Background: Childhood vaccinations are among the most effective public health strategies to prevent infectious diseases, yet misconceptions and myths regarding vaccine safety, efficacy, and necessity remain pervasive. In Himachal Pradesh, where access to reliable healthcare information can be limited, such myths contribute to vaccine hesitancy among parents, potentially compromising individual and community immunity.Materials& Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study evaluated parental awareness of childhood vaccination myths and facts among 400 participants in Himachal Pradesh. Data collection spanned three months, from August to October 2024, and was conducted through an online structured questionnaire that included demographic information and 20 questions assessing knowledge of vaccine safety, efficacy, immunization schedules, and common myths. Each correct response scored one point, categorizing participants into Very Good, Good, Fair, and Poor knowledge levels. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software to compute frequencies, percentages, and socio-demographic correlations. Results: The study revealed varying levels of knowledge on vaccination myths and facts. While 66% of respondents correctly identified the primary purpose of vaccines as disease prevention, only 58% recognized their general safety aside from mild side effects, and 62.5% refuted the myth that vaccines cause autism. Awareness of vaccine efficacy was high (70%), yet only 53% of respondents understood that vaccines contain safe, monitored ingredients. Knowledge scores indicated that 26% of participants demonstrated "Very Good" knowledge, 35% "Good," 26% "Fair," and 13% "Poor," highlighting areas needing targeted educational efforts. Conclusion: The study underscores substantial knowledge gaps and misconceptions about vaccines among parents in Himachal Pradesh, particularly around vaccine safety, ingredients, and immunization protocols. Targeted public health initiatives focusing on debunking common myths and promoting the safety and efficacy of vaccines could significantly reduce vaccine hesitancy, leading to improved child health outcomes. By addressing these knowledge gaps with evidence-based information, public health efforts can build a stronger foundation of trust in immunization programs, thereby enhancing community resilience against preventable diseases.

Background: Pre-eclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, is a major contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-resource settings. This study aims to evaluate public awareness, knowledge, and understanding of pre-eclampsia among the general population of Chamba to identify gaps and inform health education initiatives.Materials & Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 participants from Chamba district over three months (August–October 2024). A pre-validated structured questionnaire was used to collect data, encompassing socio-demographic details and 20 multiple-choice and true/false questions assessing knowledge of pre-eclampsia symptoms, risk factors, complications, and preventive measures. Data were collected through online and in-person surveys and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Epi Info V7. Knowledge scores were categorized as very good (>80% correct), good (60–79%), fair (41–59%), and poor (<40%).Results: The study revealed a gender-balanced population (54% females, 46% males) with the majority aged 26–35 years (34%). Educational levels ranged from no formal education (12%) to postgraduate degrees (9.5%), and 64.5% of participants were rural residents. Awareness levels were promising in areas such as identifying pre-eclampsia as a hypertensive disorder (74%) and recognizing the importance of blood pressure monitoring during pregnancy (79.5%). However, knowledge gaps were evident regarding proteinuria as a diagnostic criterion (61%) and preventive roles of lifestyle changes (64%) and calcium supplements (59.5%). Knowledge scores showed that 24% had very good awareness, 34% had good awareness, 30% had fair knowledge, and 12% demonstrated poor understanding.Conclusion: This study highlights foundational awareness of pre-eclampsia in Chamba but identifies significant gaps in technical knowledge and preventive strategies. Community-centered educational initiatives focusing on improving understanding of risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and preventive measures are critical for empowering individuals and enhancing maternal health outcomes. 

