Background: Community capacity is required in support of vulnerable children to access, appropriate shelter, food, education, generate income and access to health care, safe clean water and environment, known as social determinants of health. This is facilitated by the social economic situations, policies and structure to influence the abilities of communities. Sub community are unable to address the social determinants of health increasing vulnerability amongst children. This study determines the existing capacity of community in addressing the social determinants of health. Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross sectional survey design applied using qualitative & quantitative approaches. Structured questionnaire administered for quantitative data, focus group discussion, Key Informant Interviews for qualitative. Descriptive statistics applied to analyze quantitative data. Chi–square applied to test relation between social determinants and morbidities, qualitative data thematically analyzed and used to complement quantitative data. Results: Majority of caregivers are poor (58%). Chi-square test confirmed significant relationship (p<0.005). Morbidities due to malaria and sanitation statistically significant, X2 (1, N = 1445) = 1400, p <0.001, diarrhea clean and safe water significant, X2 (1, N = 1445) = 1400, p <0.001. morbidities due to acute respiratory infections and type of housing water significant, X2 (2, N = 1445) = 166.73, p<0.001. Conclusion: Communities are unable to address social determinants of health increasing vulnerability, implementing policies linking households, with communities and relevant sectors while addressing their capacities towards social determinants of health is essential.

With the advent of private participation in healthcare sector due to globalization and many international patients are travelling to other destinations other than home country communication has become one of the stumbling blocks. International Patients who cannot speak other than mother tongue, has to depend upon interpreters’ translators and transcribers to pass on the information to the healthcare professionals of the destination country who are not aware of the patient’s language. In this aspect one should be careful in communicating and acting as a communicator between two persons who are nonaligned to each other in their communication. Loose communication, Bad Communication, irresponsible communication, inattentive communication, no communication will have effect on the patient satisfaction level. Hence healthcare professionals should not only excel in their profession but also they should have good skills and be a good communicator when they handle the patient. In addition to healthcare professionals the role of healthcare interpreters, translators, transcribers and facilitators have a notable size of participation. A better and effective communication with affection and courtesy will relieve the patient half of patient discomfort and patient will feel that they have chosen a right facility and right professionals.

It notes that some religion rituals may heal the Diabetes Mellitus patients. This research was carried out to seek the effect of Ramadan fasting Muslim Ummah (community). It observed the patients those are suffering from chronic diseases such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM). In fasting patients did not eat and drink during 13.5- 14 hours. At the time of fasting that there will be changes such as: activity, diet, hours of work, activities at night as tarawih (night prayer) and tadarusan (Holy Quran Recital). To determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a prospective longitudinal study of the fasting month of Ramadan until the end of the fasting Ramadhan was done. It took 19 patients who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at Adam Malik Hospital. The data collected by taking blood samples at the beginning and end of the fasting of Ramadan fasting. Data were analyzed using paired T- test, wilcoxon. From 19 patients with type 2 diabetes, as many as 13 respondents (68.4%) male sex with a mean age of 57.26 years. Statistical tests performed showed me significant value in BMI (p <0.05), Waist Circumference (p <0.05). There are significant value of BMI, Waist Circumference and blood fasting glucosa in patients with type 2 diabetes before and after Ramadan fasting.

Background: A wound is a breakdown of the skin's protective function; loss of epithelial continuity, with or without loss of underlying connective tissue (eg muscles, bones, nerves). Wound healing is a process that can be divided into three distinct phases (inflammation, proliferation and maturation). One of the factors that influence wound healing is nutrition. The importance of nutrients such as carbohydrates makes researchers try to find alternative therapies that can improve the wound healing process using pure carbohydrates or substances containing carbohydrates, including the use of D-Glucose monohydrate. The use of Nacl 0.9% has also been proven to be used in wound care. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in effectiveness between glucose monohydrate and NaCl. Materials and Methods: This research is an experimental study with clinical trials. The research design used is "Pre and Post Test group design. This study did not have a control group, but tested the difference in effectiveness between d-glucose monohydrate and NaCl. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Muhammadiyah University of Pekajangan Pekalongan. The research sample was 1 rabbit which had 2 wounds made on the right and left sides, the area of the wound on each wound was 1 cm. For data collection, it was done using an observation sheet measuring the area of the wound. Data analysis using t-dependent test (paired sample t test). Results: The results showed that wound healing area difference test using either D-Glucose monohydrate or using NaCl 0,9% dressing obtained T- value of 3.873 (p = 0.04 <0.05) so that H0 was rejected. This means that the application of NaCl 0.9% dressing and D-Glucose monohydrate effectively accelerates wound healing. The average wound healing speed using NaCl was 0.91, while the wound healing speed using glucose monohydrate was 1.33 so that H0 was rejected, meaning that D-Glucose Monohydrate was more effective in reducing the wound area compared to 0.9% NaCl dressing.

