Background : Breast cancer is the second most prevalent non-skin cancer type (after lung cancer) and the fifth most common cause of cancer death in women, accounting for 10.4% of all cancer incidences. Aim: To study hormonal and biochemical changes pre and post-chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The current investigation, a retrospective observational analysis, was conducted on 249 patients with breast cancer with a mean age of 47.07 years from February 25 to July 28, 2024, at the Oncology Center in Kirkuk, Iraq. The patients were monitored at two distinct intervals, predominantly prior to receiving chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy. CA-15-3 and CA 27.29, Estrogen, Testosterone, Vit D3, S. Creatinine and B. Urea were tested for the patients. Results: An upregulation of CA 15-3 mean concentration level (40.36 U/mL) among breast cancer patients, this was also applicable for CA 27.29 mean level ( 41.40 U/mL), while these tumor markers downregulated post-chemotherapy. In regards to Testosterone, Estrogen, and Vit. D3 mean levels, our study showed great significant results before and after taking chemotherapy. Conclusions: Breast cancer prevalence is high in Kirkuk city. Older ages are more prone to get the disease. Chemotherapy significantly decreases CA 15-3, CA 27.29, Testosterone, and Estrogen levels. 

Background: Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder, affects 2–8% of pregnancies globally and poses significant maternal and fetal risks, including long-term complications such as chronic hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction and tissue damage, making LDH a potential biomarker for the severity of preeclampsia.Aim: This study investigates the role of maternal serum LDH levels in assessing the severity of preeclampsia and its association with maternal and fetal outcomes. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was conducted at Azadi Teaching Hospital from November 2023 to April 2024, involving 120 singleton pregnant women. Participants were divided into two groups: 60 women with preeclampsia and 60 normotensive pregnant controls. Exclusion criteria included chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney, liver, or cardiovascular diseases, and smoking. LDH levels and other clinical parameters were measured and analyzed using SPSS v24.0, with a significance threshold of p<0.05.Results: No significant differences were found between the preeclampsia and control groups in terms of age, gestational age, parity, and BMI. However, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in the preeclampsia group (p=0.001). Serum LDH levels were markedly elevated in the preeclampsia group (436.5±31.6 U/L) compared to controls (160.6±12.34 U/L; p=0.001). Among preeclamptic women, those with severe preeclampsia had significantly higher LDH levels (545.25±42.18 U/L) than those with mild preeclampsia (346.81±28.92 U/L; p=0.001). ROC curve analysis revealed an AUC of 0.97, with LDH cut-off of 412.5 IU/L, yielding a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 90.8% for predicting severe preeclampsia.Conclusion: Serum LDH is a reliable biochemical marker for assessing the severity of preeclampsia. Elevated LDH levels are strongly associated with severe preeclampsia and poorer maternal and fetal outcomes. Early identification of elevated LDH can guide timely management to reduce morbidity and mortality.

In studies that examined and Comparative study of lipid and leptin levels in individuals with autoimmune diseases, such as Graves' disease (GD) , Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and non- autoimmune thyroiditis Immunity. Lipids are biological substances that are frequently soluble in organic solvents and hydrophobic by nature. They play a crucial function in communication between cells and in the metabolism of the body. They are elements of the cell membrane structure . Triglycerides (TGs), cholesterol, phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and other substances can all be considered forms of lipids. Since they are insoluble in plasma, lipoproteins—which differ in size, shape, and density—are used to carry them.When comparing the Non-immune-autoimmune (HT) hypothyroid group to the control group, the results reveal a substantial rise in all lipid profile parameters (Total cholesterol , triglyceride , High density lipoprotein , Low density lipoprotein , and Very density lipoprotein) at (P ≤0.001). As observed , the results for the Autoimmune Hyperthyroid group at (P ≤0.01) indicate a substantial increase in TC and HDL-c, whereas the Non immune – Autoimmune(GD) Hyperthyroid group shows (TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL) significantly decreased. Lipid metabolism is one of the key metabolic signaling pathways that is affected by thyroid hormones. These hormones have an impact on lipid breakdown, metabolism, and composition; however, disintegration is more impacted than composition. The levels of leptin in non- autoimmune hypothyroid patients were higher than in non- autoimmune hyperthyroid patient. their results explain that energy storage and food intake are significantly regulated by TSH and THs. In thermogenesis, The regulation of both adipogenesis and the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis.

