Violent crimes against women and children are currently one of the topics that receive serious attention from all components of the nation. Fact-based data on violent crimes against women have been presented very transparently by law enforcement agencies and institutions that focus on protecting women and children. Women and children are vulnerable groups who become victims of Violence; this is because women and children are physically weaker than men. The ability to fight back if someone attacks is minimal. For this reason, attention from the State and citizens is essential in efforts to prevent and eradicate it.

Article 1 of the International Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women defines Violence against women as any act imposed on a person solely because she is a woman that results in or may result in physical, psychological or sexual misery/suffering. This also includes threats of certain acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty,, whether in public or private life. In addition, Violence against women can also be defined as any act related to or may result in misery or suffering of women, physically, sexually, psychologically, threats of certain acts, coercion, and deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in the community or the household.

The suffering of women and children due to the Violence they experience is often hidden and kept to themselves or, at most, known only to their immediate family circle, even though victimization of women needs to be voiced so that it can be resolved through channels that truly guarantee their protection. It's just that in recent years, there has been a phenomenon where the mass media has revealed cases related to Violence against women, some of which have even gone viral and become the public's attention. This phenomenon, on the one hand, illustrates the factual conditions of Violence against women, but on the other hand, reveals that women are still targets of crimes that need protection in Indonesia. In the Islamic perspective, cases of Violence against women and children are strictly prohibited. The Qur'an explains the love and care for each other between family members. Families are formed in Islam to be happy and loving each other [1]

Violence against women is divided into personal Violence, Violence in the community, and Violence where the perpetrator is the State. From the many cases of Violence experienced by women and increasing from year to year, there is a need for legal protection for women who are victims of Violence. With the existence of legal products such as regulations per Law that regulate various forms of Violence against women, it is a form of attention and legal protection provided by the State to women who are victims of Violence [2]

The number of cases of Violence against women based on data collected by the National Commission on Violence Against Women from January to November 2022, there were 3,014 cases of gender-based Violence against women, including 860 cases of sexual Violence in the public/community sphere and 899 cases in the personal sphere. [1]The Minister of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection of the Republic of Indonesia, Bintang Puspayoga, explained a number of facts and data that one in three women in the world have experienced physical or sexual Violence by a partner, non-partner, or both, at least once in their lives. Similar to global conditions, one in three Indonesian women aged 15-64 years have experienced physical and/or sexual Violence in their lives .[2] Violence against women is not easy to reveal for several reasons: first, Violence against women is considered a problem that does not need to be revealed because the problem has no solution, and women as victims are always blamed.[3] 

In a comprehensive data presentation, Commissioner Veryanto Sitohang, Commissioner of the National Commission on Violence Against Women, presented facts related to Violence against women where, within a period of 12 years, Violence against women increased by 792 percent (almost 800 percent or 8 times). Within a period of 10 years (2010-2019), the number of cases of Violence against women was 2,775,042. This means 760 cases per day or 31 cases per hour. Throughout 2011-2020, 49,643 cases of sexual Violence were recorded in the private and community spheres. The phenomenon of violence is like an iceberg, where the actual number may be greater than what is reported. According to him, it can be interpreted that the condition of Indonesian women is far from safe.[4] This figure is not something to be proud of; instead, it notes that we are in a very concerning phase. Women and children need comprehensive protection to live safely and peacefully wherever they are active.

The phenomenon of Violence against women also occurs in the Central Sulawesi region; this is indicated by data from the Central Sulawesi Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Service (DP3A), which noted that cases of Violence against women and children that occurred in Central Sulawesi until September 2022 reached 333 cases, of which there were 231 cases of Violence against children and 102 cases of Violence against women.[5]

Cases of Violence against women in Central Sulawesi not only occur in the Palu City area as the provincial capital but also occur in almost all districts/cities in the Central Sulawesi region, including Parigi Mautong Regency, which is geographically close to the Provincial Capital. As an initial illustration, based on data from the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, Population Control and Family Planning Service or DP3AP2KB Parigi Moutong, the number of violent crimes against women and children that occurred in Parigi Mautong Regency in 2020 was 66 cases and was dominated by sexual Violence. Violence against women and children, especially sexual harassment against children, as a vulnerable group of Violence, was 23 cases, and five cases affected adult women. In addition, 18 cases were in the form of domestic violence (KDRT), as many as 18 cases, five other cases were in the form of physical Violence against children, and two cases of psychological Violence.[6]

Meanwhile, data on cases of Violence against women in Sigi Regency also shows a relatively high number. However, the number fluctuates from year to year, but it also needs to be observed seriously. Based on data from the Women and Children Protection Service (DP3A) of Central Sulawesi, cases of Violence against women were recorded. Against women in 2021 totaled 34 cases.[7]

Based on this, the researcher is interested in studying the phenomenon of Violence against women that occurs in the Parigi Moutong Regency area, which is expected to become a reference in protecting women and children from all forms of Violence.