Background: High-risk pregnancies significantly contribute to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in rural areas where access to healthcare and awareness is limited. Understanding the community’s knowledge of high-risk pregnancy indicators is crucial for designing targeted interventions to reduce complications and improve outcomes. This study assesses the awareness and knowledge of high-risk pregnancy indicators among women in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh.Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 women aged 18–45 years in Kangra district. Data were collected using a pre-validated structured questionnaire comprising socio-demographic details and 20 knowledge-based questions on high-risk pregnancy indicators. Participants were categorized into knowledge levels: very good (>80%), good (60–79%), fair (40–59%), and poor (<40%). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to explore correlations between knowledge levels and socio-demographic factors.Results: The study revealed that 63% of participants exhibited good to very good knowledge, while 26% scored fair, and 11% demonstrated poor awareness. Participants showed high awareness of the importance of antenatal care (79.5%) and risk factors like infections (79%), smoking (80%), and gestational diabetes (75.5%). However, gaps were noted in recognizing technical aspects, such as obesity (65%), twin pregnancies (69.5%), and prior cesarean deliveries (66%) as high-risk factors. Socio-demographic analysis indicated that women with higher educational attainment and urban residence scored better on knowledge assessments.Conclusion: While general awareness of maternal health practices was satisfactory, significant gaps in understanding specific high-risk pregnancy indicators were observed. Targeted educational interventions, community engagement, and enhanced healthcare accessibility are essential to bridge these gaps and ensure better maternal and neonatal outcomes in Kangra district.

Background: Septic arthritis is a severe joint infection predominantly affecting children, leading to significant morbidity if untreated. Early recognition and timely intervention are crucial to prevent long-term complications, such as joint deformities and mobility loss. Despite its clinical significance, public awareness of septic arthritis remains limited, particularly in rural settings like Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh. This study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of septic arthritis among the general public to identify gaps and inform targeted educational interventions.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, over three months, involving 400 participants. A structured questionnaire, divided into socio-demographic details and knowledge assessment on septic arthritis, was used for data collection. The knowledge assessment covered symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, treatment, and preventive measures. Responses were scored and categorized into four levels: very good, good, fair, and poor. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and chi-square tests assessed the relationship between socio-demographic factors and knowledge levels.Results: The study population consisted of 45.5% males and 54.5% females, with 64.0% residing in rural areas. Educational attainment was diverse, with 27.0% completing secondary school and 10.5% holding postgraduate degrees. Knowledge assessment revealed that 71.0% of participants identified septic arthritis as a joint infection, and 78.0% were aware of its risk factors. However, only 62.0% were familiar with diagnostic methods, and 61.0% understood the role of surgery in treatment. Knowledge score analysis showed that 27.0% of participants demonstrated very good knowledge, 34.0% good knowledge, while 27.0% and 12.0% had fair and poor knowledge, respectively.Conclusion: The study highlights moderate awareness of septic arthritis among the general public in Hamirpur, with significant gaps in technical and preventive knowledge. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational initiatives focusing on symptom recognition, diagnostic tools, and preventive measures, particularly in rural areas. Culturally tailored health campaigns and community engagement are essential to improve public understanding and reduce the burden of septic arthritis in children.

Background: Pediatric bone tumors, though rare, represent a significant concern due to their potential for delayed diagnosis and severe outcomes. Early detection and intervention are crucial for improving survival rates and quality of life. Public awareness of the signs, symptoms, and treatment options for bone tumors plays a pivotal role in timely medical consultation. This study evaluates the knowledge and awareness of pediatric bone tumors among the general public in Hamirpur, aiming to identify gaps and provide insights for targeted educational initiatives.Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 residents of Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, between August and October 2024. Participants were selected through a combination of online and in-person surveys using a pre-validated questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed socio-demographic details and awareness of pediatric bone tumors through 20 multiple-choice questions covering symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. Knowledge levels were categorized as very good, good, fair, and poor based on cumulative scores. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to explore associations between socio-demographic factors and awareness levels.Results: The study sample included 400 participants, with 63% residing in rural areas and 56% having completed secondary or undergraduate education. Awareness assessment revealed that 78% recognized pain and swelling as key symptoms, while 84% understood the importance of early detection. However, knowledge of advanced diagnostic and treatment options, such as radiotherapy (61%) and routine follow-ups (67%), was lower. Knowledge scores classified 27% as very good, 36% as good, 28% as fair, and 9% as poor, highlighting significant gaps in understanding among certain segments of the population.Conclusion: While a foundational awareness of pediatric bone tumors exists among the general public in Hamirpur, critical knowledge gaps persist, particularly regarding diagnostic and treatment advancements. These gaps underscore the need for community-centered educational programs to enhance public understanding and facilitate early diagnosis. Leveraging healthcare providers and digital platforms for awareness campaigns could significantly improve health outcomes for affected children.

