This research aims to examine the nature of the balance of authority in Iraq between the legislative authority (Parliament) and the executive authority (Government), and its impact on political stability. According to the 2005 Iraqi Constitution, the system is based on the principle of a flexible separation of powers, whereby Parliament grants legitimacy to the Government and monitors its performance, while the Government manages the state and implements laws. In practice, however, this balance is affected by the reality of sectarian and partisan quota-sharing, which makes the relationship between the two authorities dependent more on political agreements than on institutional cooperation. This has led to weak harmony between them and the emergence of recurring crises, such as the obstruction of legislation and the collapse or weakening of governments due to parliamentary conflicts. Accordingly, the balance of authority in Iraq has, on one hand, contributed to preventing the return of authoritarianism by strengthening parliamentary oversight, but on the other hand, it has weakened political stability and exposed the political system to continuous rivalries among political forces. This research addresses the issue of the balance of authority in Iraq between the legislative and executive authorities, and the direct implications of this balance on political stability. The 2005 Iraqi Constitution enshrined the principle of flexible separation of powers, enabling the Council of Representatives to perform its legislative and oversight roles, and the Government to exercise its executive and administrative functions within the constitutional legitimacy derived from Parliament. However, the political reality has shown that this balance has not been achieved in the intended institutional form. The post-2003 environment produced a system based on sectarian and partisan quota-sharing, which has made the relationship between Parliament and the Government subject to political agreements rather than constitutional standards. This situation has affected the functioning of both institutions: Parliament has often employed its legislative and oversight authority within the framework of political competition among blocs, while successive governments have remained hostage to the understandings of major blocs, which has restricted their independence in formulating and implementing public policies. As a result, recurring political crises have emerged, reflected in the obstruction of key legislation, the withdrawal of confidence from governments or ministers, and repeated political deadlocks that have hindered the stability of the political process.
It is considered principle balance authorities One Pillars Basic For any system democratic He seeks to investigation stability politician and consolidation The ruling Rashid, so Aims this The principle to to forbid focus Authority By hand side one and guarantee Distribute it between The two authorities Legislative and executive including achieves Censorship mutual and integration in Performance. and in Iraq, like Accreditation 2005 Constitution point transformation articulated in building order politician on Foundations democracy New, where text on the chapter flexible between authorities and grants Parliament authority wide in Legislation and censorship, Opposite download the government responsible to implement Policies Public and management affairs the state other that Application practical for this balance a statement on Challenges big resulting on nature order the leader on Pluralism Partisanship and the quota system Sectarianism, and he is what make relationship between Parliament and the government relationship nervous prevail on it character the conflict more from character Cooperative. and mirror that negatively on effectiveness the two institutions valley to repetition crises Politics and stumble stability the system. and here stand out importance study balance authorities in Iraq not only as a description issue constitutionality, but as it is Entrance To understand nature stability politician and possibilities development experience Democracy Iraqi. If Search in this the topic Calls for Stop when framework Constitutional and legal that Organizes a job The two authorities, and analysis Mechanisms relationship Between them, then Clarification The effect Live For this balance on stability order Politician. As well Requires Search look in Challenges The process that I faced application this the principle, no Especially what Related weakly Institutional and control Considerations Partisanship on Decisions Fate. and during this Analysis maybe Access to vision Deeper For how long capacity order politician Iraqi on building balance effective between Parliament and the government Contributes in investigation stability political TRUE
Importance of Research
Importance of research come from Being He seeks to analysis This is amazing the problem from Two angles Integrated; First theory Related To clarify foundations Constitutional and intellectual for the concept balance authorities and his role in to support stability politician, The second practical care by diagnosis nature relationship between Parliament and the government in reality Iraqi How to Her influence Considerations Partisanship and the agreements Politics. and so, then search no limited-on side Descriptive, but rather exceeds that to conclusion Lessons and the lessons that maybe that Help in development The process Politics. As well. that for this Search importance Futuristic prominent, so that stability order politician in Iraq He depends degree big on re formulation relationship between the two authorities on about Enhances the job Institutional and reduces from Interventions Partisanship narrow, Which Opens The door before building Institutions Sober Able on administration affairs The state efficiently and response for aspirations Society. and this the starting point Then Results Expected from Search maybe that Contribute in presentation Suggestions practical For repair politician, and supply Makers decision and researchers With vision Explain on citizen The defect Ways Processing it. In addition to that, Then Search He carries Later Nationally It is embodied in need Diamond For Iraq to Strengthening Its stability Internal in shadow Challenges The wish and economic and social that facing it, so that any imbalance in balance between Parliament and the government reflected In a way direct on capacity The state in confrontation that Challenges. then, Then study this the topic Represents step Basic To understand nature order politician Iraqi and present Approaches Help in Consolidation Foundations nation democracy Stable