[1] Press Release of the National Commission on Violence Against Women on the Commemoration of the International Campaign for the 16th Day Against Violence Against Women (25 November – 10 December 2022), https://komnasperempuan.go.id/siaran-pers-detail/siaran-pers-komnas-perempuan-tentang-peringatan-kampanye-internasional-hari-16-anti-kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-25-november-10-desember-2022#:~ : text=Komnas%20Perempuan%20pada%20Januari%20s.d,899%20kasus%20di%20ranah%20personal.

[2] https://kumparan.com/kumparanwoman/fakta-kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-secara-global-dan-nasional-1x0Km1suOIW/2 . Downloaded on January 20, 2023 at 10:31

[3]Sumirat, IR (2017). Legal Protection for Women and Children Victims of Human Trafficking. Journal of Gender and Child Studies, 3(01), 19-30.

[4]  https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/4721903/fakta-miris-kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-di-dunia-dan-indonesia . Downloaded on January 20, 2023

[5] https://rri.co.id/palu/daerah/64548/kasus-kekerasan-perempuan-dan-anak-di-sulteng-hingga-september-2022-mencapai-333-kasus downloaded on January 15, 2023

[6] https://www.gemasulawesi.com/kekerasan-perempuan-dan-anak-parigi-moutong/ downloaded on January 15, 2023

[7] https://kumparan.com/paluposo/kasus-kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-di-sulteng-meningkat-2-kali-lipat-1x1woueEC6Q/full downloaded on January 17, 2023

1. Previous Research

The issue of Violence against women and children has become a prominent issue in recent years; many studies and studies have discussed this issue from various perspectives. Some studies that discuss Violence against women and children are as follows:

1. Violence Against Women by Men Occurring in Langgur City, Capital of Southeast Maluku Regency, Maluku Province, Researcher Juliana Laritmas, 2012 (Thesis), Duta Wacana Christian University, The focus of the research is to examine the occurrence of acts of Violence Against Women in Langgur City, Capital of Southeast Maluku Regency and the role of the community, NGO activists, social organization activists, religious institutions and government/police/law enforcement agencies in efforts to handle various cases of Violence against women in the area.

2. Uncovering the Mystery Behind Women's Pain Study of the Impact of Violence on Women's Health Status in DKI Jakarta Province and Yogyakarta Province, Researchers: Ririn Habsari and Harimat Hendarwan, 2005, This study was conducted to describe the relationship between health and Violence.

3. Violence Against Women Study on the Effectiveness of Law in Handling Cases of Violence Against Women in the Integrated Service for Women and Children in Surakarta (PTPAS), Researcher: Ani Surtinah, 2017, thesis, Postgraduate Program, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of handling cases of Violence against women carried out in PTPS and to find the ideal concept of Handling cases of Violence against women in PTPAS.

Overview of Violence Against Women

According to P. Lardellier, Violence is a principle of action that is based on the power to force another party without consent [3]. The definition of Violence against women based on the 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women states that:

"Violence against women is any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or maternal harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life."

In the Indonesian dictionary, Violence is defined as behavior that is characterized by Violence, the actions of a person that causes injury or death to another person or causes physical damage or property of another person or there is coercion. According to this explanation, Violence is a form of action that is more physical and results in injury, disability, pain, or suffering to another person. One element that needs to be considered is coercion, unwillingness, or lack of consent of the injured party [4]

The National Commission on Violence Against Women defines Violence against women as any act of Violence committed against women that results in or tends to result in physical, sexual or psychological harm and suffering to women, whether adult women or girls and adolescents. This includes threats, coercion, or deliberate restraint of women's freedom. The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) defines Violence against women as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty whether occurring in public or in private life."

