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Background: Childhood vaccinations are among the most effective public health strategies to prevent infectious diseases, yet misconceptions and myths regarding vaccine safety, efficacy, and necessity remain pervasive. In Himachal Pradesh, where access to reliable healthcare information can be limited, such myths contribute to vaccine hesitancy among parents, potentially compromising individual and community immunity.Materials& Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study evaluated parental awareness of childhood vaccination myths and facts among 400 participants in Himachal Pradesh. Data collection spanned three months, from August to October 2024, and was conducted through an online structured questionnaire that included demographic information and 20 questions assessing knowledge of vaccine safety, efficacy, immunization schedules, and common myths. Each correct response scored one point, categorizing participants into Very Good, Good, Fair, and Poor knowledge levels. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software to compute frequencies, percentages, and socio-demographic correlations. Results: The study revealed varying levels of knowledge on vaccination myths and facts. While 66% of respondents correctly identified the primary purpose of vaccines as disease prevention, only 58% recognized their general safety aside from mild side effects, and 62.5% refuted the myth that vaccines cause autism. Awareness of vaccine efficacy was high (70%), yet only 53% of respondents understood that vaccines contain safe, monitored ingredients. Knowledge scores indicated that 26% of participants demonstrated "Very Good" knowledge, 35% "Good," 26% "Fair," and 13% "Poor," highlighting areas needing targeted educational efforts. Conclusion: The study underscores substantial knowledge gaps and misconceptions about vaccines among parents in Himachal Pradesh, particularly around vaccine safety, ingredients, and immunization protocols. Targeted public health initiatives focusing on debunking common myths and promoting the safety and efficacy of vaccines could significantly reduce vaccine hesitancy, leading to improved child health outcomes. By addressing these knowledge gaps with evidence-based information, public health efforts can build a stronger foundation of trust in immunization programs, thereby enhancing community resilience against preventable diseases.
Childhood vaccinations have long been recognized as one of the most effective public health interventions to prevent infectious diseases and promote child health. Despite their proven benefits, misconceptions and myths about vaccinations persist worldwide, leading to hesitancy among parents and caregivers. In many regions, including Himachal Pradesh, these misconceptions range from fears of side effects and doubts about vaccine efficacy to misinformation about the necessity of certain vaccines. Such myths can significantly undermine public health efforts by reducing vaccine uptake, thereby increasing the risk of preventable disease outbreaks within communities.[1-4]
The spread of misinformation, particularly through social networks and online platforms, has exacerbated the prevalence of vaccine myths. Studies have shown that low awareness levels and a lack of clear, evidence-based information can contribute to parental hesitancy, further reinforcing the myths surrounding vaccinations. In regions with limited access to reliable healthcare information, these myths can take root more easily, often leading to delayed or incomplete vaccination of children.[5-8] For parents in areas with healthcare access challenges, especially in the rural and remote communities of Himachal Pradesh, this lack of awareness may impede adherence to vaccination schedules, compromising both individual and community immunity.
Addressing these myths through awareness and education is critical. Previous research indicates that parents who understand the science and benefits behind vaccinations are more likely to adhere to recommended schedules and seek timely vaccinations for their children. However, a gap often exists between healthcare providers and the public in terms of effective communication about vaccine safety and efficacy. This study aimed to assess parental awareness of common myths and facts surrounding childhood vaccinations among residents of Himachal Pradesh. By evaluating levels of knowledge and identifying misconceptions, this research sought to highlight specific areas where targeted educational efforts are needed to improve vaccine acceptance. Findings from this study offer valuable insights into the existing knowledge gaps and misconceptions among parents, providing a foundation for future public health initiatives to promote accurate information and support child health in the region.
Aims & Objectives
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the level of awareness and understanding among parents in Himachal Pradesh regarding common myths and facts about childhood vaccinations. Specifically, the study sought to assess parental knowledge on vaccine safety, efficacy, and the importance of adherence to vaccination schedules, while identifying prevalent misconceptions that could lead to vaccine hesitancy. This research was intended to highlight areas for targeted educational efforts that could bridge knowledge gaps, correct misinformation, and foster more informed vaccine acceptance within the community.
Research Approach: This descriptive study was designed to assess existing levels of knowledge and awareness about childhood vaccination myths and facts among parents in Himachal Pradesh.
Research Design: A cross-sectional survey approach was used to systematically gauge public awareness across a diverse sample in Himachal Pradesh, allowing for a detailed snapshot of parental knowledge and misconceptions about vaccinations.
