for threat analysis.

Defense intelligence is needed for strategic reasons from developing threats and institutional reasons to enforce the effectiveness of defense intelligence in a centralized structure. [6] Assessment of potential threats to the state is the most critical point in national defense planning. Assessment of threats will be able to sort and classify threats. Classification of threats includes, First, threats based on the time of arrival categorized into real threats and potential threats. Second, based on the type, it can be categorized into traditional and non-traditional threats and hybrid threats. Third, threats based on the perpetrators are classified as threats from state actors (state actors) or non-state actors (non-state actors). Fourth, threats based on their dimensions are ideological, political, economic, socio-cultural, public safety, technology, and legal threats. Fifth, threats are also categorized from abroad and the country based on the direction. Sixth, threats based on their vehicle are classified as cyber threats. Seventh, threats in other forms such as espionage, war of nerves, propaganda, clandestine carried out by foreign intelligence in Indonesia.

Defense intelligence is required for strategic environmental assessments. The development of the strategic security environment, both global and regional, takes place very quickly. For example, the development of the Indo-Pacific region directly impacts Indonesia's national security. The situation of militarism in the Indo-Pacific is very dynamic. Several major powers have concentrated their international interests in the Indo-Pacific. Information in the Indo-Pacific region moves fast, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity / VUCA). In a VUCA situation, information excellence is essential, so the Minister of Defense is in dire need of defense intelligence that can provide rapid and precise assessments (Velox et excatus).

This threat assessment is critical in the Ministry of Defense's core business. Defense planning starts from the results of an assessment of threats. Threats must identify and classified. This assessment will produce the size of the danger and the type of threat. This threat will be the starting point for planning the national defense policy. Defense policies will be directed to counter these threats to obtain a deterrence effect. The defense policy is formulated to maintain balance with threats (balance of threat). The assessment of threats will also form the basis for developing defense capability. Defense policy planning is prepared based on the threat as the first cycle of public analysis (threat base). The absence of defense intelligence in the organizational structure of the Ministry of Defense will reduce the capacity for assessing threats. The implication of an inappropriate threat assessment will result in the implemented policies being unable to resolve the problems that will solve through the policy.

The urgency of defense intelligence as a supporter of internal needs

Defense intelligence is needed in defense development planning.  Defense planning requires defense intelligence analysis. In basic theory, defense development planning can be designed based on threats (threat base), based on specific capabilities to be achieved (capability base), or based on budget availability (budged base). Of the three bases above, the most rational is planning the development of a model based on the threat (threat base). The threat base model will be very applicable because it goes directly to the primary purpose of defense implementation in dealing with threats. Defense development planning based on this threat base, of course, requires defense intelligence that can carry out data collection, data processing, data analysis, and data presentation quickly and precisely for the formulation of defense development policies.

Defense intelligence and modern organization

Intelligence is an integral part for all modern organizations in realizing their vision and mission. Realizing the vision and mission is an organization's priority so that the organization uses all available resources and capabilities to realize its vision and mission effectively and efficiently. Organizational leaders must constantly make decisions to determine the most effective and efficient acting. It is the critical function of intelligence, where intelligence must provide selected and vital information that can assist leaders in making decisions. The absence of the intelligence department in the organization will result in the lack of products resulting from intelligence analysis needed by the leadership in making decisions. The decisions of organizational leaders are very likely to be inappropriate. Finally, the organization will not reach its vision and mission to achieve the organizational goals.

The Ministry of Defense (MoD) has a task and function to secure a country. Securing a nation is an essential task. MoD is a modern organization. MoD is necessary to have a defense intelligence body. This intelligence section is the eye and ear tasked with providing intelligence analysis results required by leaders in decision-making and the formulation of defense policies. Defense needs the intelligence department with its modern organizational management. 

The role of defense intelligence in the formulation of public policy. Defense intelligence is a systematic and continuous process in processing information until it becomes the result of intelligence analysis leaders need in decision-making. If the leader is a public official, the decision in question is a public policy. Defense intelligence focuses on supporting the leadership in all mechanisms of public policy formulation. In simple terms, the relationship between defense intelligence in the public policy formulation process and the public policy analysis process, see this table below.

Table of the relationship between policy formulation, policy analysis, and role in defense intelligence

The table above shows that the relationship between defense intelligence in the public policy formulation process and the analysis process is as follows: The first stage, at this stage, policy analysts, work to formulate public problems that adopted as a policy. At this stage, defense intelligence provides intelligence analysis results about issues in a broad perspective. Political actors at this stage plan and plan the discussion agenda. Second, at this stage, the analysts do forecast by developing several alternative solutions to problems, defense intelligence can provide intelligence analysis about predicting. Third, policy analysts can recommend an alternative policy at this stage, while defense intelligence can present the best alternative. At the same time, the policy actors will determine the other options that are the policy choices. Fourth, at this stage, the work is on the policy implementers. At the same time, the analysts need information from the results of defense intelligence monitoring of the policies that have been implemented. Fifth, at this stage, defense intelligence collects information from various parties, including policy objects, whether the problem can be solved or not; if it has not been solved, the evaluation will underlie the process of policy improvement or even policy replacement. The end of this stage will repeat to the first stage as a rotating cycle.