Research Objectives
Research aim to study balance authorities in Iraq between Parliament and the government, and highlighting light on effect this balance on stability politician, from during investigation group from Objectives Integrated that Includes Aspects Theory The process and applied. He seeks Search to clarification framework theoretical For the principle balance authorities, and that via review His background intellectual and constitutional, Statement turn in Systems Democracy Modern, with the focus on How to Adopt it in The Constitution Iraqi For the year 2005, gesticulate It follows on that from to organize For the relationship between The two authorities Legislative and executive. Focuses. Search on analysis reality practical To balance authorities in Iraq, from during study nature a job Parliament and the government and mechanisms Interaction Between them, with Monitoring Highlights practices Politics like Legislation, and censorship, and formation Governments, and blocked trust on Ministers or the government, and the extent impact This is amazing practices on performance politician and stability The state. seeks. Search to Detection on Challenges and obstacles that I faced application principle balance, no Especially impact Quota Partisanship and sectarianism, Weakness Institutions, and control Considerations Politics on account Texts Constitutional, and he is what shares in Disable some Policies and delay practical to make the decision.
Research Problem
Research lies problem in Iraq in that balance Constitutional between Parliament and the government, on Although from Its clarity in Texts legal, no It is achieved Effectively Required on land reality, and he is what reflected negatively on stability politician and performance Institutions Government. text The Constitution Iraqi For the year 2005 the chapter flexible between authorities, and grants Parliament authority wide in Legislation and censorship, while Sponsor the government responsible to implement Policies Public and management The state. Other. that reality practical between The two authorities reveals on Disorders clear in balance because of several factors, Most notable Quota Partisanship and sectarianism, Weakness Institutions, and effects Politics that challenge from Independence all from Parliament and the government. on this imbalance Phenomena negative Multiple, From it Disable Legislation, repetition crises Politics, fragility Governments, and difficulty to implement Policies public, Which reduces capacity The state on confrontation Challenges Economic and social and security. Therefore, lies The problem Basic in to set How to investigation balance effective between Parliament and the government in Iraq Guarantee stability politician, despite presence impact Quota and the agreements Politics on Their work. Study. This is amazing The problem Calls for analysis framework Constitutional and practical For the relationship between The two authorities, and the detection on Challenges that transformation Don investigation this balance, To reach to Suggestions reformatory midwife For application .
The topic First / Frame theoretical and the constitutional To balance authorities in Iraq
It does framework theoretical and the constitutional to balance authorities in Iraq on principle the chapter between Authority Legislative and executive and judicial, To ensure non concentration Authority in side One. It states. The Constitution Iraqi on distribution Authority and specify Specialties all authority, with Mechanisms Censorship mutual, what achieves balance, and protects rights and freedoms, and it enhances Democracy Sovereignty the law, and it limits from transgressions Authoritarianism. and during this The topic It will be Eat Two requirements They are basis Constitutional To balance Authorities and manifestations relationship between Parliament and the government .
The requirement First / Foundation Constitutional To balance Authorities
It does basis Constitutional To balance authorities in Iraq on what text attic The Constitution Iraqi For the year 2005, that Dedicates principle the chapter between authorities Three: legislative, and executive, and the judiciary. It states: The Constitution on Specialties all authority, and puts Mechanisms For supervision mutual Among them, To ensure non exceed any authority For its powers, and protection rights and freedoms, and achieve order Democratic Sovereignty The law. During this The requirement It will be Eat Two branches They are principle the chapter between authorities in The Constitution Iraqi For the year 2005 and authority Granted To Parliament and the government .
Branch First: Principle the chapter between authorities in The Constitution Iraqi For the year 2005
Constitutes principle the chapter between authorities One Pillars Basic For any system democratic, It depends attic The Constitution Iraqi For the year 2005 to ensure distribution Authority between The two authorities Legislative and executive, with presence authority Judicial Independent it do Badour Censorship. It states: The Constitution on that per authority Its specializations Private including It is forbidden focus Authority By hand side one and achieves principle Censorship mutual, The order that Reflects Commitment With principles Democracy Modern and protection rights man and freedoms Public. and confirms The legislator Iraqi on necessity independence all authority on Other within framework constitutional specific, what Contributes in Strengthening effectiveness Institutions and guarantee stability order The politician [1].