Background: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that significantly impacts the health and well-being of affected individuals. Characterized by abnormal hemoglobin, SCD causes red blood cells to adopt a sickle shape, leading to complications such as vaso-occlusive crises, chronic pain, infections, and organ damage. Despite advances in treatment, SCD remains a major public health challenge, particularly in regions with limited healthcare resources. This study evaluates public awareness and knowledge of SCD among the residents of District Ambala, Haryana, to identify gaps and inform targeted educational interventions. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 2024 and May 2024 in District Ambala, Haryana. The study targeted adults aged 18 and above who had been residents for at least 12 months. A sample size of 400 adults was determined using a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected via an online questionnaire distributed through email and social media platforms. The questionnaire included 20 structured questions on SCD awareness and socio-demographic information. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Results: The study revealed diverse socio-demographic characteristics among participants, with the largest age group being 29-38 years (27.8%), followed by those aged 49 and above (25.8%). Males constituted 55.5% of the sample, and 53.5% were married. The majority were Hindu (70%), employed (53%), and had at least a high school education (87.5%). Knowledge of SCD varied, with 72.5% correctly identifying the disease, but lower awareness of specific aspects such as diagnosis methods (46.3%) and inheritance patterns (43.8%). Overall knowledge scores categorized 22.8% as 'Very Good', 27.3% as 'Good', 29.8% as 'Fair', and 20.3% as 'Poor'. Significant associations were found between knowledge levels and age, gender, marital status, religion, employment, and education. Conclusion: The study highlights significant socio-demographic disparities in SCD knowledge among District Ambala residents. Despite a fair to good overall knowledge level, critical gaps remain, particularly among older adults, females, and those with lower education. Targeted, culturally sensitive educational interventions are essential to address these gaps and improve SCD literacy, early diagnosis, and disease management. Leveraging digital platforms for broad outreach can enhance public health efforts and ultimately improve health outcomes for individuals with SCD.

Zoonotic diseases represent a critical interface between human, animal, and environmental health, demanding an integrated approach to mitigate their global impact. These diseases, capable of crossing species barriers, pose significant challenges to public health, veterinary care, and socio-economic stability, particularly in regions with close human-animal interactions such as rural India. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the transmission, diagnosis, and control of key zoonotic diseases including Brucellosis, Anthrax, Leptospirosis, Plague, Tularemia, Endemic Typhus, and Glanders Disease. It highlights the complexity of their transmission dynamics, which range from direct contact and vector-borne to environmental pathways, and underscores the necessity for robust surveillance, advanced diagnostic methods, effective treatment regimens, and comprehensive preventive strategies. Emphasizing a One Health approach, the review advocates for interdisciplinary and cross-border collaborations to address the multifaceted challenges posed by zoonotic diseases. Through a synthesis of current scientific understanding and practical insights, this review aims to guide future research, policy-making, and implementation strategies in the ongoing fight against zoonotic diseases, contributing to the enhancement of global health security.

