The wheat crop Triticum aestivum L. is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Poaceae family. It is considered the first strategic food crop in the world and the most important among the cereal crops. This importance lies in the good balance between carbohydrates, starch, proteins, gluten, and vitamins in its grains [1], and it is considered the queen of grains in the world because it occupies the first place agriculturally and in production. Despite Iraq being one of the original centers for the emergence of wheat and one of the countries in which the factors for the success of its cultivation are available, and given the distinguished location of this crop, its productivity is still below the required level compared to the global average and developed countries [2], where wheat production for the agricultural season 2020-2021 was estimated at 4234 thousand tons, with an estimated decrease of 0 32.1% compared to the production of the previous year, which was estimated at 6238 thousand tons [3]. The yield per unit area in Iraq is still below the required level compared to the global average, and this is due to several reasons, including the failure to adopt modern management systems in the field of soil and crop service, especially nutrient management, which has a prominent role in increasing production [4]. The gap between the Earth's population and food production is increasing day by day, as the former grows in geometric sequences, while the latter increases in numerical sequences. Growth and productivity rates are considered low and insufficient compared to what the population consumes. The reasons for this decline in production are many, the most important of which is the failure to find appropriate ways to increase production in a single area. Among these ways is the use of plant growth regulators such as gibberellins, which is an agricultural biological and chemical tool that makes the plant use nutrients efficiently and exploit its physiological capabilities. To the highest levels [5], gibberellins are among the modern technologies for stimulating seeds and have significant effects on the yield and components of the crop. Gibberellic acid is one of the most    important   of these   hormones,   which leads to an increase in the speed of germination by stimulating the hydrolysis enzymes necessary to break down nutrients and break down Cells such as beta-amylase and alpha-amylase, as well as a number of enzymes, the most important of which are ribonuclease and proteins [6]. Gibberellins are considered one of the plant hormones that are built and produced within various plant tissues, as they play a major role in the development of plants during their life cycle and growth [7] and [8].                

As for the element boron, the problem of sterility as a result of its deficiency in wheat is recorded in more than 80 countries around the world, and it is possible to correct or prevent this deficiency by adding it to the soil or spraying it on the vegetative system of the plant [9]. Boron has an important role in cell elongation and division in meristematic tissues and floral organs, and it has a role in the fertility of male flowers, pollen germination and elongation, and seed formation [10]. Boron deficiency causes failure to form good pollen, which is reflected in grain production [11]. [12-13] have pointed out the major role of boron in the formation of plant hormones, including cytokinin, and in regulating oxygen processing in plants by protecting indol acetic acid IAA from oxidation by inhibiting its oxidation processes, which increases its concentration. In the plant and then performs its functions normally.

This experiment was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of soaking wheat seeds with different concentrations of gibberellic acid and foliar spraying with different concentrations of boron and the interaction between them on the growth characteristics, yield, and components of the wheat crop.

A field experiment was carried out in one of Taza’s fields for the 2022-2023 agricultural season in order to determine the effect of soaking wheat seeds with gibberellic acid, foliar spraying with lanceolate and boron, and the interaction between these two factors at three levels on some growth characteristics, yield, and yield components of bread wheat Triticum aesttivum L, research category 22. An experiment was applied according to a randomized complete block design, R.C.B.D., with three replications that included two factors: The first was to stimulate the seeds with gibberellic acid. The weighed seeds 12 gm. Line 1 prepared in advance were placed in transparent nylon bags, then they were packed with gibberellic acid solution until the seeds were completely covered, at concentrations 0.0, 50, and 100.  mg GA.L^-1 It was kept in a dark place without access to light for a period of 12 hours of soaking, and then each sample was washed three times with distilled water, then dried and cultured. The second factor included spraying with boron at levels 0.0 and 150. The field was irrigated before plowing, and the field was plowed in two perpendicular plows with a flip disc plow. Smoothing and leveling operations were carried out, and then the field was divided into panels with dimensions of 3 meters in length and 1 meters in width. Each panel contained 4 Lines with a distance of 25 cm between one line and another. The experiment was planted on 11/22/2022 with a seed rate of 120 kg. Ha^-1. Dab fertilizer 320 kg was added. ha1- P2o545% and N18% at the rate of batch One Jadoua [2] When the field was prepared, urea fertilizer 46% N was added at a rate of 320 kg. ha^-1 in two batches, the first at the branching stage and the second batch was given at the elongation stage. The field was irrigated after planting according to the needs of the field and rainfall, weeds were controlled according to need, and the field was harvested when the plants reached full maturity. The following characteristics were studied:

• Total number of branches. M^-2: It was calculated from an area of one square meter of each experimental unit in a random manner. Plant height cm: It was measured as the average height of ten plants chosen randomly from each experimental unit and was measured from the soil surface level to the end of the spike [14]

• Chlorophyll Content in Flag Leaves Cci: It was measured in the field as an average of eight flag leaves and randomly from each experimental unit using a device

• Duration of Seed Filling: It was measured in days from the date of flowering until maturity, and the time of maturity was determined when the color of the spike stand began to turn yellow

• Weight of 1000 Tablets. Gram 1: It was taken from the total grain yield of the two middle lines and randomly from each experimental unit and weighed on a sensitive balance

• Grain Yield. Tons.ha-1: It was calculated through the sum of the two middle lines with a length of 3 meters and then converted to a weight of tons/ha

• Protein Percentage: It was estimated according to the following equation 

wt*1000 /%N = V-B*0.1401*100

where V = the volume of plank H2So4. And B = the volume of the titration Blank. N = the regularity of the solution standard H2So4. 0.1401 = the atomic weight of nitrogen. R = the ratio between the total volume of the digested sample and the volume taken for distillation. Wt = the weight of the dry sample 0.5g after digesting 0.5 g of ground grains with acid, after which the percentage of protein was calculated according to the equation %Pro = %N *5.7 Where %Pro = protein content and N = total nitrogen content x 5.7.

Total number of branches. M-2

It is clear from the results of Table 1 that there are significant differences in the effect on the average of this characteristic due to the effect of the two factors, as it is clear that soaking with gibberellic acid led to an increase in the number of branches, as it gave the highest average 373.11 branches.m-2 at a concentration of 50 mg GA3.L-1 While the level gave 100 mg GA3. L-1 lowest average 357.77 sub.m-2, while it is evident that there is a decrease in the average of this characteristic when spraying with boron, as the lowest average was given by increasing the concentration of spraying with boron 356.61 at a concentration of 300 mg B. l1- 2, in When the level was given as 0.0 mg B. L-1 highest average 370.22 sub.M-2. 

Table 1: The Effect of Soaking with Gibberellic acid and Spraying with Boron and Their Interactions on the Number of Branches Section M^-2.

Table 2: Effect of Soaking with Gibberellic Acid and Spraying with Boron and Their Interactions on Plant Height Cm

Table 3: The Effect of Soaking with Gibberellic Acid and Spraying with Boron and Their Interactions on the Chlorophyll Content in A Leaf Cci

Table 4: The Effect of Soaking in Gibberellin, Adding Potassium, Spraying with Boron, And Their Interactions on the Duration of Grain Filling

Table 5: The Effect of Soaking with Gibberellic Acid and Spraying with Boron and Their Interactions on the Weight of a Thousand Grains G

Table 6: The Effect of Soaking with Gibberellic Acid and Spraying with Boron and Their Interactions on the Grain Yield Characteristic Tons.Ha-1

Table 7: The Effect of Soaking with Gibberellic Acid and Spraying with Boron and Their Interactions on the Protein Content of Grains %

It was noted from Table 1 that there is a significant bilateral interaction between the two studied factors, as the interaction between gibberellic acid and the highest intermediate boron element gave 395.98 branches. m-2 when the combination 50 mg GA3.L-1- and 150 mg B.L-1- while the combination 100 mg GA3.L-1- and 300 mg B.L-1- gave the lowest average reached 324.00 sub.m-2. This may be attributed to the increase in this characteristic due to the positive effect of both gibberellic acid and the boron element, as gibberellin has an important role in improving growth and encouraging the growth of lateral shoots and vascular tissue, and then increasing the number of plant branches [15]. This result agreed with what was found by [16] on the wheat crop and [17] on the barley crop, as they found an increase in the number of branches when using gibberellin, and it was also noted that a significant decrease in the main parameters occurred at the concentration 100 mg GA3.L-1 than at the concentration 50 mg GA3. Liter 1- This may result from exaggerations in the used concentrations of gibberellin, which may not be matched by an increase in the root total, and therefore also not offset by the rapid supply of organic minerals represented [18], which has a negative impact on the number of branches per square meter. As for boron, it is important Especially for the plant in contributing to the regulation and production of auxin in the plant through its contribution to protecting IAA from oxidation, which increases its concentration in the plant [19], which reflected positively on this characteristic, and it was observed that a significant decrease in the average of this characteristic occurred when spraying with a concentration 300 mg B. L-1 This may be attributed to the role of boron in increasing the average amount of auxin in the plant, which leads to an increase in its concentration in the growing tips, which leads to inhibiting the growth of lateral shoots that are the beginnings of the plant’s branches, and this result is consistent with what was found. Both [20] and [21]confirmed that there was no significant effect of boron on increasing the number of branches per unit area on wheat yield. This increase in the bilateral interactions for this trait is perhaps due to the increase in chlorophyll content in the leaf 3, which was reflected positively in the number of branches.