It states The Constitution Iraqi on that Parliament he Authority Legislative Supreme, and enjoy With authority wide Includes Release laws, and authentication on Budget public, and censorship on a job the government, and pull trust from president Ministers or any minister when Need. and aims this Text to make Parliament side Independent Able on practice Its tasks Legislative and oversight free, with a guarantee cooperation with the government To achieve interest Public For the state. and confirms The Constitution importance balance between Parliament and the government So that Be relationship Between them existing on Interaction Institutional and not on control or Hegemony [2].
Represents the government Authority Executive The one in charge By implementing laws and management affairs The state, It is headed by president Ministers that Derives Its legitimacy from trust Parliament. and determines The Constitution Responsibilities the government In a way clear, including in that formulation Policies public, and management Resources public, and implementation laws, with Consideration Censorship Parliamentary Continuous. and reflects this organization balance Flour between Authority Executive and legislative, where Grants Parliament ability on Censorship Don Intervention in Affairs Executive Daily, and guarantees For the government Independence enough to take Decisions essential To achieve The righteous The year [3].
The Constitution Iraqi indicates also to independence Authority Judicial, that It is considered authority Independent and reference For interpretation and review Legal For business Parliament and the government. It is represented role judiciary in Verify from commitment The two authorities Legislative and executive By the constitution, and protection rights and freedoms Basic For citizens. independence judiciary to forbid basis To prevent exceed any authority border Her specialty, where He can review Decisions Governmental and legislative To ensure Its constitutionality Don Expose it For any pressures Political or Partisan, what Enhances trust In institutions and guarantees stability order The politician [4]4.
In a way general, Reflects The 2005 Constitution was keen The legislator Iraqi on stay balance precise between authorities, with to provide Mechanisms Censorship mutual To ensure non dominance any authority on Other Except that Application practical For this The principle Facing Challenges Multiple, The most important impact Quota Partisanship and sectarianism on performance Institutions, and he is what weakens effectiveness Censorship and it limits from Independence all Authority Therefore, study principle the chapter between authorities necessary To understand bezel capacity order politician Iraqi on investigation stability political Real and effective and application Texts The Constitution on land reality In a way Effective [5].
Branch Second: Authority Granted To Parliament and the government:
Enjoy Parliament Iraqi With authority wide Give it to him status Basic in order politician, He is not merely body Legislative but rather Represents Authority Supreme in Censorship on the government and implementation Policies General. Includes. His authority Release laws and approval on Budget Annual For the state, and also monitoring performance the government and make sure from Her commitment By laws and policies Public. and Highlights This is amazing Authority right Parliament in to withdraw trust from president Ministers or any minister when presence failure in performance or infringement For the laws, and he is what Reflects role Parliament Supervisor and digital in Preservation on balance between authorities and guarantee accountability Authority Executive before The people via Representatives [6].
It is right To Parliament Iraqi also formation Committees permanent and specialized, like Committee Finance and the economy, Committee Security and defense, and committees rights man, Which It works on study Projects laws and monitoring a job the government in various fields. As well as Owns Parliament power call Ministers For accountability and inquiry on Policies Public and plans Executive, and he is what Enhances from turn Supervisor on the government and guarantees investigation Transparency and accountability in performance Authority Executive, including Supports Commitment By the constitution and laws The organization To work The State [7].
But the government Iraqi, Enjoy With authority Executive wide Enable it from administration affairs The state and implementation laws and policies General. Includes. This is amazing Authority numbers and implementation Budgets, and put Policies Economic and social and health and educational, and management Resources public, and supervision on all Institutions The state and its facilities Executive. and it is required The Constitution that Derived the government Its legitimacy from trust Parliament, what Reflects relationship Interchangeability between The two authorities, where Enjoy the government independently Executive within border Texts Constitutional, with taking With an eye consideration Censorship Parliamentary Continuous [8].
In addition to that, Enjoy the government With authority acting Iraq in Forums International, and the contract Agreements International, and implementation Policies Foreign Affairs and commercial, including Reflects The role Executive Complete For power Executive in administration affairs The state internally and externally. As well. Includes Its authority ability on take Decisions Administrative urgent, and issue Decisions and directions that Related Organized by a job Ministries and circles Governmental, with necessity subject it Later For supervision Parliamentary, what Guarantee principle the chapter between authorities and balance Institutional [9].