Background: Growth and developmental disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are significant public health concerns that profoundly impact children's academic, social, and emotional development. This study aims to assess the level of public awareness and knowledge about ASD and ADHD among the general population in District Solan, identifying knowledge gaps to inform targeted public health interventions. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2024 in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The study included 400 participants aged 18 years and older, selected to provide a representative assessment of public awareness and knowledge of ASD and ADHD. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered online questionnaire consisting of 20 questions covering the definition, symptoms, risk factors, and management of ASD and ADHD. The responses were scored, and knowledge levels were categorized as excellent (16-20 points), good (12-15 points), fair (8-11 points), and poor (below 8 points). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to analyze the data. Results: The study found that 78.0% of participants were aware of ASD, while 71.0% had heard of ADHD. However, knowledge gaps were evident, with only 63.5% of respondents aware that ASD is more common in boys and 65.5% recognizing delayed speech as a symptom of ASD. Similarly, 74.5% of participants correctly identified hyperactivity and impulsivity as key characteristics of ADHD. The importance of early diagnosis was recognized by 69.5% of respondents, and 72.5% acknowledged the critical role of parental support in managing these disorders. Overall, 21.5% of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge, 35.5% had good knowledge, 27.0% had fair knowledge, and 16.0% had poor knowledge. Conclusion: While there is a reasonable level of general awareness about ASD and ADHD among the population in District Solan, significant gaps in specific knowledge persist. These gaps highlight the need for targeted public health interventions that promote a deeper understanding of these developmental disorders. Enhancing public education on the symptoms, risk factors, and management strategies for ASD and ADHD is essential for improving early recognition and ensuring timely intervention.

One of the worst killers of American youth, suicide is a huge problem in China's public health system. Changes in adolescent suicide rates, especially among young women, have coincided with the current surge in the rate of suicide nationally. That's why it's so important for them to fully understand the many factors that might cause youth suicide attempts. By connecting the dots between the that underlies neurobiology and cognitive abnormalities connected to suicide behaviour and the clinical and psychosocial risk factors for suicide conduct, they may better understand the nature of the problem and perhaps develop more effective treatments. According to their hypothesis, there are many levels of explanation that might explain variations in suicidal conduct. These levels include growth-oriented biophysical (genomics, a proteome, epigenetics, immunology), and psychological/clinical. In an attempt to shed light on the connection between neurological, a genetic condition, and clinical data in the study of suicide, their model presents a unified the hypothesis to better understand this complex finding by integrating results from different fields of research on suicidality. Planning successful strategies to prevent suicide and suicidal thoughts requires an understanding of the complex interaction of biological, psychological, sociobiological, and medical risk factors.

Background: Osteoporosis, a progressive condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased fracture risk, is a growing public health concern, particularly in aging populations. This study assesses the awareness and knowledge of osteoporosis among adults in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, with a focus on identifying gaps in understanding related to symptoms, risk factors, prevention, and management Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and May 2024 in District Kangra. A sample of 400 adults, aged 18 and above, was selected using a 95% confidence level and a 5% error margin. Data were collected using a pre-tested Google form questionnaire, circulated via online platforms, that included 20 structured questions on socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of osteoporosis. The responses were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software, and results were expressed in frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed that while 79.3% of participants had heard of osteoporosis, detailed knowledge of its symptoms and risk factors varied. Although 72.3% recognized osteoporosis as a cause of weak bones, fewer participants were aware of symptoms such as frequent fractures (69.5%), loss of height (67.0%), and back pain (64.8%). Knowledge of risk factors, including aging (61.5%) and calcium deficiency (59.8%), was moderate, but awareness of preventive measures like maintaining a calcium-rich diet (53.0%) and regular exercise (52.3%) was lower. The overall knowledge distribution showed that 26.0% of participants had very good knowledge, while 17.8% had poor knowledge, indicating significant room for improvement in public awareness. Conclusion: This study highlights the critical need for enhanced public education on osteoporosis in rural Himachal Pradesh. The identified gaps in knowledge underscore the importance of targeted public health interventions that emphasize practical, actionable strategies for prevention and management. Strengthening educational efforts and equipping healthcare providers with the tools to educate the public can help mitigate the growing burden of osteoporosis, promote early diagnosis, and improve health outcomes in the community.