Based on article 1 and article 2 of the declaration, Komariah Emong Sapardjaja stated that Violence can be classified into several forms, namely physical, sexual, psychological, economic and deprivation of liberty. What is meant by these violences are [5]

1. Physical Violence is any act that causes pain, injury, wound or disability to a person's body and/or causes death.

2. Psychological Violence is any act or statement that results in fear, loss of self-confidence, loss of ability to act, and a feeling of helplessness in a person.

3. Sexual Violence is any act that includes sexual harassment to the point of forcing someone to have sexual intercourse without the victim's consent or when the victim does not want to and/or having sexual intercourse in ways that are not normal or that the victim does not like; and/or distancing (isolating) them from their sexual needs.

4. Economic Violence is any act that restricts a person from working inside or outside the home to earn money or goods and/or allows the victim to work to be exploited or neglect family members.

5. Arbitrary Deprivation of Liberty is any act that causes a person to be isolated from their social environment (explanation: including a ban on leaving the house, a ban on communicating with other people).

According to its type, Violence against women in particular, is described by Aroma Elmina Martha as follows [6]

1. Domestic violence/intimate personal relationships. Various forms of Violence that occur in family relationships between the perpetrator and the victim have a certain closeness. This includes abuse of wives, girlfriends, ex-wives, fiancées, biological children and stepchildren, abuse of parents, sexual assault or rape by family members.

2. Violence in Public Areas. Various forms of Violence that occur outside of family relationships or other personal relationships. So that it includes various forms of Violence that are very broad, both those that occur in all work environments / including for domestic work (babysitters, housemaids), in public places (buses, public transportation, markets, restaurants, other public places, educational institutions, publications or products and widespread economic practices such as pornography, prostitution or other forms.

3. Violence committed by the State. Physical, sexual, and/or psychological Violence committed, justified, or tolerated by the State wherever it occurs. Included in this group are human rights violations in inter-group conflicts and armed conflict situations related to murder, rape (systematic), slavery, sexual and forced Violence.

THEORETICAL BASIS

Legal Protection Theory

Legal protection isa protection given to legal subjects in the form of legal instruments, both preventive and repressive, both written and unwritten. In other words, legal protectiondescribesf the function of Law, namely the conceptthate Law can provide justice, order, certainty, benefi,t and peace.[1]

Phillipus M. Hadjon stated that legal protection for the people is a preventive and repressive government action. Preventive legal protection aims to prevent disputes from occurring, which directs government actions to be careful in making decisions based on discretion, and repressive protection aims to resolve disputes, including handling them in judicial institutions. [7]

Barda Nawawi Arief emphasized that legal protection for children is an effort to provide legal protection for various freedoms and basic rights of children (fundamental rights and freedoms of children) as well as various interests related to children's welfare [8]

Theory of Law Enforcement Effectiveness

Hans Kelsen defines the effectiveness of Law as whether people actually act to avoid the sanctions threatened by legal norms and whether these sanctions are actually implemented if the conditions are met [9]

Lawrence Friedmenn stated that there are 3 elements that must be considered in law enforcement. The three elements include the structure, substance and culture of Law [10]

Soerjono Soekanto proposed five factors that must be considered in law enforcement. Law enforcement is an activity that harmonizes the relationship of values outlined in solid and embodied rules and attitudes as a series of final stage value descriptions to create, maintain, and defend peace in society. The five factors are legal or statutory factors, law enforcement factors, means or facilities factors, community factors, and cultural factors.

[1]Rahayu, 2009, Transportation of People, etd.eprints.ums.ac.id. Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 2 of 2002 Concerning Procedures for Protection of Victims and Witnesses in Serious Human Rights Violations Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 23 of 2004 Concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence

Type research used​ in the study This is study law. In empirical research, two alternatives are available and appropriate. For selected, namely, alternative First, research normative law equipped with study empirical law, or alternative Second, research law empirical only . [11] In the study, This researcher chose to use alternatives first. The writer did research in Parigi Mautong Regency. Data obtained, both primary and secondary data, were categorized according to the data type. Then, the data is analyzed using qualitative methods, namely analyzing related data with the problem under study and then choosing based on logical thinking​ to avoid errors in the data analysis process . The results obtained were exposed in a descriptive way, namely with description, explanation, and illustration in accordance with the problem in study.