Study Area: The study was conducted across various regions of Himachal Pradesh, which is marked by a mix of rural and urban populations. This geographic diversity facilitated the collection of data from individuals with differing levels of healthcare access and exposure to healthcare information.
Study Duration: Data collection occurred over a three-month period from August to October 2024, ensuring comprehensive participation across a range of demographic segments within the community.
Study Population: The target population included parents and primary caregivers aged 18 and above who had been residents of Himachal Pradesh for a minimum of 12 months. This inclusion criterion ensured that participants were well-acquainted with local vaccination norms, healthcare resources, and the common myths circulating in their communities.
Sample Size: A sample size of 400 participants was calculated, based on a 95% confidence level, an anticipated 50% level of awareness regarding vaccination myths and facts, and a 5% margin of error. Additionally, a 5% conservative non-response rate was factored in to ensure data reliability.
Study Tool: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. The questionnaire was divided into two main sections:
Socio-demographic Details: This section captured essential demographic information, such as age, gender, education level, occupation, and area of residence, to explore the impact of socio-demographic factors on parental awareness.
Knowledge Assessment: Twenty structured questions evaluated knowledge of vaccination myths and facts, including vaccine safety, efficacy, immunization schedules, and common misconceptions. Each correct answer received one point, with scores categorized as follows: >80% (Very Good), 60-79% (Good), 41-59% (Fair), and <40% (Poor). The questionnaire underwent pre-testing for clarity and was validated by public health experts specializing in immunization.
Data Collection: The questionnaire was disseminated online through platforms such as email, WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn, maximizing reach and ensuring response diversity. Data collection was conducted under expert supervision and continued until the target of 400 responses was achieved, ensuring methodological consistency and accuracy.
Data Analysis: The responses were organized and cleaned in Microsoft Excel for preliminary organization, and then analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Statistical analysis was performed to compute frequencies, percentages, and correlations with socio-demographic factors, providing a comprehensive view of knowledge levels and trends among different population segments.
Ethical Considerations: Strict measures were taken to ensure participant confidentiality and anonymity. No personal identifying information was collected, and informed consent was obtained from each participant, who was also informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time. This ensured full adherence to ethical guidelines for research involving human participants.
A total of 400 respondents participated in the study, providing valuable insights into parental awareness regarding childhood vaccination myths and facts in Himachal Pradesh.
Table-1: Sociodemographic Variables of Study Participants
Variable | Categories | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
| Gender | Male | 176 | 44.0% |
| Female | 224 | 56.0% | |
| Age Group (Years) | 18-25 | 94 | 23.5% |
| 26-35 | 128 | 32.0% | |
| 36-45 | 87 | 21.75% | |
| 46-55 | 68 | 17.0% | |
| 56 and above | 23 | 5.75% | |
| Education Level | No formal education | 33 | 8.25% |
| Primary school | 62 | 15.5% | |
| Secondary school | 104 | 26.0% | |
| Undergraduate degree | 141 | 35.25% | |
| Postgraduate degree or higher | 60 | 15.0% | |
| Occupation | Agriculture/Labor | 81 | 20.25% |
| Homemaker | 89 | 22.25% | |
| Service (Private/Government) | 134 | 33.5% | |
| Business | 49 | 12.25% | |
| Student | 47 | 11.75% | |
| Area of Residence | Urban | 138 | 34.5% |
| Rural | 262 | 65.5% | |
| Monthly Household Income (INR) | <10,000 | 66 | 16.5% |
| 10,001-20,000 | 136 | 34.0% | |
| 20,001-40,000 | 129 | 32.25% | |
| >40,000 | 69 | 17.25% | |
| Family Type | Nuclear | 259 | 64.75% |
| Joint | 141 | 35.25% | |
| Duration of Residence in Himachal Pradesh | 1-5 years | 51 | 12.75% |
| 6-10 years | 70 | 17.5% | |
| More than 10 years | 279 | 69.75% |
The sociodemographic profile of participants in the study reflects a diverse and representative sample of parents in Himachal Pradesh, with 56% female and 44% male respondents, highlighting a slight predominance of mothers or female caregivers. The majority of participants (32%) fell into the 26-35 age group, followed by those aged 36-45 (21.75%) and 18-25 (23.5%), indicating the inclusion of both younger and more experienced parents. Educational attainment varied, with 35.25% having undergraduate degrees, 26% completing secondary school, and 15% attaining postgraduate qualifications, while 8.25% reported no formal education. In terms of occupation, 33.5% were employed in private or government services, 22.25% identified as homemakers, and 20.25% engaged in agriculture or labor, reflecting the occupational diversity of the region. The sample predominantly consisted of rural residents (65.5%), aligning with the state’s demographic distribution. Monthly household income showed a broad range, with 34% earning INR 10,001-20,000 and 16.5% earning below INR 10,000, capturing a range of socio-economic backgrounds. Family structure leaned towards nuclear setups (64.75%), and most participants (69.75%) had resided in Himachal Pradesh for over 10 years, ensuring familiarity with regional vaccination norms and healthcare practices.