Plant Height cm

It was clear from Table 2 that there are significant differences between gibberellic acid and boron and the interaction between them. It is clear that soaking with gibberellic acid led to an increase in plant height, as it gave the highest average of 101.13 cm at a concentration of 50 mg GA3. L^-1 while the level was given as 0.0 mg GA3. L^-1 The lowest average for this characteristic was 98.37 cm, while it was found that there was no significant difference in the average for this characteristic when the concentration of spraying with boron was increased, as the highest average was given 99.63 cm at the concentration of 300 mg B. L^-1, which did not differ significantly with the comparison treatment 0.0 mg B. L^-1, which gave the lowest average of 99.13 cm.

It is also evident from Table 2 and the Analysis of Variance Appendix 1 that there is a significant bilateral interaction in the effect on the average plant height, as it is clear that there is an increase in plant height when interacting between gibberellic acid and the element boron by giving it the highest average 103.13 cm in the combination 50 mg GA3. L^-1 and 150 mg B. L^-1 at the time when the combination 0.0 mg GA3. L1- and 0.0 mg B. L^-1 gave the lowest average 95.54 cm.

The reason for the increase in plant height may be attributed to the positive effect of gibberellic acid and the boron element and their interaction, as gibberellic acid has a role in increasing the division and elongation of plant cells and has a major role in the growth and elongation of the growing tops of the plant and thus increasing the height of the plant [22]. This result is consistent with what was reached by [2] on the rice crop, [21] on the wheat crop, as they found a significant increase in plant height due to the effect of gibberellin. The boron element has a positive role in increasing the activity of meristematic tissues and increasing the growth of the growing shoot and cell division, in addition to its important role in regulating the preparation of plant hormones such as auxin, which is one of the necessary factors in the process of cell division and elongation, as well as in the formation of cytokinin, thus increasing the length of the internodes and thus increasing the height of the plant [23] and that this result is consistent with what was reached by [21] on the wheat crop, and [24] on the oat crop, who indicated an increase in Plant height due to the effect of boron, and this increase in plant height may be attributed to an increase in the chlorophyll content in the leaves Table 3, which ensured an increase in the rate of photosynthesis, which led to an increase in plant height.

Chlorophyll Content in Leaf Cci

It was noted from Table 3 that there was a significant effect of the studied factors on the average chlorophyll content in the leaf, and that there was an increase in the average of this trait with an increase in the concentration of soaking with gibberellic acid, as it gave the highest average CCI 26.53 at the concentration 100 mg GA3.L^-1 while the treatment gave The comparison treatment 0.0 mg GA3.L^-1 had the lowest average 24.94 CCI, and it was also observed that there was a significant increase in the chlorophyll content when spraying with boron, as the spraying treatment with a concentration of 300 mgB.L^-1 gave the highest average CCI 26.55, while the comparison treatment gave  0.0 mg B. liter ^-1 The minimum average for this characteristic is 25.31 CCI. It is also clear from Table 3 that there is a significant two-way interaction for the studied factors, as it is clear that there is a significant increase in the reading rate of the chlorophyll content in leaf A when interacting between gibberellic acid and the element boron. The highest average 27.30 CCI was when the combination 100 mg GA3.L^-1and 300 mg B.L^-1 at the time when the treatment 0.0 mg GA3.L-1- and 0.0 mg B.L-1- gave the lowest average for this trait CCI is 23.71. This may be due to the positive effect of gibberellic acid and the element boron, as gibberellic acid has a role in increasing the effectiveness of ribosomes and nucleic acids and building protein, and increasing the percentage of amino acids, which are the basic basis for building the chlorophyll pigment [25], as it was observed that there was an increase in the percentage of protein with increasing concentration. Gibberellic acid Table 6, and this result agreed with the findings of [26] and [21] as they found an increase in chlorophyll content. When wheat crops are treated with gibberellin, while boron has a positive role in providing and increasing the activity of growth hormones, as well as its role in transporting nutrients to areas that are going through the active growth stage Parker and Pilbeam, [12] and [13], which sustains chlorophyll and increases The greenness of the plant, which provided an opportunity for an increase in nutrients to reach the leaves, which reflected positively on the increase in chlorophyll content in the leaves, and this is consistent with Devlin and Witham, [27], [28] and [21].