Effectiveness of Handling Violence Against Women in Parigi Mautong Regency

Violence against women is a form of crime and a violation of human rights that cannot be tolerated by human common sense. The problem of Violence against women is essential in every country in the world, including, in this case, developed countries that are very concerned with the protection of human rights. Currently, the phenomenon of Violence against women does not only occur in the domestic area of their households but can occur in almost every public facility or work environment. The perpetrators of Violence against women are also very diverse, where the perpetrators can come from and can be carried out by anyone, both by people closest to them such as husbands, parents, siblings, or other people who do not even know each other. M. Ghufran stated that Violence against women is a crime that has systematically befallen women for a very long time. However, it is rarely questioned, recorded, and reported. It is considered something common and ordinary, so it continues to be socialized from generation to generation.[1]

Violence against women occurs in various communities, ethnicities, nations, religions, and social classes. Violence against women (and children) is not something that comes down from the sky, but rather a social and cultural product or a product of civilization that is legitimized by various aspects of life so that it continues to persist. Several factors are identified as inseparable parts of the causes of Violence against women.[2]

In relation to this, it is important to understand the effectiveness of law enforcement against criminal acts of Violence against women as a solution to resolving the problem of Violence against women. Generally, measuring the level of success of something that is expected refers to how far the effectiveness of the achievements obtained. To determine the effectiveness of handling criminal acts of Violence against women in Parigi Mautong Regency, it is important to know what is actually meant by effectiveness.

“Effectiveness is a condition that contains the meaning of the occurrence of a desired effect or consequence. The word effective means the occurrence of a desired effect or consequence in an action. Every effective work is not necessarily efficient, because results can be achieved but perhaps with the waste of thought, energy, time, money, or objects [12]

Measuring the effectiveness of handling Violence against women cannot be done partially, so it requires the role of society in synergy with the government. Joint commitment to provide protection for women as victims of Violence is the main spirit that needs to be built and maintained in order to remain consistent in fighting for women's rights.

The effectiveness of handling Violence against women that has been carried out by the Women and Children Empowerment Service of Parigi Mautong Regency, is relatively effective when measured from the maximum efforts that have been made, both prevention efforts and handling in providing assistance to victims. In providing protection for women as victims of Violence.

The number of cases of Violence against women recorded by the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Service from 2020-2023 can be seen in the following table:

Table 1 Recapitulation of Data on Handling and Settlement of Cases of Criminal Acts of Violence Against Women in Parigi Mautong Regency

Data source: P2TP2A Kab. Paris Mautong

Referring to the data above, it shows that the number of cases of Violence against women in Parigi Mautong Regency is relatively high and dominated by physical Violence.

Based on the results of the interview [3]with Mrs. Sitti Almira from the Women and Children's Division of Parigi Mautong, that Violence against women that occurs in Parigi Mautong is dominated by Domestic Violence (KDRT). Domestic Violence as a form of crime has a different type compared to crime in general, where women are very vulnerable to becoming victims of Violence in the domestic sphere. This is greatly influenced by the values of society formed by patriarchal power where the role of men is so dominant. According to [13] men have been formed into owners of 'power' that determine the direction of the 'knowledge discourse' of society. Violence against women in general (in general) occurs through the concept of control over women, both personally, institutionally, symbolically and materially.

Assistance to victims up to the trial stage has been carried out optimally by the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Service where the service standard begins with the intention to immediately follow up on all forms of reports of Violence against women that occur in the Parigi Mautong Regency area. Handling of cases begins with a report or complaint from the victim, the complaint will be received immediately by conducting identification including exploring the chronology of the case faced by the victim.

Based on the reporting and complaint, it will be identified whether it is mild, moderate or severe, if it is mild and the victim still wants to resolve the problem through mediation, then the P2TP2A will facilitate the mediation process. If the victim wants to resolve the problem through legal channels because the Violence experienced is classified as severe, then the P2TP2A will follow up by accompanying the victim starting from the time of reporting at the investigation level to the assistance process if needed. Even after the case is completed and has legal force, the P2TP2A Parimo Regency continues to monitor the victim's development. In certain cases that require handling related to the victim's mental rehabilitation, the P2TP2A will present a psychologist to restore the victim's mental health.

