The essential items in the world for a human being is food, with clothing and shelter. It is also known as basic needs. Since the beginning of human civilization, food security is a vital tool for people. It holds great importance for nations those who have enormous population base and weak agricultural infrastructure. The concept of food security originated around 50 years ago at the time of global food crises in the early 1970s. Approximately four decades ago, there were about 200 definitions of food security published in different writings (Maxwell and Smith, 1992; Barichello and Clay, 2003). Food security is going through an evolutionary change during the past many years with space and time. From time to time, the concept of food security and their approaches have been developed and modified according to the common understanding of the nature of the food problem and the evolution of the global food system. 

The term and the concept of ‘food security’ were started nearly four and a half-decade ago during the World Food Conference organised in 1974 by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The world community for the first time in this conference tried to find out ways and means to provide food security to the hungry people by producing enough food, promise for the supply of food and giving safety form with the fluctuations in food prices [1] and first time the concept of food insecurity came into existence as a means to distinguish the relationship between hunger, poverty and unemployment. Food insecurity is a very complex phenomenon due to a range of factors that vary in importance among social groups, across regions and countries, as well as overtime. These factors can be grouped in four clusters representing the following four areas of possible vulnerability those are the socio-economic and political environment, the performance of the food economy, care practices, health and sanitation. The 2008 global food crisis create riots in many countries, which seek the attention of the public in food security. In July 2009 G8 heads of state agreed to “to act with the scale and urgency needed to achieve sustainable global food security” [2].     

India is a second-most populous country after China and is the world’s largest democracy. Many people in this country still live every day being food insecure. According to Chakravarty and Dand [3] in India, the main reason for the prevalence of food insecurity is the demand deflation, which is the result of falling agrarian incomes over the past few decades. Some small elite people of the country had a significant amount of private ownership of assets, which give a dualistic nature to our economy in between these small elite class and considerable-sized poor section of the society. In food insecurity, poverty plays a vital role to hamper the growth of hunger. Poverty exists with food insecurity and is the leading cause of hunger, malnutrition, low income, illiteracy, homelessness, inadequate housing, social discrimination, etc. India is the largest populated country of hungry people which is around 194.6 million (15.2%) of the population. The total number of undernourished people was 172.4 million in 1990-92, which increased to 237.7 million in 2005-07, i.e., nearly 38% increase in undernourished people. More than 820 million people all over the world were still hungry in 2018 [4]. While states that despite the increase in production the per capita availability of food is declining at the same time the most needed people are far away from the food and the gap between those eating less and those eating more are continuously increasing. are far the production of the food increases and the upper class of the society are eating better Although urbanization is increasing day by day and the poor people are still living mainly in rural areas. Around 7.3 million people move into the fast-growing urban areas of India every year. Though the number of middle-class citizens is also growing, there is a big gap between the rich and poor which is increasing continuously. In India, 21.9 per cent of the population is living below the poverty line. The growing number of populations is overstressing natural resources, i.e., water, housing and electricity in the cities have not been able to fulfil the requirement of people moving into the city. As a result, low-cost housing being built and many people are bound to live in the slums and hamlets, having more people in a one-room shed. The people living in the slums also face the problem of food security and nutrition due to low poverty. While India can be producing a sufficient amount of food to feed its entire population, there have been many obstructions in the past decade, including droughts, especially in Maharashtra and natural disasters. The success or failure of crops in the country is directly related to climate and weather because the significant proportion of the farmer is mainly based on monsoon for agriculture. However, India's overall economy and trade relations are improving, but the poor people are still struggling to survive. Food and nutritional security can be improved through developments in both national domestic policies. Thus, this study seeks to provide basic concepts of food insecurity and possible solutions.

Food Security

Food security is to define as “When all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” Food security is an essential part of human life because it affects human health and also influences the economic and political stability of the state. Food security has four pillars: accessibility, availability, utilisation and stability.

There are four dimensions of food security:

• Availability: It is mainly the supply or production of food materials. “The amount of food that is present in a country or area through all forms of domestic production, imports, food stocks and food aid” [5]

• Accessibility: The concept of accessibility in terms of food security refers to “physical, social and economic access” (FAO. 1996). This term was first introduced by the Amartya Sen in the early 1980s after the Bengal famines (Sen, 1982). Accessibility means affordability in which every household member, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life

• Utilization: It means to the proper consumption of food and nutrition. No access to clean drinking water, poor environment, lack of hygiene, poor health infrastructure, lead to reduced assimilation of the consumed food. To achieve nutritional security, environmental hygiene necessary, Primary health care and clean drinking water facility should be adequately available. Cooking habits also need cautious evaluation because some methods of cooking may lead to the loss of essential nutrients Swaminathan

• Stability: Stability defines the temporal dimension of food and nutrition security, individually the time frame in which food security is being considered. Stability is assumed when the supply food, income and economic resources remain constant in a household level during the year and in the long-term. Besides, it is also essential to minimize external risks such as natural disaster, climate change, price volatility, conflicts or epidemics, etc.