This is amazing authority Granted per from Parliament and the government in Strengthening principle Censorship mutual between The two authorities, where Guarantee Parliament Verification from to implement the government For its programs and its plans including Compatible with the law and the constitution, while Enable the government from take Decisions Executive quickly and efficiency, Don that Be susceptible To disable continuous from Parliament. and contributes. this distribution For authority in investigation stability Founders relatively, despite Challenges Politics Associated By quotas Partisanship and sectarianism, and he is what makes study This is amazing Authority and analyze it practically An order necessary To understand performance The state Iraqi and its ability on investigation development and stability [10].
The requirement Second / Manifestations relationship between Parliament and the government:
The relationship between Parliament and the government in Iraq on cooperation and censorship mutual, where Suggests council Ministers Projects laws and discusses it Parliament, and he approves on formation the government, as Watching Parliament performance Ministers from during interrogation, and grants the government trust or pull it when Negligence, Which Guarantee balance between authorities and protection Democracy Sovereignty The law. and during this The requirement It will be Eat Two branches They are Censorship Parliamentary on Government and authority the government in confrontation Parliament
Branch First: Supervision Parliamentary on Government in Iraq:
It is considered Censorship Parliamentary on the government from Most important Guarantees Constitutional To ensure Transparency and accountability in order politician Iraqi. It is Grant Parliament Right in tracking to implement Policies Governmental and review works Ministries Different To make sure from Her commitment By laws and legislation. It includes: Censorship to examine Budgets Annual, tracking to implement laws, and review Programs Governmental, including Guarantee efficiency performance and it limits from transgressions Executive [11].
Practice Parliament Censorship also from during Questions Parliamentary and interrogations, where It is right For members The Council directing Questions directly to Ministers and requested Interpretations around Their policies or procedures taken. and is considered This is amazing mechanism means Active For accounting the government and discuss it in public before Parliament, Which Enhances from transparency the job Governmental and motivates Ministers on Commitment By laws and policies The public [12].
Committees Parliamentary Specialized play role pivotal in Censorship on the government, where Takes over study Projects laws and review Reports Annual For the government in various Fields like Finance, Economy, Security, and services Public. and contributes This is amazing Committees in presentation Reports Objectivity to The Council Complete, Which Allows take decisions enlightened about performance the government and follow-up to implement Policies Public [3].
Owns Parliament Iraqi also power to withdraw trust on the government or Ministers when Proof shortening or infringement For the laws and the constitution. and it is considered this procedure from stronger tools Censorship, so Guarantee that the government It works within framework constitutional clear, and it enhances from balance between The two authorities It is forbidden any Acquisition on Authority Executive [2].
Contribute Censorship Parliamentary in Strengthening stability politician and improve quality Policies public, where Grant Parliament ability on tracking to implement plans Governmental and intervention when presence failures or Excesses. As well. Includes Censorship Parliamentary limit from Corruption Administrative, and strengthen trust citizens In institutions, so You see The state that Its authority It works according to Institutions clear and balanced, Which Supports application principles Democracy and the chapter between Authorities [4].
Branch Second: Authority the government in confrontation Parliament in Iraq
Owns the government Iraqi group from Authority that Enable it from confrontation any Problems or Challenges may arise in relationship with Parliament, and that within framework constitutional Clear. From Highlights This is amazing Authority right the government in numbers Projects laws and raise it to Parliament For discussion and authentication, including Allows she has Initiative in fee Policies Public and achieve Its objectives Executive Don waiting For legislation from authorities Other. and allows this Right For the government duty Her agenda Politics and economic and social, with a guarantee that Be Its initiatives consistent with interests The state The Supreme.
Enjoy the government also Truly Interpretation and implementation Live For policies and decisions that Issued within range Her specialty, until in confrontation comments or Reservations Parliament, as long as that it no exceed Texts Constitutional. The government Responsible on to implement Budgets, administration Resources, and supervision on Ministries and bodies Governmental, what Makes it Able on Preservation on continuity the job Executive Don Disable because of conflicts Political Temporary [13].