Defense Intelligence is an assessor on weaponry system procurements.

One of the Ministry of Defense's tasks is the procurement of military weaponry system. Defense intelligence is needed to conduct assessments of all companies, including the supplying countries. The results of estimates from various perspectives on defense equipment providers are necessary for leaders in decision-making. As much information as possible and quick and precise analyses will prevent errors in implementing the procurement mechanism. Marketing (business intelligence) company providing defense equipment with various methods is trying to win the competition. It is too naive (naive) if the Ministry of Defense does not counter the business intelligence from the provider company because of the absence of defense intelligence.

Defense Intelligence is part of the nation's intelligence community.

The existence of defense intelligence is a necessity or a necessity. Like intelligence in general, defense intelligence is part of the national security actors whose role is to provide quick and precise analysis results to the Minister of Defense and other users (in the state intelligence community) to take appropriate policies and decisions. The more effective defense intelligence is in carrying out its duties, the more influential the performance of the Ministry of Defense will be in national defense. Defense intelligence is part of the country's intelligence ecosystem, as the first line in defense to support national security. Defense intelligence takes on the role of providing early warning to avoid strategic surprises. Intelligence is a provider of intelligence analysis results according to the needs of decision-makers.

Intelligence Defense Reform

National reform in 1998 assessed the importance of defense and security.  Security sector reforms in the field of defense are marked by the separation of military and police security functions. The reform, to separate between military institution, police institution, and ministry of defense. Military institutions entirely under Military commander in chief and Head of National Police directly under President command Police have significant organizational progress after the reform. The police institution is now under the presidential structure, and this position puts the National Police Chief on an equal footing with the Military Commander in chief. Even the National Police Chief is directly under the control of the President. At the same time, the TNI Commander still has to coordinate with the Minister of defense to convey inputs in the defense sector to the President. This condition makes it easier for the Police to develop their organization. The internal reform of the Police showed rapid progress, while the reform in the defense sector was not as smooth as the reform in the security sector.

Reforms in the defense sector began with the separation of the Minister of Defense and military Commander in chief.  Minister of defense and military commander-in-chief is equal positions. The coordinating relationship pattern means the working relationship between military commander in chief and Minister of defense is not a structural relationship between superiors and subordinates. Coordination is a term that is easy to pronounce but not easy to implement because the coordination procedure will be complicated and take time. A difficulty also happens in intelligence matters. The short phrase says that coordination is easy to say but hard to do.

Intelligence Sector Reform

Reforms in the Defense intelligence sector are inseparable from reform of state intelligence. The spirit of reform in defense and security continues to roll on the state intelligence sector. Before the reform, state intelligence was a tool of the public leaders in prolonging their mandate. Academics criticize that Indonesia must implement state intelligence transparently by upholding the principles of democracy and human rights. Intelligence reform activists, led by the Pacivis research group by the University of Indonesia, have continued to develop ideas about intelligence reform for four years. Several studies on intelligence reform include a book on state intelligence reform published in November 2005; Intelligence: Velox et exactus published in January 2006; Uncovering Indonesia's "Black" Intelligence, published in August 2006; Intel-State and Fear published in August 2006; and Intelligence–State Relations 1945-2004 as well as the Draft State Intelligence Bill. The academic community feels that intelligence reform is progressing very slowly compared to the reforms in the defense and security sectors. Reform of state intelligence is fundamental because of experience. From 1945-2004 to a certain extent, Indonesia has applied the types of Political Intelligence, Military Intelligence, or State Intelligence  [16]

Andi Widjayanto stated that there are six main characters that a state intelligence system must possess, namely: first, Submission to political authorities. Second, bound to the principles of legal, political, and financial accountability, third, developing as a professional institution that is non-participant, and not for personal gain, and has morality and integrity.[17]. The momentum to reform in the intelligence sector was enacting national Law Number 17 in the year 2011 on state intelligence.  The legislation drafted that the state intelligence framework has been regulated according to the norms and a democratic principle. In democratic principles, all decisions or policies must back to civil authorities. State intelligence is part of state authority that must be accountable to the people.