Food Insecurity

Food insecurity is described as “limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways” [5]. Those individuals whose food intake decreases below their minimum calorie requirements are coming under the food insecure category, as well as the person who is physically not fit, or have some disease due to the lack of food and hunger or unbalance diet.” Thomas defines food insecurity as “Food insecurity exists when people do not have adequate physical, social or economic access to the sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. According to FAO Food Insecurity is defined as “a situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and active and healthy life”. Moreover, food insecurity is classified into three major categories by the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) those are:

• Acute: Severe hunger and malnutrition to the point that lives are in a significant threat immediately (e.g., famine)

• Occasional: It is defined as existence of food insecurity due to a specific temporary circumstance

• Chronic: the requirement of food needs is consistently or permanently under threat

• Close the yield gap: World Wildlife Fund estimated that up to 2050, around 120 million hectares of natural habitat would be converted into farming in developing countries. In many regions of the world, agricultural land is producing only 50 per cent of its productive capacity. If this gap is closed, then the yield could feed around 850 million people.

Food insecurity is a multi-dimensional concept, and it affects every section of the population in different ways: children and mothers are also prone to food insecurity with various factors are overpopulation, gender inequality, lack of education and poverty. Overpopulated areas have the problem of food and can lead to malnutrition among children, especially in rural areas. The female child suffers more than the male child because they eat food after the male child due to male superiority. Lack of knowledge in women regarding nutrition, breastfeeding is also a concerning problem Generally, we assume that childhood food insecurity is caused by poverty, but there are other factors which also influence the children food insecurity, i.e., mother’s physical and mental health, residential instability, living in a household without parents, no payment support foe child, mother’s past and current substance abuse, and immigrant parents.

According to the UN report, about 805 million people are undernourished as of 2014 in the world around one in eight people. A major section of these population lives in developing countries in which more than 14% of peoples deficient in meeting their dietary energy requirements [4]. The leading cause of food insecurity in developing countries is the lack of purchasing power for food due to poverty. Africa has the highest proportion of food insecurity which worsened since 1970 and the malnourished population remained in the 33-35 per cent range in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malnutrition is highest in central Africa with 40 per cent while the lowest in northern Africa with 4 per cent. [6]. 

Causes of Food Insecurity

Food insecurity is both a cause and a consequence of violence, contributing to a vicious cycle or “conflict trap”. Food security is critical for political stability. It is linked to increased risk of common failure, protests and rioting, communal violence and civil conflict. Violent conflicts, in turn, create food insecurity, malnutrition and in some instances famine. Thus, food insecurity can perpetuate conflict, although its effects depend on the context, with the most robust links evident in states that already have fragile markets and weak political institutions [7]. Inability of people to gain access to food due to poverty in developing countries is the root cause of food insecurity. Although the remaining countries of the world have made significant progress towards poverty alleviation, Africa, in particular, Sub-Saharan Africa continues to lag behind. It is predicted that there will be an increase in this tendency until and unless preventive measures are not taken. Since 1970 the condition of food security on the continent has worsened and the share of the malnourished population has remained within the range of 33 to 35 per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is a lot of variation in the prevalence of malnutrition within the continent which varies by region. It is lowest in Northern Africa with 4 per cent and the highest in Central Africa with 40 per cent. [6]. There are many numbers of causes of food insecurity in different regions. But some common causes are:

Population growth

Various scholars have different thought according to population growth and food insecurity. Malthus gave an inverse relationship between the population and resources, a rapidly growing population become a burden on resources. So, he introduces positive checks (war, natural disaster, calamities) which occur if we do not control the population growth. British environmentalist, Sir Jonathan Porrit said that “It’s no good blaming climate change or food shortages or political corruption. Sorry to be neo-Malthusian about it, but continuing population growth in this region makes periodic famine unavoidable – as many people have been pointing out since the last famine. Many of the children saved by the money raised over the next few weeks will inevitably be back again in similar feeding centres with their own children in a few years time”. If we see, we find that the increase in population indirectly affects food security, but the effect of poverty is more than that. As we saw in the famine of Bengal in 1943. According to Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, “starvation is the characteristic of some people not having enough food to eat. It is not the characteristic of there being not enough food to eat. While the latter can be a cause of the former, it is but one of many possible causes”. We find that growth of population exacerbated the pressure on environmental degradation, social causes and climate change and further these factors pose the food insecurity problem to the state or region. Despite a sufficient amount of food availability, the issue of food insecurity is found in many areas. This depicts the other factors like poverty, access, purchasing power rather than population growth