Authority Other that Give from it to her For the constitution Iraqi the government in confrontation Parliament representation diplomat and the politician External, so You can the government signature Agreements International and take Decisions Related In politics Foreign Affairs and trade International, Don need For approval Pre-order from Parliament unless when Authentication Final. and this Guarantee For the government capacity Executive Effective on The square International, what Save interests The state and grants it margin a movement greater in confrontation Interventions Parliamentary [14].
You can the government also Use Mechanisms communication and persuasion politician with Parliament, including in that presentation Programs and plans Executive Detailed, and participation in Sessions Discussion To clarify Policies and the goals. and these Validity Grant the government capacity on confrontation any opposition or reservation parliamentary In a way Legal and constitutional, and strengthen from Her ability on investigation Agreements Political Serve stability performance Executive To the state [15].
In addition to that, Enjoy president Ministers and his ministers Truly Maneuver Politics inside Parliament from during negotiation with blocks and members To achieve Agreements necessary to pass Policies and programs Governmental. and it is considered this Right tool Effective To ensure capacity the government on Continue in administration The state Don Disable continuous from Parliament, with Preservation on balance between The two authorities and implementation Programs development and services Public In shape The plan For him [10].
The topic Second / Effect imbalance balance between Parliament and the government on stability politician in Iraq
Leads imbalance balance between Parliament and the government to deterioration stability politician, where may become the government weak Excessive in Authority, what hinders to make decision and it leads to Disable Legislation and services public, and it weakens trust between authorities and citizens, Which threatens Democracy and more probability crises and divisions Interior. and during this The topic It will be Eat Two requirements They are Reflections Politics For imbalance Balance and obstacles investigation balance and mechanisms Fix it
The requirement First / Reflections Politics For imbalance Balance
Reflections Politics For imbalance balance between Parliament and the government in Iraq It becomes clear in Shell Institutions The state and disable to make decision, and escalation conflicts on Authority between authorities, what weakens legitimacy Politics and reduces trust citizens By decisions taken, and it leads in the end to lack of stability politician, and more probability crises and divisions Interior, threatened stability Democracy and walk The state. and during this The requirement It will be Eat Two branches They are crises Governmental and repeat Cases solution Parliament and its influence Quota Partisanship and sectarianism on relationship between Authorities .
Branch First: Crises Governmental and repeat Cases solution Parliament:
It is considered crises Governmental in Iraq from Highlights Challenges that Facing stability order politician after 2003, where arise mostly a result difficulty formation governments New after elections because of Disagreements Partisanship and sectarianism between blocks Parliamentary. and performs this division to delay Assignment president Ministers With formation the government, what Creates condition from emptiness politician and it hinders a job Parliament in Pass laws and budgets. and he sees Researchers that weakness Coordination between Forces Politics He increases from probability emergence crises Governmental recurring and makes The process Politics susceptible For paralysis Institutional [16].
It is manifested This is amazing crises in Iraq also in stagnation Legislative inside Parliament, so Leads conflict between blocks to Disable discussion laws The mission, including in that laws Economic and service, and he is what Reflects fragility performance Parliamentarian before the pressure Politician. and it is considered Cases blockage This is amazing from Reasons Direct behind take procedures like solution Parliament or delay convening sessions, including affects on stability politician and more from sharpness conflict between The two authorities [17].
One Manifestations The crisis Governmental he resignation Ministers or the government completely in times conflict politician, Which doubles condition non certainty and more from difficulty take Decisions Strategy. and it indicates Researchers to that This is amazing Resignations mostly what Be Related In conflict interests between blocks Politics or pressures The street, what makes the government not Able on to implement Its policies Effectively and it weakens trust between Parliament The device Executive [18].
Leads This is amazing crises sometimes to solution Parliament By decision presidential or Constitutionally, according to The material that Allow Solve The Council when Unable to currency or non His ability on Pass laws Basic. and reflects this procedure nature Institutional For the crisis, He is mechanism constitutionality To solve stagnation politician, But he in the time same He appears weakness Compatibility between Parliament and the government and he points out to control Considerations Partisanship and sectarianism on performance Institutions [19].
From during study Cases crises Solution Parliament recurring, It becomes clear that to treat This is amazing The phenomenon Requires repairs Political and constitutional To enhance cooperation between the government and Parliament, The limit from impact Quota on take The decision. and it indicates Studies to necessity situation Mechanisms Effective For settlement and compatibility between blocks Politics, and development Frames Legislative Includes continuation a job the government and Parliament Don Disable, including Enhances stability politician and guarantees performance Institutions The state In a way Better [20].
