Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, with significant implications for reproductive, metabolic, and psychological health. Despite its prevalence, awareness and understanding of PCOS remain limited, particularly in rural and underserved regions. This study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of PCOS among women of reproductive age in Kangra District, identifying gaps to guide targeted educational initiatives.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2024 among 400 women aged 18–45 years residing in Kangra District. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling, and data were collected through a pre-validated structured questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of PCOS, including its symptoms, risk factors, complications, and preventive measures. Responses were categorized into knowledge levels: Very Good (>80%), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%), and Poor (<40%). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v26.0.Results: The study revealed diverse socio-demographic profiles, with 45% of participants aged 26–35 years, 58% educated to at least secondary school level, and 68% residing in rural areas. Knowledge assessment showed that 78% recognized PCOS as a hormonal disorder, 74% identified irregular periods as a symptom, and 71% understood its link to infertility. However, awareness of lifestyle management (63%) and long-term complications such as diabetes (61.5%) was limited. Knowledge scores categorized 28% as "Very Good," 35% as "Good," 25% as "Fair," and 12% as "Poor."Conclusion: The findings highlight foundational awareness of PCOS but reveal critical gaps in understanding its holistic management and long-term implications. Targeted educational initiatives emphasizing lifestyle modifications, early detection, and comprehensive management are essential. Integrating PCOS awareness into community health programs and leveraging digital platforms can enhance outreach and empower women to take proactive steps toward their reproductive health.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of two types of medications, estradiol hormone and flaxseed oil(FSO) on ovarectomized female rats for enhancing osteoporosis. Rats remained after surgery 30 days till disease is achieved. The study involved five groups of female rats; sham group(G1) of normal animals,  positive control of osteoporotic rats(G2), group (G3) of osteoporotic females then treated orally with FSO(20 mg/kg) B.W., group(G4) involved osteoporotic females then injected with estradiol hormone( 8 mg/kg) B.W. intertperitonealy., group (G5) involved osteoporotic females received both types of treatment. The treatment lasted 30 days. The results showed estradiol hormone has an effect by reducing the higher value of Aspartate Aminotransferase(AST) to normal range(165±25.1)IU/L in comparsion to (G2) (227±14.3)IU/L, while treatment with FSO donʼt have any effect on AST value even when itʼs used together with eastrdiol hormone in (G5). the results also showed, there is nonsignificant  changes in Alanine Transaminase(ALT) values in all groups except(G5) which participated significantly in rising ALT value to(611± 12.7)IU/L  in comparsion to G1( 39.4±5.02) IU/L and G2(68±10.2) IU/. After affected rats with osteoporosis , it is noticed the liver had  vaculated, necrotic, and apoptotic hepatocytes as observed in the histological sections. Additionally, a buildup of inflammatory mononuclear cells completely obscured several of the portal areas, making it difficult to see the bile ducts. When FSO was given to G4 , the liver cell histopathology significantly improved. itʼs demonstrated the pathogenic effects of osteoporosis on liver tissues in addition to its effect on functional markers. additionally, it reflects the protective effect of 17β-estradiol in preserving the histological sections  and biochemical parameter of ALT  along with their status and levels as in G1  group, as well as, the efficacy of FSO and estradiol separately in improving the body's ability to defend or heal itself against osteoporosis effects on impact liver.

Background: Thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and goiter, are prevalent health concerns worldwide, with significant implications for individual health and public healthcare systems. This study aims to assess the awareness and knowledge of thyroid disorders among the general population of District Kullu, focusing on symptoms, causes, prevention, and treatment. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2024 in District Kullu, Himachal Pradesh. The study targeted adults aged 18 and above who had been residents of the district for at least 12 months. A sample size of 400 participants was selected using a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected through an online questionnaire covering socio-demographic information and 20 questions related to thyroid disorder awareness. The data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, with results presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed that 67.5% of participants had heard of thyroid disorders, with 60.2% recognizing weight changes as a key symptom. However, awareness of other symptoms like fatigue (55.8%) and mood changes (50.5%) was lower. Knowledge of causes, such as iodine deficiency (58.5%) and autoimmune diseases (48.5%), was moderate, but awareness of preventive measures and treatment options was limited. Only 50.0% of participants knew that regular health check-ups could aid in prevention, and 45.0% were aware of hormone replacement therapy as a common treatment. Overall, 24.5% of participants demonstrated very good knowledge, while 19.0% had poor knowledge. Conclusion: While there is a foundational awareness of thyroid disorders among the population of District Kullu, significant gaps remain in knowledge regarding symptoms, causes, prevention, and management. These findings highlight the need for targeted educational interventions to improve public understanding, promote early diagnosis, and ensure effective management of thyroid disorders in this rural region.