So far in carrying out its duties and functions, P2TP2A Parigi Mautong has always worked together with related agencies, especially the Law Enforcement Officers (APH), the Social Service and Health Service and the Regional Government related to handling victims. The synergy built with several agencies has produced good progress, because the resolution of cases of Violence against women cannot be resolved only by P2TP2A alone, but requires continuous cooperation with other parties.

Victim outreach efforts are also carried out in cases where the victim cannot come directly, officers will coordinate with relevant service agencies, generally officers will follow up to the victim's residence, if conditions are found that require treatment, officers will immediately follow up according to needs. In conducting victim outreach, officers must decide and do it carefully by considering the victim's condition and the surrounding environment, because if careless it can result in the victim being trapped in a worse situation.

In relation to this, the resolution steps taken by the Women and Children Empowerment Service of Parigi Mautong Regency are in line with what has been done by the Women and Children Empowerment Service in Maluku Province, where in handling Violence against women and children in Maluku Province, the service pays attention to complaint reports, data on victims of Violence, and conducts interviews with victims. Furthermore, in handling the service, it refers to regional regulation Number 2 of 2012 concerning the implementation of protection for women and children who are victims of Violence in Maluku and provides legal assistance to victims. Furthermore, clarification and chronology will be carried out and then a report will be made to the police, then the service provides assistance to victims during the investigation, prosecution, and trial processes. In addition, a safe house is provided, and rehabilitation is provided to victims to eliminate trauma. In addition, in handling Violence, it can be reported through the Online Information System for the Protection of Women and Children (SIMFONI-PPA) which is expected to provide comprehensive services to victims of Violence in recording and reporting and become a reference for improving women's development and child protection in Maluku [14]

From the description of the handling of Violence against women by P2TP2A, it can be described that maximum efforts have been made, but in its implementation there are several obstacles that need solutions so that the number of cases of Violence against women can be minimized.

Inhibiting Factors in Handling Criminal Acts of Violence Against Women and Children in Parigi Mautong

In relation to the factors that cause crime, many criminologists have provided a complete description of what actually influences someone to commit a crime. By E Sutherland, that crime is the result of various factors that are diverse and varied, these factors currently and for the future cannot be summarized based on generally applicable provisions without exception, in other words there is no scientific theory in explaining criminal behavior.[15]. The most common factors causing Violence against women are legal awareness, poverty and infidelity. The type of Violence is mostly physical Violence [16]

From an economic perspective, Bintang Puspayoga (Minister of Women's Empowerment of the Republic of Indonesia) in the PPPA National Coordination Meeting on June 16-17, 2021 stated that in various cases that occurred and evaluations carried out, women's economic powerlessness is one of the root causes of Violence against women and children. [4]Household economic status, marital instability, and verbal conflict between husband and wife are related to domestic Violence, poverty, and the inability to find solutions to overcome poverty often result in emotional destabilization in husbands and wives, making them vulnerable to Violence. Economic dependence by wives on their husbands also triggers acts of Violence. Wives usually just accept Violence committed by their husbands for fear of not being given money for daily needs [17]. The results of the study showed that economic status is related to Violence, this is because most respondents depend on their husbands' economy while the husband's economic condition is unemployed and works odd jobs so that the husband himself has to work hard to meet the family's needs. This is what triggers emotional destabilization between husband and wife, resulting in acts of Violence, both verbal and non-verbal, such as beatings and other acts of Violence [18].

The situation of women is still very vulnerable to forms of Violence, both in public and within the family [5]. Women as creatures who have weaker physical strength than men tend to get a stigma that is considered low so that they tend to become victims of Violence.

Socio-culturally, the relationship between men and women in Indonesia is complex and is built for several reasons, including:

1. Men are physically stronger than women, and it is possible that their high level of aggression has a biological basis as well. In society, men are also accustomed to training themselves to use their physical strength, to fight, to use weapons and to use intimidation force since childhood.

2. In society there is a long tradition of male dominance over women, and tolerance of the use of force by men. This tradition is displayed through film, pornography, rock music, and the media in general.

3. Economic realities force women to accept abuse from those on whom they depend.

4. At the individual level, psychological factors interact with those mentioned above to explain that some men commit Violence and some women are victims of Violence; while some men do not commit Violence and some women are not targets of Violence.