Branch Second: Impact Quota Partisanship and sectarianism on relationship between Authorities in Iraq
Sectarian and partisan quota-sharing is a political system based on the allocation of positions and benefits among political parties and religious sects according to predetermined proportions, rather than on competence or institutional merit. In Iraq, this system became prevalent after 2003 as a result of agreements among major political forces to ensure representation of all sects and parties, which led to the establishment of a political environment primarily dependent on sectarian and partisan agreements rather than constitutional and institutional rules.
One of the most prominent consequences of quota-sharing is the weakening of the executive government's independence. When the government is formed based on sectarian and partisan quotas, it is compelled to meet the demands of the political blocs that supported its formation, which restricts its ability to make independent decisions or effectively implement public policies. This situation makes the government more exposed to internal political conflicts and less capable of managing the state in a consistent and professional manner [15].
Quota-sharing also affects the functioning of Parliament, as the role of legislative and oversight control shifts from being a tool to ensure effective government performance to a tool for political struggle among blocs. Parliament often exploits its legislative and oversight authority to pressure the government or weaken competing blocs, directing its activities toward partisan and sectarian interests rather than serving the public good [1].
The overlap between quota-sharing and sectarian and partisan interests leads to recurring political crises in Iraq. Among the most notable of these crises are the obstruction of key legislation, votes of no confidence against governments or ministers, and persistent political deadlock. These crises affect not only the functioning of the executive and legislative authorities but also extend their impact to the overall stability of the state, hindering the implementation of public projects and vital economic and social policies.
In summary, sectarian and partisan quota-sharing has transformed the relationship between authorities in Iraq from an institutional relationship based on balance and flexible separation of authority between legislation and execution, into a relationship dependent on partisan and sectarian interests. This shift has weakened coordination between Parliament and the government, reduced the effectiveness of institutional oversight, and increased political deadlock, making political stability fragile and affecting the state’s ability to manage its affairs effectively and achieve comprehensive development [15].
The requirement Second / Obstacles investigation balance and mechanisms Fix it
It is represented by handicaps investigation balance between authorities in Iraq in weakness Institutions Governmental and the judiciary that hinders Censorship effective, and enter Parties and politicians in a job authorities, Weakness Culture Constitutional I have Officials, what Leads to Transgression on Authority. But Mechanisms Reform It includes Strengthening independence judiciary and censorship, application the law on everyone, and more Transparency and accountability, and published awareness Badour all authority in protection Democracy. and during this The requirement It will be Eat Two branches They are Obstacles Constitutional Legal and reforms Proposed To achieve stability Politician
Branch First: Obstacles Constitutional and legal in Iraq
Facing order politician Iraqi since Accreditation Constitution of 2005 handicaps constitutionality challenge from effectiveness Institutions, The most important of which is non clarity some Texts Constitutional Related In relation between The two authorities Legislative and the executive. The constitution. Used Formulations General sometimes, what Leaves field Wide For explanations Multiple maybe that Leads to conflicts between Parliament and the government around border Authority and responsibilities. and he sees Researchers that this mystery Contributes in create crises Political frequent and it weakens capacity The state on take Decisions The actor [21].
Obstacles Legal from also absence Mechanisms clear to settle conflicts between authorities in Cases Disagreement around explanation laws or exceed any authority To the limits Its specialty. The laws Iraqi mostly what focus on to set Authority Don presentation tools practical To apply it or Space conflicts, Which He increases from probability Arbitration to Solutions Politics Temporary, like solution Parliament or resignation the government, and he is what Reflects weakness framework Legal Institutional.
It is manifested Obstacles also in conflict laws Local with The Constitution or laws Federal Other, especially in shadow system Quota sectarianism that imposes distribution Positions and the authorities according to Considerations Partisan. This. conflict Leads to difficulty to implement Policies public, and makes the government sometimes Facing difficulty in Pass Decisions Legislative or Apply it on land reality, what He increases from condition stagnation The politician ( Al-Mazni, 2014: 67).
One of Obstacles Mission It is represented by in weakness Devices Supervision and the judiciary in monitoring commitment the government By laws and the Constitution, despite that judiciary independent Constitutionally. The absence of Mechanisms Effective For supervision Judicial on Decisions Executive Leads to transgressions Legal and administrative, and it weakens principle the chapter between authorities and makes application Texts Constitutional susceptible To cheat politician or Impact Partisan [22].