The goal of this research was to explore potential changes in the blood levels of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, calcium, and zinc among people diagnosed with breast cancer. This study compared the concentrations of these substances in the sera of patients to those of healthy subjects. The findings revealed significant differences, with patients exhibiting changes indicative of structural negative alterations. The observed variations are statistically significant (p < 0.05), underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring and the development of suitable interventions. Additionally, our findings suggested a possible association between elevated calcium levels in non-cancerous breast tissue and a heightened risk of subsequently developing breast cancer.

Background: Hyperuricemia, defined as elevated serum uric acid levels, is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). While traditionally associated with gout, recent evidence suggests that hyperuricemia may contribute to the development of hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and other cardiovascular conditions. Objective: This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the relationship between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular diseases, including potential mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic approaches. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted using databases such as PubMed and MEDLINE. Studies and clinical trials published in the last two decades were analyzed to explore the link between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular diseases. Results: Hyperuricemia is associated with an increased risk of developing various cardiovascular conditions. The mechanisms underlying this association include endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Conclusion: Hyperuricemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Early detection and management of elevated uric acid levels may play a crucial role in preventing cardiovascular events and improving patient outcomes.

One of the most prevalent endocrine disorders affecting women in their reproductive years is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which has an inflammatory foundation. 10% of women who are fertile are afflicted with this syndrome. PCOS the most common causes of infertility in women. Obesity, an ovulation, and hyperandrogenism are linked to PCOS. The aim of this study is to study some physiological, clinical, and socio-demographic factors. Sixty women in the PCOS case group and 60 healthy women in the control group of ages 18–45 were included. The study was conducted from November 10, 2023, to February 20, 2024, in hospitals in the city of Mosul (Al-Khansa Teaching Hospital and Al-Salam Teaching Hospital). The results showed there were no statistically significant differences according to BMI and age(P>0.05). Also, a low level of estradiol was found in the serum of the PCOS group compared with the healthy control group, indicating a significant difference (P-value < 0.05), according to History of infertility, Menstrual cycle, Hirsutism, Acne, Stress, Educational Level, Metaformen also there is no significant differences (P-value < 0.05). Conclusions the study underscores the critical role of socio-demographic factors in the prevalence and manifestation of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in Iraq.

The term "genital warts" refers to innocent proliferative illnesses exhibiting outward manifestations, including a vulva, vagina, or cervix containing one or more papules. These Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are typically brought on by HPV genotypes 6 and 11 which considered as Low Risk . a one hundred fifty sample (biopsy and blood) collected from women with genital warts who visit Al-Zahrawy Private Hospital and Mosul General Hospital in Mosul, Iraq. The diagnosis of infection and the immunological study were done for the HPV-positive samples by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to detect the HPV antigen by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). The findings showed that 3% were positive for the HPV antigen in biopsy samples and zero for blood samples. So the immunological detection by ELISA was not efficient in detecting the HPV antigen, nor in sera or tissue samples.

The challenges that happened during the COVID-19 pandemic are preventing infection and synthesizing vaccines against these viral infections. Thyroid peroxidase is antithyroid microsomal antibodies. The presence of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase pointing to an autoimmune disorder. Anti-sperm antibodies  are identified in sera of women sub-fertility for unknown reasons.  Materials and methods : Biochemical measurements of thyroids hormones levels by AFIAS-10 instrument. Anti-TPO by Maglumi 800 instrument and Anti-sperm antibodies measured by ELISA kit from My Biosource.  Results & Discussion : There were no significant changes in T3 and T4 levels . A highly increase in TSH and anti-TPO levels in women previous infected and vaccinated group against COVID-19 group compared with women don’t infected and without vaccination group and infected women without vaccination group, and a significant increase  in infected women without vaccination group compared with women don’t infected and without vaccination group. There was a highly significant increase in anti- sperm ng/mL concentration in women previously infected and vaccinated against COVID-19 group compared with women not infected and without vaccination and infected women without vaccination group.