5. In the end, it can be concluded that there are differences in strength and power between women and men in the sense of differences that are perceived as rights and abilities to exercise control over each other [19]

Society with a patriarchal culture that causes inequality in gender relations between men and women, 95% of Violence that often occurs, the victims are women. Therefore, behind acts of Violence against women in any realm, the main cause is the historical inequality of the pattern of power relations between men and women which results in domination and discrimination against women by men and obstacles to their progress, which has been institutionalized in the spaces of community life through the placement of men as holders of authority in all relations between humans both in public and domestic spaces, even manifested in economic, political and religious spaces.[6] 

In cultural anthropology, patriarchal  Initially it referred to a social structure in which the father ( pater ) or eldest male ( patriarch ) had absolute power in the family so that the women in the family became his property and property [20] The consequences of this patriarchal system result in the emergence of men as the superior or prioritized party, while women are the subordinate or weakened party. Another consequence of the gap between the status and role of men and women is the emergence of gender-based Violence against women.[7]

The patriarchal culture that is adopted is one of the factors associated with the cause of Violence against women; male dominance over women results in treatments that place women as victims. In addition to the imbalance in relations between men and women [19] this is also because Indonesian society has already believed in the false notion that women are naturally less intelligent and weaker than men, therefore some Indonesian people still believe in the sexual division of labor that subordinates women. A number of stereotypes then stick to Indonesian women and men, becoming a kind of excuse that women are emotional, stupid, and fearful. These kinds of things are developing in our society, which can cause women to become easy targets for becoming victims of Violence. Women who are victims of Violence in public spaces can be categorized into several groups, namely, young women, women with disabilities, commercial sex workers, sexual minority groups, from certain ethnic groups of women. So far, if sexual harassment occurs, the victim should receive protection but what happens is that the victim is blamed [21]

Based on the factors that cause Violence against women in general, it turns out that in handling efforts there are obstacles related to technical constraints, where based on the results of an interview with Mrs. Sitti Almira from the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Service in Parigi Moutong Regency, the inhibiting factors in implementing the handling of Violence against women include:[8]

1. Obstacles to the completeness of administrative files, especially most of the victims do not have a Family Card.

2. The victim has a feeling of fear to report the incident that he experienced.

3. Victims and perpetrators who are uncooperative

In the implementation of case handling, obstacles related to administrative procedures are often found, this of course greatly hinders the implementation level, because many of the procedures that are passed require the support of complete administration, especially financing and other facilities.

The reluctance of victims due to feelings of fear and fear of intimidation from the perpetrator or the perpetrator's family, is also a problem that hinders the implementation of handling victims of Violence against women, even though a proactive and cooperative attitude from the victim is needed to be handled optimally, so that protection efforts can be given appropriately. The reluctance of victims to report is also influenced by the assumption that the incident that occurred was a disgrace that must be covered up so that it is not known by others, as well as the fear of threats from the perpetrator if they report it.

In the implementation of handling victims of Violence against women, the family environment must also be a concern in addition to the victim herself, because the victim's family is the second victim who is directly related to the impact of the Violence, so that handling must be carried out holistically which includes legal handling, medical and psychological handling.

More clearly, it can be explained that the family is a very important socialization agent in an individual's life. Through the family, individuals learn about the concept of women, men, wives, husbands, fathers, mothers, and also learn about themselves. They learn how others treat and respect them, and through the attitudes of others, they also learn to treat themselves. Children who are constantly criticized and punished by their parents, for example, will instill an understanding in themselves that they are not in accordance with their parents' expectations, are not loved, rejected, or only respected if they meet certain requirements. In the family, children also learn how to relate to others: whether they can relate to each other with respect, or whether they have to threaten to get what they want. Thus, education and values developed in the family are important factors in preventing violent crimes against women. [22]

Efforts Made in Handling Violence Against Women in the Parigi Mautong Area.

Effective efforts to combat crime and prosecute perpetrators of violent crimes against women have been widely carried out, but this is in contrast to the fact that the number of cases of Violence against women is increasing. To suppress or reduce cases of Violence against women, a comprehensive policy is needed. There needs to be prevention efforts and anti-violence campaigns by all parties and elements. The support of the Regional Government in handling Violence against women is also no less important, in addition to the role of the community in overcoming criminal acts of Violence against women.