Conflict and Political Instability

Food insecurity can be both a cause and consequence of conflict and political instability. The relationship between conflict and food security affects each other as food scarcity leads to market collapse. As a result, food availability in the market decreases, which create greater havoc in public. Because of persistent conflicts and food insecurity millions of helpless people ready to migrate away from their homeland to a better place. These migrated people become a refugee in many countries. Sometimes the asylum country because of some reason is not able to fulfil the adequate support to the refugees, then again, the food insecurity arises in that particular place. Andersen and Shimokawa [8] find that the population with poor health and nutrition are more responsible in the civil conflict in the food-insecure region. Food security is most critical for political stability. It is related to increased risk of democratic failure, protests and rioting, communal violence and civil conflict. As a result, these conflicts create food insecurity, malnutrition and in some cases famine (Brinkman & Hendrix, 2011). In recent scenario, the major problem is human is the destroyer of the human being as we have seen in the Syria and Yemen, where armed forces and rebels destroy the country which causes food insecurity and civil war. But after that, they also block the aids from the NGOs and international organizations [9]. also said that "it is crucial that the international community understands that it is an international crime to intentionally block access to food, food aid, and to destroy the production of food." 

Urbanisation

The world population will increase from 6.7 to 9.2 billion from 2007 to 2050 in the urban areas of less developed countries and according to the FAO estimates that global food production should be increased up to 60 per cent by 2050 to meet population demands. According to Sova [10], it is projected that around two-thirds of the world’s population will live in urban areas. It shows an expected decline in the rural population, which means the population at worldwide will need to produce more food with fewer farmers to meet the growing caloric demands in cities. This adds to an already problematic task for the world’s farmers side by side, the agricultural land is decreased by the expansion of urban settlements [11]. It displays that the agriculturally productive land should be limited up to less attractive locations [11]. In developing countries, urban growth and the growing number of megacities indicate that more food is available to the people who live in an environment that has traditionally been supposed as inappropriate for agriculture [12]. Finally, it should be emphasized that the future outlook in relations between urbanisation and food security is mixed. The global merging patterns in production and urbanisation and economic and human development provide opinions for an optimistic outlook in terms of sustainable urban development and the fight against hunger and under-nutrition [12].

Climate change 

It leaves a deep impression on food security in different ways. It affects the crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries, and aquaculture. Thus, climate change indirectly affects the socio-economic conditions of people through agriculture, market effects, etc. The social and economic disturbance is observed with the changes in agricultural incomes, food markets, prices and trade patterns, and investment patterns. At the farm level, they can reduce revenues. They can influence physical capital and force farmers to sell productive capital, for instance, cattle, field, to absorb income shocks. As a result, farmers become weak and have no money to invest. This problem directly affects the social impacts on farming households, limiting their capacity to face other expenses, such as health, education and standard of living . Safe water and sanitation facilities are also affected by climate change which may lead to diarrheal disease that can disturb the absorption of nutrients. Climate change can also increase different vector-borne diseases which can hamper people's physiological capacity to get necessary nutrients from the foods consumed and decrease labour productivity due to morbidity [13]. The effects of climate change on food security are the consequences of climate changes themselves and the underlying vulnerabilities of food systems. They can be defined as “cascading impacts” from climate to biophysical, then economic and social, and to households and food security. At each level, vulnerabilities worsen the effects. The food-production system stability is a direct influence by the changes in climate variability. Increased frequency and intensity of the drought and flood would be a great threat to stability, whether the impact is domestic, local or through the global food market. The frequency and magnitude of food emergencies might increase, resulting from complex interrelations between political conflicts and migration in a context of increased competition for limited resources.

The ‘financialisation’ of food

Financialisation of food refers to the increasingly significant role played by financial markets in the agri-food sector. The financialisaton process affected food systems in recent decades and financial actors, markets and motivations play a more significant role in society, and in all sectors of the economy. Food is being used as a commodity in international markets by speculators. The sole purpose of these speculators is only to earn profits. They have no direct interest in the foodstuffs, and they only used them as a source of income. Speculation is a valuable tool which is used for food price volatility. The result of these price hikes has been seen in the international food markets in 2007-08, 2010 and 2012, which show that how sudden price shocks can generate severe and prolonged food crises. As many organisations assure that food is a human right and food cannot be used as a commodity for exploit. In November 2014, Pope Francis said that it is painful to see “the struggle against hunger and malnutrition hindered by market priorities, the primacy of profit, which reduce foodstuffs to a commodity like any other, subject to speculation and financial speculation in particular" [14].