In addition to that, Highlights Pluralism References Legal and administrative and complexity Legislation As one of Obstacles Home, where Leads overlap laws and systems Local with Authority Constitutional to difficulty Its interpretation In a way unified, Therefore to conflicts between Parliament and the government. and he sees Researchers that to treat This is amazing The problem Requires to update framework Legislative according to the requirements of the contemporary environment and unification Texts legal, with Strengthening Institutions The state To ensure Commitment By the constitution and activate Principles Democracy In a way My work [20].
Branch Second: Reforms Proposed To achieve stability Politician in Iraq:
It is considered Reforms Constitutional from Highlights Ways To achieve stability politician in Iraq, so Suggests Researchers clarification Texts Related With authority Parliament and the government and specify border all authority accurately greater To reduce Disagreements around explanation The Constitution. and confirms this Type from Reform necessity re formulation some Materials Constitutional mysterious To ensure clarity Frames Legal that organize relationship between The two authorities Executive and legislative, what reduces from conflicts and it enhances capacity Institutions on the job Effectively [7].
It is considered repairs The process electoral and strengthening representation equitable from procedures essential To achieve stability political Sustainable. The system electoral present He depends on Quota sectarianism and partisanship, what Leads to weakness effectiveness Parliament and difficulty formation governments Stable. It is suggested Researchers Accreditation Mechanisms electoral Sponsor acting citizens building on Efficiency and performance, and not on Affiliations Partisanship and sectarianism, including achieves balance between Parliament and the government and reduces from conflicts Politics [1].
Researchers indicates to importance strengthening Institutions Supervision and the judiciary To ensure application laws The Constitution In a way Effective. Suggested. development Mechanisms Censorship Parliamentary and the judiciary To be more Independence and effectiveness in accounting the government on to implement Policies and programs, including limits from transgressions Executive, and guarantees balance between authorities, and creates environment Political stable maybe that reflected positive on trust Public In institutions [22].
Reforms Proposed also Strengthening Mechanisms Compatibility and negotiation politician between blocks Parliamentary and the government, from during situation Protocols clear For consultation before take Decisions The Great, like formation the government or Pass laws Basic. and aims this procedure to reduction frictions Politics Direct, and empowerment Parliament and the government from the job Subscriber In a way more Coordination, what Enhances from stability politician and reduces from Cases Disable Institutions [20].
Finally, He sees Researchers that Strengthening Culture Democracy and participation community constitutes element Complementary For repairs Legal and politics. So, involvement citizens in tracking performance Governmental and the parliamentarian, and encouragement Dialogue Community around Policies public, Enhances Accountability and transparency and creates pressure positive on Institutions For commitment By laws and the constitution. and it is considered this Reform necessary To achieve stability political TRUE Based on to Institutions strong and effective Reflect will Society and achieve legal objectives with high efficiency [2].
It's done Search to that experience Politics in Iraq after 2003 was distinguished With difficulties big in investigation balance actual between Parliament and the government, on Although from clarity Texts Constitutional that Sponsor the chapter between Authorities. Lost. showed the study that Challenges The process Includes Quota Partisanship and sectarianism, Weakness Institutions Supervision and judicial, and conflict laws and regulations Executive, and he is what Leads to Disable practical take decision and repeat crises Governmental and cases solution Parliament. As well. between Search that absence Coordination Institutional between The two authorities Enhances from probability conflict politician and it affects negatively on stability The state. Accordingly, Then need salt to to implement repairs constitutionality and legislative Aims to clarification Authority In a way precise, and strengthening representation equitable in Parliament, and strengthening Censorship Judicial and parliamentary, and activate Mechanisms settlement Politics between blocks different. In addition to that, Stresses Search on importance Strengthening culture democracy and participation community, including allows Involvement citizens in tracking performance Institutions and question her. application This is amazing reforms In a way integrated maybe that Contributes in Consolidation principle the chapter between authorities, and achieve stability Founders sustainable, and it enhances capacity The state on confrontation Challenges Economic and social and the wish, including Guarantee building system democratic mature and effective, able on service interests citizens and achieve development comprehensive .
First: Results :
Research show that Constitution of 2005 foundations clear For separation between Parliament and the government and the judiciary, what Reflects Caution on balance Authority and the principle Censorship mutual between Institutions, unless that Application practical Facing Challenges big because of circumstances Politics and social in Iraq .