Violence against women, whether it occurs at home, in the workplace, or in society in general, is a manifestation of the unequal bargaining position in the relationship between men and women. Forms of Violence against women include physical, sexual, economic, and psychological violence that can be carried out by individuals, communities, or the State. Several groups of women, such as minority women, women in indigenous communities, migrant workers, domestic workers, poor women in rural or remote areas, poor women in urban areas, women prisoners, girls, women with disabilities, elderly women, displaced women, women in refugee camps, and women in armed conflict are groups that are very vulnerable to Violence. [23]

Strategies for dealing with violent crimes against women can be carried out in two forms, namely:

1. Preventive Efforts.

Preventive action is done by identifying the factors that cause crime. The role of the environment including the family environment has a role in monitoring social interactions and so that Violence against women does not occur.

1. Repressive Efforts.

This action is usually called an action to take action. This effort is carried out by enforcing the Law against perpetrators of crimes.

Crime prevention, including Violence, can be done in two ways, namely:[9]

(1) Attempt to identify or find a number of factors that can trigger the emergence of crime, which is then followed up with the preparation of a program to deal with it. This program is aimed specifically at people who commit crimes and generally at the wider community, and

(2) Fostering stability in legal development and law enforcement apparatus in the context of law enforcement, namely an effort aimed at maintaining and fostering the Law enforced in society, including efforts to increase the level of competence and stability of law enforcement apparatus who will later be tasked with enforcing the Law enforced in society.

Efforts to prevent cases of Violence can start from the family by building communication between family members with strengthening religion. Efforts must be built from within the family, so that the family can better understand the existing conditions. After the family, the role of the environment is also very much needed.

Based on the results of the interview with Mrs. Sitti Almira [10], it was revealed that efforts to overcome Violence that have been carried out to deal with Violence against women in Parigi Moutong Regency include:

1. Socialization to sub-districts and villages in the Parigi Mautong district regarding handling Violence against women.

2. Collaborate with women's organizations and community organizations to include campaigns or outreach on Violence against women.

In the implementation of socialization, it was revealed that what has been done so far needs to be improved, because in fact the socialization that is carried out is sometimes only limited to traditional figures, religious figures, youth figures and so on, even though in fact the important targets that need to know this information are the community who have the potential to become victims and perpetrators of Violence.

Furthermore, it is also important to note the influence of low sentences imposed on perpetrators. Relatively low sentences for perpetrators of Violence against women tend not to have a deterrent effect on the perpetrators themselves or others. The potential for recurrence becomes very possible when the sanctions or sentences imposed are very light/low.

[1] M. Ghufran H Kordi K, Violence against Women, Not from Heaven!, https://pintarmampu.bakti.or.id/blog/kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-bukan-dari-langit

[2]Ibid

[3]Interview with Mrs. Sitti Almira, October 27, 2023

[4]PPA National Coordination Meeting, Bali, 16-17 June 2021

[5]B. Rudi Harnoko. 2010. Behind Violence Against Women. Malang. Lecturer at the Center for Village Community Empowerment, Ministry of Home Affairs

[6]B. Rudi Harnoko, Ibid

[7] LM Gandhi Lapian ; . ( 2012 ). Khotimah, K. (2009). Gender discrimination against women in the employment sector. Yinyang: Journal of Islamic Studies, Gender and Children, 4(1), 158-180. Legal discipline that realizes gender equality and justice / Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

[8]Interview with Mrs. Sitti Almirah, 27 Oct 2023

[9]  Dirdjosisworo, S. 1984. The Practice of Social Sciences in Crime Studies, Sinar Baru, Bandung, page 9

[10]Interview with Mrs. Sitti Almira, October 27, 2023

Handling of Violence against women by the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Service of Parigi Moutong Regency has been carried out optimally starting from the reporting stage to assistance in the legal process. Its effectiveness is measurable and has been in accordance with the case handling procedures that have been agreed upon and determined as a reference in implementing the handling of cases of Violence against women.

Factors that hinder the implementation of handling of sexual violence crimes are administrative in nature and obstacles originating from victims who are not cooperative because they are afraid to report it, so that case handling is hampered.

Efforts to overcome criminal acts of Violence against women carried out by the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Service of Parigi Mautong Regency are carried out through preventive efforts in the form of socialization and counseling carried out by collaborating with partners such as community organizations .

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

No funding sources

The study was approved by the Tadulako University, Indonesia.

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