Duration of Pill Filling Day

The results of Table 4 and the Analysis of Variance Appendix 3 indicate that there are significant differences, as it is clear that soaking with gibberellic acid led to an increase in the average duration of grain filling, as it gave the highest average 46.80 days at the concentration 50 mg.GA3 L^-1, while The concentration 100 mg GA3.L^-1 gave the lowest average 45.67 days. It is also clear from the table that there was an increase in this characteristic when spraying with boron, as it gave the highest average 46.54 days at the concentration 150 mgB.L^-1 at the time the treatment  0.0 mg B.L^-1 The minimum average for this characteristic is 46.02 days.

It was clear from Table 4 that there is a significant two-way interaction in effect on the average duration of pill filling, as the interaction between gibberellic acid and the boron element had a higher average 46.79 days when the combination 50 mg GA3.L-1- and 150 mg B.L-1- was noted at the time when the combination gave  100 mg GA3.L1- and 0.0 mg B.L1- The minimum average is 45.60 days. The increase in this characteristic may be attributed to the positive effect of acrylic acid, as indicated by Mohamed Jamal, 1977, and Heller et al., 1990. Gibberellic acid plays several roles, such as elongation between nodes and flowers, growth and cell division, and helping to flower in long-day plants, which led to earlier expulsion of ears, which reflected positively on the duration of this trait.

The reason for the increase in this characteristic may be due to the positive role of gibberellic acid in delaying aging, as well as its role in stimulating the formation of mRNA and then protein synthesis, which is considered the cornerstone in building and sustaining chlorophyll, on the one hand, and on the other hand, to the role of boron. The reason for The increase achieved in this characteristic is due to the role of boron in transporting sugars resulting from the process of photosynthesis to the developing meristematic parts Ali. 2007, which increases the vitality of the growing parts and also has a role in raising the plant’s ability to fix nitrogen, which works on good vegetative growth, which ensures perhaps Early expulsion of ears, which has a role in vegetative growth, as the combinations of their interaction were characterized by an increase in the chlorophyll content in the leaves Table 3, which leads to increased photosynthesis and then an increase in processed food materials, which may have led to early expulsion of ears, which reflects positively on this period. 

The Weight of a Thousand Grains of Wheat

The results of Table 5 indicate that there is a significant effect of the two studied factors, as it is clear that there was an increase in the weight of a thousand grains with an increase in the concentration of soaking with gibberellic acid, as it gave the highest average 46.32 grams at the concentration 50 mg GA3.L^-1, while it gave the level 0.0 The lowest average was 45.34 grams. It is also clear from the table that there was a significant increase in the weight of a thousand grains with an increase in the concentration of spraying with boron. The highest average was recorded as 46.36 grams at the concentration 150 mg. B. litres ^-1, while the level was recorded 0.0 mg B.L^-1 the lowest average was 44.09 grams. The results of Table 5 indicate the presence of a significant double interaction, and it is clear that there was an increase in the weight of a thousand grains when gibberellic acid and the element boron interacted. The highest average weight of a thousand grains reached 48.94 grams with the combination 50 mg GA3.L^-1and 150 mg B.L^-1 while the combination 50 mg GA3.L^-1 and 0.0 mgB.L^-1 gave the lowest average of 41.71 g.

The reason for the increase in the average weight of a thousand seeds may be attributed to the positive effect of gibberellic acid and the element boron, in the stages preceding the grain formation stage, as treatment with gibberellic acid has a role in increasing the plant height and the chlorophyll content in the leaf Tables 2 and 3, which leads to an increase in the formation of nutrients. Represented in the leaf of knowledge and its arrival to the grain, that is, increased processing from the source to the downstream, which reflected positively on the weight of the grain, and this result agreed with Jadoua and Al-Silawi [2] on the rice crop, Al-Naimi, [26] and El-Mali. [21]. And Al-Tayyar. [29] on wheat crop, as for boron, it has a positive role in vegetative growth and increasing plant height and chlorophyll content in the leaf Tables 2 and 3, which was reflected positively on the weight of 1000 grains, as most of the materials that are made in the flag leaf It is mainly transferred to grains Mengel and Kirby, [23].  Mengel and Kirby, [23], and Abu Dahi, [28] indicated that boron has an effective role in accelerating the transfer of photosynthesis products from their places of production the source, especially the flag leaf, to the source. Pours grains, which leads to an increase in their weight. This result agreed with Zaboun, Hashim, 2014, and Zarkani, 2017 regarding the increase in the weight of 1000 grains on some Poaceae and El-Mali, crops. 2019 on wheat crop.