The research examined the effect of insurgency on the training of student nurses and midwiferies in Nigeria`s north east region with reference to College of Nursing and Midwifery Maiduguri. Primary and secondary methods of data collection were utilized in the study. The research identified the effect of insurgency on the occupational stability of student nurses and midwiferies Trainers` as well as on academic performances of students` nurses and midwiferies in College of Nursing and Midwifery Maiduguri. The study found that, insurgency has contributed to the departure of several student nurses and midwiferies Trainers` from the College of Nursing and Midwifery Maiduguri. It also discovered that, the academic performances of student nurses and midwiferies especially in examination and practical training in hospitals has been affected by the insurgency. The study recommended that, maximum security be provided to student nurses and midwiferies in the College of Nursing Maiduguri. It also suggested that, risk allowance and adequate security to life and property be provided for student nurses and midwiferies Trainers to reduce the rate at which they are departing the College of Nursing Maiduguri to other Colleges of Nursing outside the North-East region.

The importance of this study is to measure the Knowledge, Practice and Attitude among nursing students on standard precautions and its impact on improving the quality of health care and substantially reduced nosocomial infections and cross-contamination of multi resistant infections in hospitals. Also through this study we will identify main factor that effect on compline of standard precaution practice due to the student Knowledge, Practice and Attitude has a great effect on their safety as well in patient safety. Preforming standard precaution well helps in Life-Saving, and reduces the morbidity and mortality of clients in all health care settings and increase cost-effective. The results of the study will give the level of Knowledge, attitude and practice of among nursing students in Oman which could affect patients care during their nursing training years or when they become registered nurses. Since many years ago the ministry of health in Oman interested in infection control reflecting that in specifying experts in each hospital are responsible for stander precaution among health care providers. Because they observe that many patients are deteriorating due to breaking of barrier of infection disease transmutation. Thus, increase mortality rate and increase the duration of inpatient. So putting standard precaution in curriculum enhances awareness of it among students.

Background: Health research is essential in improving health care and plays a central role in the field of medicine. Advances in disease surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and prevention all rely heavily on quality research. In addition, research influences health care policy. Critical thinking skills of individuals are also greatly enhanced as a result of their involvement in research. Clinicians incorporate information from clinical research trials into their practices, which improves patient management and disease outcome. Globalization of diseases and the increasing need of incorporation of evidence-based medicine into practice have made quality demographic and clinical research even more imperative. Purpose: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the nursing faculty members’ attitudes towards research and identify the barriers in implementing the research at universities and hospitals. Research Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional non-experimental survey research design was conducted with a convenient sample of 86 nurses and academics in major educational institutions/hospitals. A standardized Evidence-Based Practice & BARRIERS to research utilization self-administered questionnaire used to collect the data from the faculty members of educational institutions and nurses in the hospitals. Results: Data was analyzed using SPSS 26.0 version. Frequency, mean ratings, Chi-square tests, Pearson values were employed. This study indicated that the MSN and PhD prepared faculty had a higher level of knowledge and attitude towards evidence-based practice when comparing to BSN prepared clinical nurse educators and nurses. Conclusion: The study concluded that majority of the academics and nurse educators agreed that there is a need for evidence-based practice and research should be mandatory in both clinical and academic settings. However, the participants expressed that there are significant barriers of research including lack of funding, workload, lack of interest, lack of knowledge about the research methods, lack of organizational support and benefits to involve in research. Study recommends that the policy and guidelines should be developed for the nurses working at the clinical settings to conduct research. There needs to be staff training and education focusing on research methods and analysis.

Background: The objectives of the study were to establish the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among the nurses in Kenya, identify risk factors and characterize the MSDs according to anatomical sites. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was performed to analyze MSDs among nurses at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). A Self-administered questionnaire was used to gather information from 314 randomly selected nurses from the six departments that handle patients. Two hundred and forty-four questionnaires were completed and returned, representing a 78% response rate and the highest response rate was found in the medical department. Results: The study established that the prevalence of reported incidences of MSDs among the nurses was 74.2%. The study further established that physical factors involving poor posture, lifting of heavy patients and use of excessive force were the most apparent ergonomic aspects precipitating MSDs (50%). The other ergonomic aspects identified were the structural lay out of work place (37%) and work organization (13%). The most vulnerable parts of the body were found to be the back, feet and shoulders, revealing a rate of 32.5, 21.5 and 20.4%, respectively. The most vulnerable age among nurses was found to be in the age bracket of 35 to 44 years. Conclusion: This research established that prevalence of MSDs is high, where 74.2% of all the nurses sampled are affected. This is a high number and required both administrative and technological interventions.