The dangerous and potentially blinding condition known as Acanthamoeba keratitis is caused by free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba. The prevalence of AIDS patients and contact lens wearers has increased in recent years, making cannaeba infections more significant. It's interesting to note that, depending on the parasite, host, and environmental conditions, the pathways linked to Acanthamoeba pathogenesis are frequently extremely complex. Notwithstanding our progress in antibiotic therapy and supportive care, the prevalence of Acanthamoeba keratitis has not decreased

Background: Good hygiene practices are essential in preventing the spread of communicable diseases, particularly among children and adolescents, who are more vulnerable due to their developing immune systems. This study assesses public awareness and knowledge of hygiene practices among parents, educators, and community members to inform public health initiatives aimed at reducing illness in children and adolescents. Material and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2024 in District Solan. A sample of 400 participants, including adults aged 18 years and older, was selected using a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected via a structured online questionnaire that evaluated participants’ knowledge of handwashing, food safety, sanitation, personal hygiene, and community hygiene practices. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge levels. Results: The results indicate a reasonable level of general awareness, with 87.5% of participants recognizing the importance of regular handwashing and 92.5% understanding the necessity of using toilets instead of open defecation. However, gaps were identified in specific areas, such as consistent handwashing before meals (72.5%) and knowledge of food safety practices, including keeping raw and cooked foods separate (75.0%). Overall, 26.3% of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge, while 12.5% had poor knowledge, indicating areas for improvement in public health education. Conclusion: The study highlights significant gaps in the consistent application of good hygiene practices, particularly in food safety and routine handwashing, despite a commendable level of general awareness. These gaps underscore the need for targeted educational interventions in District Solan to enhance hygiene practices and reduce the incidence of preventable illnesses among children and adolescents. By addressing these deficiencies through culturally appropriate public health programs, the overall health of this vulnerable population can be significantly improved.

The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates urgent and comprehensive strategies to preserve the efficacy of existing antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (AMSPs) have emerged as a cornerstone in the fight against AMR, aiming to optimize antibiotic use and minimize the adverse impacts of their misuse. This review explores the multifaceted approach of AMSPs, highlighting their critical role in promoting the judicious use of antibiotics through a structured, multidisciplinary effort. Key components of AMSPs include administrative support, formation of a dedicated AMS team, integration of microbiology and pharmacology laboratory support, utilization of information technology, and adherence to tailored antimicrobial policies. The review delves into both front-end and back-end stewardship strategies, such as formulary restrictions, prospective audit and feedback, and educational interventions, underscoring their significance in altering prescribing behaviors and enhancing patient outcomes. By emphasizing the importance of a coordinated approach to antibiotic stewardship, this article underscores the potential of AMSPs to significantly reduce the incidence of AMR, safeguarding the utility of antimicrobials for future generations. The challenges and opportunities presented by AMSPs are discussed, with a focus on the necessity for ongoing education, compliance monitoring, and the adoption of innovative practices to address the dynamic landscape of antibiotic resistance.

Background: Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO), often referred to as malignant otitis externa (MOE), is a rare but severe infection primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals. This condition can lead to significant morbidity due to its aggressive nature and potential complications, including cranial nerve palsies and intracranial spread.Objective: The objective of this review is to provide an in-depth analysis of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies for SBO/MOE, incorporating the latest advances in the field.Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases like PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus, focusing on studies and case reports published over the last 25 years.Results: SBO/MOE is predominantly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and is characterized by severe otalgia, otorrhea, and progressive cranial nerve deficits. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Conclusion: Despite advancements in imaging and microbiological techniques, SBO/MOE remains a challenging condition to manage. Continued research is essential to develop more effective therapies and diagnostic tools.