Defense Intelligence Post, State Intelligence number 17/2011 Act

The momentum for state intelligence reform was marked by the National law Number 17/ 2011. The practice of state administration in intelligence is regulated in legislation for the first time. Specifically, the defense and military intelligence is explained in the following article: Article 7 explains that the scope of State Intelligence includes: Firstly; Domestic and foreign intelligence; Secondly, defense and military intelligence; Thirdly, police intelligence; Fourthly, pro-Justicia intelligence; and fifthly, intelligence in ministry/non-ministerial institutions. Furthermore, the implementation of state intelligence is regulated in article 8, which states that State Intelligence is carried out by, Firstly, domestic and foreign State Intelligence administrators. Secondly, the organizers of the defense and military State Intelligence; Thirdly, the organizers of State Intelligence in the context of carrying out the duties of the Police. Fourthly, the organizers of State Intelligence in law enforcement; and Fifthly, the organizers of State Intelligence in the context of carrying out the duties of ministries/non-ministerial government agencies. The State Intelligence Organizer explained in Article 9, which states that the State Intelligence Organizer consists of: Firstly, the State Intelligence Agency; Secondly, the Intelligence of the Indonesian National Army; Thirdly, the Intelligence of the Indonesian National Police; Fourthly, the Intelligence of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia; and Fifthly, Intelligence of ministries/non-ministerial institutions. The Intelligence of the Indonesian National Army Article 11 administers. Firstly, the Intelligence of the Indonesian National Army, as referred to in Article 9 letter b, carries out defense and military intelligence functions. Secondly, as referred to (1), the Intelligence Function is carried out by the provisions of the legislation.

Based on the intelligence act, there is nothing wrong if the Ministry of Defense wants to develop Defense Intelligence under structure Ministry. This defense intelligence can be accommodated in the fifth dictum, namely ministry intelligence. As discussed theoretically, the ministry is a modern organization that modern organizations need an intelligence unit.  At the time of the formulation of this intelligence law, there was no independent defense intelligence, so the TNI carried out defense intelligence and military intelligence. Military intelligence is very different from defense intelligence. This difference can be seen from the end-user, the end-user of military intelligence is the military Commander in chief, but the end-user of defense intelligence is the Minister of Defense. The organizational structure is also different, the military intelligence is under the military headquarter, but defense intelligence is under the Ministry of Defense organization.  The object of trajectory is also different, military intelligence works at the level of military strategy but defense intelligence work at the level of national strategy or grand strategy.  The type of status is also different, military intelligence refers to military members but defense intelligence refers to civilian members. The differentiation between military intelligence and defense intelligence above ensures that there will be no duplication of functions. However, on the contrary, they will work together to complement each other. Military intelligence will support defense intelligence, and defense intelligence will complement military intelligence.

Defense Intelligence in several countries

The United States Department of Defense (US-DoD) develops defense intelligence called the defense intelligence agency (DIA). DIA is a defense intelligence agency under the US-DoD organization. DIA empowers strategic intelligence analysts; these analysts provide the intelligence analysis needed by US-DoD officials in formulating defense policies. In addition to the internal needs of U-S DoD officials, DIA also plays a role in the national intelligence community. The national intelligence community consists of 17 intelligence organizations coordinated by The Office of Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). 

The Australian Ministry of Defense developed a defense intelligence organization in 1990. The Australian defense intelligence organization is the Defense Intelligence Organization (DIO). DIO has six intelligence agencies: the Australian Geospatial-intelligence Organization (AGO), the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD), and intelligence under the land, sea, and air forces. DIO is regulated under the security intelligence law (Intelligence Security Act 2001). DIO is responsible to the Minister of Defense. DIO task provides intelligence analysis products to the Prime Minister, the Minister of Defense, and defense policymakers. DIO conducts assessments on issues including analysis of foreign problems. 

The organization of the Ministry of Defense before the 1998 reform, where the position of the Minister of Defense and Security Commander of the Armed Forces was still concurrently, the Minister of Defense and Security Commander of the Armed Forces obtained the results of intelligence analysis from military intelligence, in this case, Bais ABRI. The defense reform that separated the positions of the Minister of Defense and the Military  Commander in chief caused the Minister of Defense to no longer to have an intelligence agency. Minister of Defense Ryamizard in 2016 initiated the establishment of a defense intelligence agency, but it became a public debate so that the agency did not materialize until 2022.

All modern organizations, including the Indonesian Ministry of Defense,  need an intelligence agency. The intelligence agency is specifically inherent in the main tasks and functions of the defense ministry.  It needs to be considered that defense intelligence within the organizational structure of the Ministry of Defense is essential and urgent. This urgency is due to the need for threat analysis to formulate defense policies and other external factors as Indonesia's impact is an older brother in the ASEAN community. The various roles of the Minister of Defense in ASEAN are in dire need of intelligence agencies as providers of the intelligence analysis results needed by the Minister of Defense.

Finally, as a critical suggestion from the author, the public/intelligence community can be open again to initiate a defense intelligence agency within the organization of the Ministry of Defense.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

No funding sources

 The study was approved by the Indonesia Defense University.

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