Knowledge and Information Systems

Food production and rural development in those countries which have food insecurity require suitable and up-to-date technologies which are very helpful in the transfer of technology for sustainable development, local food traditions and promote modernization of local production methods. To get advantage from these technologies will need proper training, education and development skills for local human resources [15]. Knowledge and Information Systems are significant things to understand agriculture-related knowledge, safety net policies, environment, health and education, administration, marketing, and even political information. Knowledge improvement services, early warning systems and management information systems support all other efforts to address food security. Information systems are used exclusively to collect the performance of data that are related to crop production areas by using remote sensing and field data-gathering networks to provide early warning of emerging food insecurity situations. Knowledge and information system plays a vital role to strengthen food security. Hence FAO, WFP and IFPRI took a global initiative and made the Food Security Information Network (FSIN) strengthen food and nutrition security information systems for making reliable and accurate data to guide analysis and decision-making.

Effects of Food Insecurity

The global food crises imperil the lives of millions of people in the most vulnerable communities, particularly in the countries where poverty, malnutrition and death from hunger are upswings day by day. The combined effect of rising food prices and lack of health care could be catastrophic for the poor. The countries, like India, experiencing constant food shortages and distribution problems leading to chronic and often widespread hunger amongst significant numbers of people. It effected on the social as well as economic well-being such as education, health, living of standard, behavioural challenges, etc. in the society. Therefore, food insecurity enables malnutrition and leaves children weak, vulnerable, and less able to fight common childhood diseases like diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections, malaria, and measles etc. Adolescents and adults also grieve adverse effects of food insecurity. Food insecurity can lead to low levels of energy, growth failure, delay in maturation, impaired cognitive ability, reduced capacity to learn, less ability to resist from infections and illnesses, reduced life expectancy, growth in maternal mortality, and low birth weight. Moreover, it may also result to political instability in the food insecure region because as food-insecure, people may be manifest the feelings of alienation, stress, and anxiety, and they may experience reduced productivity, decrease in work participation and school performance, and reduced income level. The household dynamics may also be disturbed due to the preoccupation with obtaining food, which may lead to anger, pessimism, and irritation among other vices.

Poverty and Hunger

Poverty and food insecurity have a very close relationship. This view strongly stressed that food insecurity is a direct result of poverty. When you are hungry, you cannot do anything. As a result, you will continue to be poor and hungry. Hunger, poverty and disease are interlinked, with the contribution of hunger, the disease is generated. Hunger reduces the immunity against most diseases, and make prone to the illness. Poor people often cannot produce or purchase enough food to eat and so are more vulnerable to disease. 

Malnutrition

Poor access to food and chiefly healthy food contributes to malnutrition in both aspects, undernutrition as well as overweight and obesity. Malnutrition increases the risk of low birth weight, childhood stunting, and anaemia in women of reproductive age, etc. Food insecurity can affect the child stunting, wasting and micronutrient deficiencies by negatively affecting the sufficiency of food consumption. A diet considered as insufficient intake of vitamins, protein, calories, and minerals will also obstruct foetal, infant and child growth and development [16].

Depression

Food insecure people are very much prone to mental health problems. Poverty and mental health problems have a great linkage, basically emotional and psychological disorders [17]. The study presents three principal findings. First, after controlling for conventional socioeconomic and socio-demographic variables, food insufficiency increases the risk of depression and predicts this risk better than measures of low income, the primary source of income, and education. Second, the negative effect of food insufficiency is not attributable to social resources disparities, even though these resources significantly reduce the size of the impact. Generally, we have seen that the problem of depression through food insufficiency is stronger in women than men, but this study shows that single fathers face more depression than any other groups, including single mothers from the food insufficient households.

Achieving food security in its totality continues to be a challenge not only for the developing nations but also for the developed world [18]. The difference lies in the magnitude of the problem in terms of its severity and proportion of the population affected. In developed nations, the problem is alleviated by providing targeted food security interventions, including food aid in the form of direct food relief, food stamps, or indirectly through subsidised food production [19]. These efforts have significantly reduced food insecurity in these regions. Similar approaches are employed in developing countries but with less success [20]. Three other significant issues are emerging from the risk problems of food insecurity which must be a concern. “(a) The risk of temporary global food shortages (b) The fast disappearance of the easy option of expansion of the cropped area to achieve supply expansion (c) The increasing emergence of the food security problem as a problem of the urban poor in low-income countries” [21]. 