S.No | Question | Options | Frequency of Correct Responses | Percent (%) |
1 | What is the primary purpose of childhood vaccinations? | a) Increase appetite, b) Improve strength, c) Prevent infectious diseases, d) Aid in growth | 264 | 66 |
2 | How safe are childhood vaccines? | a) Harmful, b) Generally safe with mild side effects, c) Only for emergencies, d) Unsafe for children under five | 232 | 58 |
3 | What is a common myth about childhood vaccinations? | a) They prevent diseases, b) They cause autism, c) They are essential for health, d) None of the above | 250 | 62.5 |
4 | How effective are vaccines in preventing diseases? | a) Ineffective, b) Partially effective, c) Only for serious diseases, d) Highly effective when following the schedule | 280 | 70 |
5 | Do vaccines contain harmful ingredients that affect health? | a) Yes, many, b) Only in some cases, c) No, they are purified, d) No, all ingredients are safe and monitored | 212 | 53 |
6 | Which organization monitors vaccine safety in India? | a) WHO only, b) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, c) Local clinics, d) State governments | 190 | 47.5 |
7 | What is the recommended approach if a child misses a vaccine dose? | a) Skip it, b) Consult a healthcare provider, c) Delay until next year, d) Start the schedule over | 268 | 67 |
8 | How do vaccines contribute to "herd immunity"? | a) They do not, b) Only if all are vaccinated, c) By protecting those who can't be vaccinated, d) By increasing individual immunity alone | 244 | 61 |
9 | Can children receive vaccines if they have mild cold or fever? | a) No, wait until full recovery, b) Only after a month, c) Depends on the vaccine, d) Yes, consult a doctor but mild illness often doesn’t interfere | 176 | 44 |
10 | Why is it important to complete the vaccination schedule on time? | a) Reduces appetite, b) Ensures full immunity, c) Helps in weight gain, d) Provides temporary immunity | 252 | 63 |
11 | What is a common side effect of vaccines? | a) Severe illness, b) Mild fever and soreness, c) No side effects, d) Only fever | 278 | 69.5 |
12 | Do vaccines impact a child’s development negatively? | a) Yes, in many cases, b) Only in some, c) No, they support long-term health, d) They can if taken early | 216 | 54 |
13 | Is it necessary to vaccinate children who appear healthy? | a) No, only if they’re at risk, b) Only in sick children, c) Yes, but only in emergencies, d) Yes, all children benefit from vaccinations | 284 | 71 |
14 | Can natural immunity replace vaccines? | a) Yes, it is better, b) Only in adults, c) No, vaccines provide essential protection, d) It depends on health | 226 | 56.5 |
15 | How should vaccine side effects be managed? | a) Stop future vaccines, b) Consult a healthcare provider if severe, c) Ignore side effects, d) Only home remedies | 214 | 53.5 |
16 | Which is a widely believed myth about vaccines? | a) They help immunity, b) They weaken immune system, c) They are preventive, d) They are costly | 238 | 59.5 |
17 | Can children with allergies receive vaccines? | a) No, vaccines are risky, b) Most vaccines are safe; consult a doctor, c) Only herbal alternatives, d) Only certain vaccines | 188 | 47 |
18 | Are vaccines only for newborns and infants? | a) Yes, after five no need, b) Only for high-risk children, c) No, vaccines are given in stages up to adolescence, d) Only before two years old | 204 | 51 |
19 | Can vaccines cause the disease they are meant to prevent? | a) Yes, sometimes, b) Only if a child is weak, c) No, vaccines contain inactivated components, d) Only in rare cases | 258 | 64.5 |
20 | What role do healthcare providers play in addressing vaccine myths? | a) Minimal role, b) Only treat diseases, c) Provide evidence-based information, d) Only vaccinate on request | 270 | 67.5 |
Table 2: Parental Knowledge Regarding Childhood Vaccination Myths and Facts in Himachal Pradesh
In this study, participants' knowledge scores were classified based on total points earned out of a possible 20. Findings indicated that 26% (104 participants) demonstrated very good knowledge (scoring 16-20 points), 35% (140 participants) had good knowledge (12-15 points), 26% (104 participants) displayed fair knowledge (8-11 points), and 13% (52 participants) exhibited poor knowledge (<8 points).