Grain Yield Tons Tons.H^-1

The results of Table 6 and the Analysis of Variance Appendix 3 indicate that there is a significant effect of gibberellic acid, boron, and the interaction between them, as it is clear that there was an increase in grain yield, as soaking with gibberellic acid gave the highest average 6.25 tons. E^-1 at the concentration 50 mg GA3.L^-1, while the level 0.0 mgGA3.L^-1 gave the lowest average of 5.53 tons. tons.H^-1, an increase in yield is observed when spraying with boron acid, as the highest average reached 6.03 tons. E^-1 at two concentrations 150 mg B.L^-1 and 300 mg B.L^-1 and the same amount amounted to 6.03 tons.H^-1 while the level 0.0 mg B.L^-1 gave the lowest average amounting to 5.51 tons.H^-1. The results of the table indicate the presence of a significant two-way interaction in this characteristic, as it is clear from Table 6 that there was an increase in grain yield due to the interaction of gibberellic acid and the element boron, as it gave the highest average amounting to 6.96 tons.H^-1 when the combination 50 mg GA3.liter^-1- and 150 mg B.L^1-, while the combination 0.0 mgGA3.L1- and 0.0 mgB.L^1- gave the lowest average of 5.09 tons.H^-1

The reason for the increase in grain yield may be due to the positive effect of the two studied factors, gibberellic acid and the boron element, and their interaction in increasing the averages in the characteristics of number of branches, plant height, chlorophyll content, and grain size Tables 1, 2, 3, 5. It may be attributed to the role of the element boron in increasing the length of the pollen tube and increasing its stability, which leads to the success of the pollination and fertilization processes. It has an important role in the elongation and division of cells in the meristematic tissues and floral organs, and it has a role in the fertility of male flowers, pollen germination and elongation, and seed formation Furlani et al. [10]. Boron deficiency causes failure to form good pollen, which is reflected in grain production Huang et al. [11]. It is considered one of the smallest elements necessary for the processes of flowering, cell division, germination, and growth of the pollen tube, and increasing the level of carbohydrates transported to the active areas Bidwell, [31] and Anonymous, [32], which reflects positively on the grain yield, and this result agreed with what was reached by Al-Hadithi33], Zaboun, Hashim, [20], and El-Mali. [21], as they indicated an increase in grain yield due to the influence of the element boron. The achieved increase in grain yield may be attributed to the positive role of gibberellic acid, as it stimulates Seeds leading to improved seed growth and growth characteristics, leading to a significant increase in yield Sedghi et al. This result agreed with the findings of Shaddad et al. [30], Al-Naimi. [26] and al-Tayyr. [29].  from an increase in grain yield due to the effect of gibberellic acid El-Mali. [21] due to the effect of gibberellin and boron on wheat yield.

Protein Percentage in Grains

The results of Table 7 indicate that there are significant differences in the studied factors in influencing the average percentage of protein in grains. It is clear that soaking with gibberellic acid led to an increase in the percentage of protein, as it gave the highest average 12.27% at the concentration 100 mg GA3.L^-1 While the level gave 0.0 mg GA3. L^-1 The lowest average is 10.86%, and it is noted that there is a decrease in the average of this characteristic when spraying with boron, as the level was given at 300 mg B. L^-1 the lowest average is 11.56%, while spraying boron at a concentration of 0.0 mg B. L^-1 gave the highest average for this characteristic 11.78%, which did not differ significantly from the concentration 150 mg B. L-1 as it gave 11.76%. It is noted from Table 7 that there is a significant double interaction, as the interaction between gibberellic acid and the boron element gave a high response in protein percentage to the two combinations 100 mg GA3.L^-1 and 150 mg B.L^-1 and 100 mgGA3.L^-1 and 0.0 mgB.L^-1 reached 13.04%, while the combination 0.0 mg GA3.L^-1and 300 mg B-L^-1 gave the lowest response amounting to 9.94%.

This increase in the percentage of protein may be due to the role of gibberellic acid in stimulating the formation of mRNA, which leads to protein synthesis Thomas, [34]. This result is consistent with the findings of Al-Zubaidi on the crops of barley, oats, and El-Mali. [21] and Al-Tayyar. [29] found that there was an increase in the protein percentage when treated with gibberellic acid on the wheat crop. As for boron, it is clear from Table 7 that there was no response to spraying at the concentration 300, mg B. liter-1 and a decrease in the average protein percentage. The reason for this may be due to an increase in the weight of a thousand grains at this level Table 5, which is inversely related to the protein percentage. This result is consistent with the findings Al-Saidi, on rye wheat El-Mali. [21] they indicated that there was no significant increase in the protein percentage when treated with boron.

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