Preeclampsia is a specific and unique disorder during pregnancy in the form of a collection of disorders that occur at gestational age 20 weeks which is characterized by high blood pressure 140/90 mmHg and proteinuria 300 mg/24 hours or 1+dipstick, serum creatinine >1.2 mg/dL, pulmonary edema, increased liver function (more than twice), platelets <100,000/µL, headache, visual disturbances and epigastric pain.

Most experts agree that the placenta plays an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The failure of spiral artery remodeling in the placenta leads to cellular ischemia and causes endothelial dysfunction. This widespread endothelial dysfunction affects all maternal organ systems and results in the triad of hypertension, proteinuria, and edema [1].

Research conducted by [2], at the Brebes District Hospital on 145 people showed that the risk factors associated with preeclampsia were age, gravida status, history of heredity, antenatal examination, history of preeclampsia, history of hypertension. [3], also stated that many factors cause preeclampsia from the mother, namely internal factors (mother's age, obesity, parity, pregnancy distance, history of heredity, history of preeclampsia, stress, and anxiety, and history of hypertension) and external (exposure to cigarette smoke, antioxidants), sodium, MSG, educational status, history of antenatal care/ANC, and the influence of nutrients consumed by the mother.

Preeclampsia is a serious health problem because it can cause increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The incidence of preeclampsia in developed countries is around 3.4% and in developing countries it varies from 1.8% to 16.7% [4,5]. Indonesia is a developing country with an MMR based on data from the 2015 Inter-Census Population Survey (SUPAS) with an MMR of 305/100,000 KH. According to the Ministry of Health in 2014, the MMR caused by preeclampsia-eclampsia was 27.1%. Data on the incidence of preeclampsia at the Prof. Dr. W. Z Yohannes Regional General Hospital which is a referral hospital in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara in three consecutive years, namely in 2013 as many as 145 cases, 178 cases in 2014 and 156 cases in 2015.

Therefore, researchers are interested in researching on the description of age, BMI, and vitamin D levels of pregnant women on the incidence of preeclampsia in Kupang City.

This type of research is descriptive cross-sectional, in normal pregnant women and preeclampsia, with a sample of 30 people, obtained by using the Quota Sampling technique.

Table 1 shows that the majority of mothers with normal pregnancies and preeclampsia are of reproductive age (20-35 years) which are 10 people (66.7%) normal and 9 people (60%).

Table 1: Age Distribution in Preeclamptic and Normal Pregnant Women

Table 2 shows that most of the normal pregnant women and those with preeclampsia have a BMI in the overweight category as many as 9 respondents (60%).

Table 2: Distribution of BMI in Preeclamptic and Normal Pregnant Women

Table 3 shows that most normal pregnant women have serum vitamin D levels with have a deficiency category, namely 11 respondents (73.3%), while pregnant women with preeclampsia mostly have deficiency, namely 7 respondents (46.7%).

Table 3: Distribution of Vitamin D Levels in Preeclamptic and Normal Pregnant Women

Description of the Age of Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia Incidence in Kupang City

Based on research conducted on 30 pregnant women, it was found that most of the mothers with normal pregnancy and preeclampsia were of reproductive age (20-35 years) which were 10 people (66.7%) normal and 9 people (60%).

This is in line with the results of research by Khuzaiyah, S. & dan Wahyuni, S. [6], who found the average result of preeclampsia occurring at a healthy reproductive age because many pregnancies occur at that age and age is not the only factor that affects the occurrence of preeclampsia.

However, pregnancies that occur at an unhealthy reproductive age of 20 years and of 35 years will also increase the risk of preeclampsia. Maternal age during pregnancy has a major influence on health problems because it is closely related to the immune system, cell function, and is related to the mother's ability to provide nutrition and oxygenation to the unborn baby [6,7].

Description of BMI in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia Incidence in Kupang City

Based on research conducted on 30 pregnant women, it was found that most of the normal pregnant women and those with preeclampsia had a BMI in the overweight category as many as 9 respondents (60%).

Body Mass Index (BMI) is also a factor that can affect the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women. Several studies have shown that BMI has a significant relationship with the occurrence of preeclampsia. When viewed from the risk, obese BMI has a 5.9 times greater risk of suffering from preeclampsia compared to the non-obese group [8].

According to the theory, pregnant women who have a BMI above normal are known to be at increased risk for preeclampsia. Pregnant women who are obese or who are not obese should pay attention to adequate nutrition or nutrition recommended by nutritionists so that they do not choose the wrong food to eat healthy foods that contain lots of iron [9,10].

Description of Vitamin D Levels in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia Incidence in Kupang City

Based on research conducted on 30 pregnant women, it was found that most of the normal pregnant women had serum vitamin D levels with a deficiency category as many as 11 respondents (73.3%), while pregnant women with preeclampsia mostly experienced deficiency, namely as many as 7 respondents (46 respondents). ,7%).

This means that pregnant women with preeclampsia are more likely to experience vitamin D deficiency than normal pregnant women. This is in line with several previous studies including [11], who conducted a study on 63 pregnant women, the results showed that there was a significant difference in average vitamin D levels between preeclamptic pregnant women (18.2±20 ng/mL) with normal pregnant women (33.3±27.3 ng/dL). This is also in line with the research conducted by [12], in Medan on 44 pregnant women, there was a significant difference in the mean levels of vitamin D between the group of subjects with preeclampsia and the group of subjects with normal pregnancy (p<0.001).

Research on the involvement of vitamin D in various processes in the body is currently being carried out. Currently, vitamin D is thought to play a role in modulating the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, regulating immunomodulatory function, supporting angiogenesis and regulating blood pressure through RAS, and calcium homeostasis. This role makes vitamin D considered to be closely related to the process of preeclampsia [13,14].

In this study, it can be concluded that:

• Most pregnant women are of reproductive age, namely 20-35 years

• Most pregnant women have overweight nutritional status

• Most normal pregnant women have normal vitamin D levels, while most pregnant women with preeclampsia experience vitamin D deficiency

1. Hashemipour, S. et al. “The relationship of vitamin d and calcium level with preeclampsia severity: A case-control study.” International Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 5, no. 6, 2017, pp. 5203–5210.

2. Saraswati, N., and M. Mardiana. “Faktor Risiko yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Preeklampsia pada Ibu Hamil (Studi Kasus di RSUD Kabupaten Brebes Tahun 2014).” Unnes Journal of Public Health, vol. 5, no. 2, 2016, pp. 90–99.

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8. Widiastuti, Y.P. et al. “Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT), Jarak Kehamilan dan Riwayat Hipertensi Mempengaruhi Kejadian Preeklampsia.” Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Maternitas, vol. 2, no. 2, 2019, pp. 6–22.

9. Sarwono, P. Ilmu Kebidanan. Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo, 2010.

10. Roberts, J.M. et al. “The role of obesity in preeclampsia.” Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health, vol. 1, no. 1, 2011, pp. 6–16.

11. Lechtermann, C. et al. “Maternal vitamin D status in preeclampsia: seasonal changes are not influenced by placental gene expression of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes.” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 8, 2014, e105558.

12. Siregar, D. et al. “Correlation status of vitamin d with early onset preeclampsia.” Global Journal for Research Analysis, vol. 8, no. 8, 2019, pp. 41–43.

13. Garland, C.F. et al. “The role of vitamin d in cancer prevention.” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 96, no. 2, 2006, pp. 252–260.

14. Purswani, J.M. et al. “The role of vitamin D in pre-eclampsia: A systematic review.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 17, no. 1, 2017, pp. 1–15.