The results of this study provide a comprehensive perspective on parental awareness regarding childhood vaccination myths and facts in Himachal Pradesh. As outlined in Table 1, parental knowledge on vaccine efficacy and safety varied significantly, highlighting both strengths and gaps in understanding. The majority of respondents (66%) correctly identified the primary purpose of vaccinations as preventing infectious diseases, reflecting a foundational understanding of why vaccinations are essential. However, misconceptions regarding safety remained prevalent, with only 58% recognizing that vaccines are generally safe, aside from mild side effects. This knowledge gap is particularly relevant, as a substantial portion of parents may avoid vaccines due to safety concerns, thereby hindering vaccine uptake and increasing the risk of disease spread within communities. Additionally, a prevalent myth was that vaccines cause autism, with 62.5% identifying this as false. This finding emphasizes that while some parents are well-informed, a significant portion may still be influenced by pervasive myths that undermine vaccine acceptance.
Another finding showed that knowledge of vaccine efficacy was relatively high, with 70% of participants understanding that vaccines are highly effective when following the schedule. Yet, only 53% were aware that vaccines contain safe, monitored ingredients, suggesting that concerns about vaccine composition may still influence hesitancy. Furthermore, fewer than half of the participants (47.5%) knew that the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare monitors vaccine safety in India, suggesting that enhanced visibility of regulatory authorities could build greater trust among parents. While many respondents (67%) knew to consult healthcare providers if a child misses a dose, some (44%) were uncertain about vaccine administration during mild illnesses, revealing a need for more specific education around vaccination protocols. Awareness of the herd immunity concept was moderately high at 61%, but further emphasis on how vaccines protect the community, not just the individual, may strengthen public understanding of broader immunization benefits.
The summary in Table 2 illustrates that knowledge scores were distributed across four categories, with only 26% of participants demonstrating "Very Good" knowledge, achieving 16–20 correct answers. The majority of respondents fell into the "Good" category (35%), indicating general awareness yet lacking comprehensive knowledge on myths and factual information. Those in the "Fair" category (26%) could answer some basic questions but were less likely to recognize specific vaccine myths or the importance of adherence to immunization schedules. The 13% of respondents in the "Poor" category demonstrate a clear need for accessible, targeted educational interventions to increase understanding of childhood vaccinations.
The knowledge distribution seen here suggests that while many parents have a general understanding, there remain specific areas where misconceptions persist, such as vaccine composition and managing side effects. Parental awareness can be improved by addressing these gaps with targeted educational campaigns focused on debunking common myths, reinforcing the safety and efficacy of vaccines, and underscoring the importance of adhering to immunization schedules. The data suggests that by bolstering awareness through clear, evidence-based information, the risk of vaccine hesitancy driven by myths and misinformation could be significantly reduced, ultimately promoting better health outcomes for children across Himachal Pradesh.[9-12]
Limitations
This study provides critical insights into parental awareness of childhood vaccination myths and facts in Himachal Pradesh, yet some limitations should be acknowledged. The exclusive use of an online survey may have limited participation from individuals without consistent internet access, potentially skewing responses toward more technologically connected and possibly more informed parents. Additionally, relying on self-reported data may introduce response bias, where participants could overstate their knowledge of vaccines. The study's focus on knowledge rather than observed vaccination practices also limits our understanding of how awareness translates to behavior. Future research incorporating mixed methods, including in-depth interviews and in-person surveys, would help create a more inclusive and representative profile of parental awareness across diverse communities in the region.
The findings of this study reveal a complex landscape of parental awareness regarding childhood vaccinations in Himachal Pradesh, with clear strengths in foundational knowledge yet substantial gaps where myths and misconceptions persist. While most parents understood the protective purpose and efficacy of vaccines, many harbored concerns around safety, ingredient composition, and adherence to immunization schedules. These misconceptions underscore the need for targeted, community-based educational campaigns that address specific myths, clarify vaccine safety, and enhance understanding of herd immunity’s role in community health. Addressing these knowledge gaps through accessible, evidence-based public health initiatives can play a transformative role in reducing vaccine hesitancy, bolstering trust in immunization programs, and ultimately fostering a safer and healthier future for children in Himachal Pradesh. Such efforts are vital for building resilient communities where informed parental decisions support optimal child health and protection against preventable diseases.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest
No funding sources
The study was approved by theJawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University(AMU).
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