Background: Gout is a common and complex form of arthritis that manifests through sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in the joints, often due to high levels of uric acid in the blood. Despite its prevalence, public awareness and understanding of gout, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas, remain limited. This study aims to assess the awareness and knowledge of gout among adults in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, to address myths and enhance disease management.Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2024 in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. The study involved 400 adults, aged 18 and above, who had been residents of the district for at least 12 months. Data were collected using a structured Google form questionnaire, which included questions on socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge about gout. The questionnaire was pre-tested and validated by experts. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software, with results presented in frequencies and percentages.Results: The study revealed that while 78.5% of participants had heard of gout, detailed knowledge of its symptoms, causes, prevention, and management was lacking. Only 64.5% were aware that gout could cause joint tenderness, and 62.0% knew that high uric acid levels could lead to gout. Knowledge about prevention strategies was limited, with only 52.0% recognizing the role of dietary changes, and 44.0% understanding the importance of maintaining a healthy weight. Overall, 24.5% of participants demonstrated very good knowledge, while 19.0% had poor knowledge of gout.Conclusion: The study highlights significant knowledge gaps regarding gout among the public in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. These gaps suggest the need for targeted public health interventions to address myths and misconceptions, promote early diagnosis, and improve disease management. Enhancing public education on gout, particularly its modifiable risk factors, prevention, and treatment, is crucial for reducing the burden of this condition in the region.

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder leading to multisystem abnormalities mainly skeletal, cardiovascular system and ocular manifestations. It has an autosomal dominant inheritancewhich is why familial cases occur frequently. It is caused by mutations in the fibrillin gene present on chromosome 15.1Ocular manifestations are common. These are increased axial length, decreased corneal curvature, greater corneal astigmatism, myopia, ectopia lentis and retinal detachment. The diagnosis of MFS is clinical, but genetic testing is available.2A significant proportion of the patients of the with MFS are initially seen for an ocular pathology mainly decreased vision and diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. Thus, alertness of the ophthalmologists when examining a patient with suspicious ocular findings can help in the early diagnosis. Early diagnosis and management have significantly increased the life expectancy in these patients. These patients should be examined regularly to identify potential complications.

Background: Biocides resistance is one of the global health challenges and the potential of cross-resistance to certain antibiotics, which can lead to hospital-acquired infections and inefficient therapies. Overexpression of efflux systems is one of the important mechanisms of biocides resistance. Materials and Methods: 11 out of 20 isolates of P. aeruginosa subjected to biocides susceptibility test by disk diffusion test, then all 20 isolates tested for evaluation efflux activity by Ethidium bromide cartwheel method, then efflux pumps genes detected by PCR, after that antimicrobial activity of organic acid was investigated by well diffusion method. Results:  11 bacterial isolates which tested against 12 biocides revealed that Pvidone-iodine10% and Climate disinfectant shown (81.82%) reistance, while Povidone-scrub7.5% and spray disinfectant (90.91%). the best biocides is Surgical soap (0%) resistance, the rest of biocides revealed (100%) resistance. Our phenotypic estimation shown that all 20 (100%) isolates revealed efflux pump activity, 14 (70%) positive and 6 (30%) intermediates. Our genotypic results shown that 19 (95%) of isolates have mexB gene, while the qacE Δ1 was observed in all isolates (100%) and none of the isolates (0%) harboured the qacE. the results of organic acid against two isolates revealed that acetic acid and lactic acid have effective antimicrobial activity at a concentration 1.2% and 0.73% respectively, while citric acid, ascorbic acid and sorbic acid revealed antimicrobial activity against one isolate at concentration 0.24%. Conclusions: the prevalence of efflux pump system and its relation to biocides resistance, and can be used organic acid as safer, eco-friendly antiseptics and disinfectants to eradicate biocides resistance P. aerugiosa.