Possible Solutions

About 800 million people on the globe do not get adequate food to eat, while about 1.5 billion people are overweight. The world population is increasing and expands an additional 2 billion people by 2050. Climate change modifies traditional agricultural areas, scientists and policymakers are competing to figure out how to address both problems. These food insecurity problems are not caused only by government regulations or traditional farming practices. However, the other important factors are responsible for this like climate change, population growth and unsustainable use of resources are gradually increasing pressure on the population and world governments to alter the way food is produced, distributed and consumed in the whole world [23].

Policy Framework

There should be good policies to combat the food insecurity either the government or private. A report was published by published West et al. [24] in which they define leverage points to provide a sufficient number of calories to nourish 3 billion people. 

• Use fertilizer more efficiently: According to West, the use of fertilizers on wheat, rice and maize crops could be reduced up to 13-29 per cent and the production is still the same.

• Raise low water productivity: The irrigation system should be improved and grow those crops which use less water can challenge this problem. However, this change is not merely because farmers grow crops on market values. So, we can change this to providing economic incentives, and these changes should be on regional differences and cultural differences.

• Target food for direct consumption: West and his colleagues considered that if the crops which were used for animal feeding were applied directly to feed the people, then they can provide enough calories for 4 billion people. Because when the crops are converted into animal food and other non-food uses, then it lost many of its calories.

• Reduce food waste: At the world level, 30-50 per cent of food is wasted due to the lack of storage facilities and ineffective preparation. The world population will reach around 9.6 billion by 2050, and the main challenge for the government is to feed the people. Then according to the UN, it is not necessary to produce more food, only to stop wasting the food which we already have [25].

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) 

At present, when people are more connected to the other world, and the world shrinks like a single country. The use of smartphones is more common in every state, and it is used in different fields to sort out the problems related to agriculture, health, education and rural livelihood projects in Asia. “We were curious: if we used mobile technology, could we get information faster, cheaper, and in a lighter way. If you use SMS or voice call, you don’t have 10-page questionnaires. You can throw out some simple questions, over time, and see the responses you get. There are many UN ‘no-go zones.’ So, there were instances where we flew in by helicopter and had two hours to figure out what is going on with 100,000 people” [26]. At present, WFP uses a new method of Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping to conducts food security analyses of vulnerable populations. This monitoring method of food security now allows WFP to gather real-time data in order to properly recognize and evaluate the situation in distant areas that were previously inaccessible [27]. The use of technologies and mobile phone could also use to reduce the problems faced by the extension of the traditional service in developing countries. First, poor infrastructure is responsible for access problems in remote areas. Second, traditional “extension programs” in which specialist provide one-way information to the farmers in remote areas, but in those areas, the feedback process is absent [28]. 

Fairtrade

The global competition, unfortunately, creates unfair trade between the underdeveloped, developing, and developed countries. As a result, food prices are increasing rapidly and also the poverty level. There is an irony, those countries which are more engaged in agricultural products come under the underdeveloped and developing countries to become even weaker. Phillips [29] told that about sixty per cent of the total population of the third world countries is engaged in food production. Therefore, it is necessary for development to ensure food commodities prices in the international market. There should be a review of the WTO and international trade agreements although WTO fabricates to ease in global trade obstacle specifically under developing and developing countries. Despite that, it has not been matched his objective under the influence of developed countries which work as to impart basis inputs influence over decision making. 

Figure 1: A conceptual framework for understanding the welfare effects of food crises

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2006.

In this paper, we have examined the concept, causes, effects and solutions to food insecurity. The problem of food insecurity is most common in the world it must be seen as a security threat to the country and also to the entire world.If the problem is confronted with all seriousness by executing the recommendations of various policymakers and the other type of measures which are ready to end food insecurity, then the nations will be self-sufficient in terms of food security. The current situation of the hunger is worsening, evidence shows that the number of hungry people in the world is rising, reaching 821 million in 2017 which means one in every nine people is hungry and around 150 million children are stunted. India rank 103^rd out of 119 in qualifying countries. India scores 31.1 in global hunger index which comes in the category of severe hunger. So, the problem of food insecurity is a worldwide problem so each country should come forward to reduce the menace headlong and to prevent possible negative consequences which usually accompany food insecurity in countries those have been suffered turbulence before. 

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