Background: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a global public health concern, with significant implications for individual and community health. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, awareness and knowledge about STDs remain inadequate, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas like District Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India. This study investigates the awareness and knowledge of STDs among adults in District Kullu, focusing on gaps in understanding specific STDs, risk factors, prevention, and treatment. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted over five months from January to May 2024. A structured questionnaire, comprising socio-demographic questions and 20 items assessing STD knowledge, was administered online to 400 adults aged 18 and above. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Epi Info V7 software to determine frequencies, percentages, and overall knowledge scores. Results: The study revealed a general awareness of STDs among 79.8% of participants. However, knowledge about specific STDs like syphilis, gonorrhea, and HPV was less comprehensive. Awareness of risk factors was moderate, with 72.3% recognizing unprotected sex as a risk but fewer acknowledging other factors like sharing needles and substance abuse. Preventive knowledge showed that 70.8% knew about condom use, but only 65.5% understood the importance of regular testing, and 57.3% were aware of vaccinations. Knowledge about symptoms and treatment was relatively strong, but gaps persisted, especially regarding the management of viral STDs and complications of untreated infections. Overall, 26.3% of participants had very good knowledge, while 17.3% had poor knowledge. Conclusion: The study highlights that while there is a foundational awareness of STDs in District Kullu, significant gaps exist in detailed knowledge about specific STDs, risk factors, prevention, and treatment. Targeted public health interventions are needed to address these gaps and reduce stigma. Culturally sensitive educational programs and improved healthcare access are essential for enhancing community knowledge, promoting safe sexual practices, and ultimately improving sexual health and well-being in the region.

Background: Insulin resistance is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Early identification and prevention of insulin resistance are essential to delay or prevent the onset of metabolic syndrome. Objective: This review aims to summarize current strategies for the prevention of insulin resistance, with a focus on lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and emerging therapies. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies and clinical trials that focus on the prevention of insulin resistance. Key databases were searched, and articles were selected based on relevance and contribution to the topic. Results: Effective prevention strategies for insulin resistance include dietary modifications, regular physical activity, and weight management. Pharmacological interventions such as metformin and thiazolidinediones have shown promise in reducing insulin resistance, particularly in high-risk populations. Conclusion: Preventing insulin resistance before the development of metabolic syndrome is crucial for reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Early intervention through lifestyle changes and targeted therapies offers the best approach to mitigating the progression of insulin resistance.

Background: Childhood obesity is a rapidly growing public health concern globally, with significant implications for both short-term and long-term health outcomes. In India, particularly in rural areas like Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, the dual burden of undernutrition and obesity is becoming increasingly evident. Despite the rising prevalence of obesity, knowledge and attitudes towards childhood obesity and its prevention remain underexplored in this region.  Materials and Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional, quantitative research design to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards childhood obesity among parents in Chamba. A total of 500 parents with at least one child aged 18 years or younger were selected through systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, which was pretested for clarity and reliability. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data and identify key predictors of high knowledge and positive attitudes. Results: The majority of parents (85.4%) recognized childhood obesity as a health issue, but knowledge gaps were identified in understanding specific risk factors, with only 63.8% correctly identifying them. Positive attitudes towards prevention strategies were prevalent, with 84.6% supporting healthy eating at home and 76.4% endorsing regular physical activity. However, 18.4% of parents were neutral or disagreed with the perception that obesity is a personal family issue. Higher education (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 2.0-4.6) and high-income status (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.4-3.7) were the strongest predictors of high knowledge and positive attitudes towards prevention. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for targeted, culturally tailored interventions in Chamba to address the knowledge gaps and socio-economic disparities that influence parents' attitudes towards childhood obesity prevention. By prioritizing education and income-related barriers, community-based strategies can be more effectively implemented to reduce the growing trend of childhood obesity in rural India, ultimately improving long-term health outcomes for children.

This review explores the ripple effects of quality dental care among school-aged children, emphasizing the significant impact of oral health on overall well-being and development. By addressing issues such as dental caries, maternal conditions, and poor self-care practices, this study aims to raise awareness about the importance of proper dental health practices in children. Through a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between oral health and educational outcomes, this review highlights the potential benefits of investing in quality dental care for children, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Recommendations for policy interventions, such as school-based dental sealant programs and awareness promotion projects, are discussed to improve access to dental care and enhance oral health outcomes for school children. Ultimately, this review advocates for a holistic approach to pediatric oral health care that considers the broader societal implications of promoting dental health among children.