Quota show sectarianism and partisanship affect In a way direct on capacity Parliament and the government on cooperation, and it leads to Disable practical take decision and more odds conflicts between authorities, Which weakens stability Politician
Research show that conflicts between Parliament and the government mostly what Leads to crises Institutional frequent, including in that resignation Ministers Solution Parliament, Which Reflects fragility order politician and not Its stability .
Research explain that effectiveness Censorship Parliamentary Affected Under pressure Politics and loyalties Partisanship, what reduces from capacity Parliament on accounting the government In a way continuous and effective .
Research explain difference between the judiciary on Although from Being Independent Constitutionally, Facing Difficulties in practice His supervision on the government because of Interventions Politics structure Institutional .
Research show that some laws not clear or Conflicting with The Constitution, what Leads to conflicts between Parliament and the government and it weakens capacity The state on application Policies Effectively .
The investigation stability political sustainable Requires repair Texts Constitutional, and clarification Powers, and put Mechanisms Effective to settle conflicts between Authorities .
Research show that to improve system representation electoral and reduce impact Quota sectarianism Contributes in Strengthening cooperation between Parliament and the government and reduces conflicts Politics
The strengthening Devices Supervision and strengthening Independence judiciary and Parliament Contributes in limit from transgressions Executive and creates environment Political Stable
The Involvement citizens in tracking performance Parliament and the government and strengthening Transparency Contributes in more Accountability and achieve stability political Founders, and reduces from authority influence partisan and sectarian .
Second: Recommendations :
Texts Constitutional Related In formulation relation between Parliament and the government So that Be clear and specific, To avoid any vagueness maybe that Leads to conflicts around border Authority. This clarification Contributes in Strengthening balance between authorities and guarantees that all side practice Its tasks within framework legal specific, Which reduces from conflicts Politics and it enhances stability Institutional .
Quota amendment order electoral including reduces from impact sectarianism and partisanship, and allows acting citizens according to Efficiency and experience. This Reform Guarantee that Be Decisions Legislative more Realism and objectivity, and more from capacity Parliament on cooperation with the government Don bias For interests Narrow, Which Contributes in investigation stability political long The term
Mechanisms Censorship Parliamentary To development be Effective and independent on pressures Politics, like Strengthening Committees Censorship and create difference evaluation performance Ministries. This. maybe Parliament from tracking performance the government In a way continuous, and guarantee to implement Policies Public efficiently, what Enhances Accountability and transparency and it limits from transgressions Executive .
Stresses Search on importance to provide protection Legal and political To eliminate, and guarantee His independence in Censorship on the government, including He can from review Decisions Executive and make sure from Her commitment By the constitution. Strengthening. independence judiciary Creates environment Fair, and it enhances trust in Institutions, and it works As an officer balance between The two authorities Legislative and executive .
Recommends Search By reviewing and update laws and regulations To reduce conflict Among them and between The Constitution, and unification References Legal including Easy application Policies Governmental and reduces conflicts between Parliament and the government. This. Reform Enhances from effectiveness Devices Executive and guarantees continuity the job Legislative Don Disable .
The necessity of setting Protocols clear For consultation between Parliament and the government before take Decisions basic, like formation the government or Pass laws The mission. This. Mechanisms Help on reduction conflicts Politics and facilitate Access to Agreements, Which Guarantee stability the job Institutional and it cooperation between Authorities .
Systems clear to construction publish Information Governmental and parliamentary, including maybe citizens and means Media from tracking performance Authorities. This. raises level Accountability and makes the government and Parliament more Commitment By laws, and it limits from practices not Legal or favoritism Politics
Involvement the society Civil and citizens in tracking to implement Policies and formulation Decisions General. This Participation strengthen Accountability and improve quality decisions, as reduce from impact influence Partisan and sectarian on practical take decision, and it helps on building culture Political Responsible and conscious .
Capabilities Ministries development and bodies Executive from during Training continuous, and planning strategic, and accreditation Systems Administrative Modern. This. Guarantee to implement Policies efficiently High and reduces Accreditation on Solutions Politics Temporary, as Enhances from capacity the government on confrontation Challenges Economic and social .
The necessity of setting Policies long range to enhance cooperation between Parliament and the government, and support independence Institutions National, and development Mechanisms a job ongoing and integrated. This Step Includes stability order politician, and he was able to The state from Planning Strategic For development, and create environment Political stable Encourage on Investment and trust Public in The state .
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