Background: Oral cancer remains a major public health concern in India, particularly in regions where tobacco use-both smoking and smokeless-remains deeply embedded in cultural practices. Shimla, a high-altitude district in Himachal Pradesh, presents a unique epidemiological context due to its rural predominance, traditional habits and limited access to specialized oral healthcare. Despite national awareness campaigns, late diagnosis of oral cancer persists, often due to gaps in public knowledge, misconceptions about early symptoms and inadequate preventive health behavior. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted between January and March 2025 among 400 adult residents of Shimla. Using a structured, bilingual (Hindi and English) online questionnaire, data were collected to evaluate socio-demographic variables, knowledge of oral cancer symptoms, risk factors, screening practices and perception-related behaviors. Respondents were categorized into four knowledge levels based on their awareness scores. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, with attention to demographic variations and gaps in knowledge. Results: The study revealed that 81.0% of participants correctly identified oral cancer as a malignancy of the mouth or throat and 80.0% recognized smoking as a major risk factor. High awareness was noted for symptoms such as non-healing mouth ulcers (84.0%) and for other contributing factors like alcohol use (77.0%), HPV (75.0%) and betel quid chewing (76.0%). However, awareness was lower for early asymptomatic presentation (72.0%), voice changes (68.0%) and recurrence risks (65.0%). Knowledge levels were generally strong, with 37.5% demonstrating very good awareness and 39.5% falling into the good knowledge category, though 23.0% of respondents exhibited only fair or poor understanding. Conclusion: While the foundational knowledge of oral cancer among Shimla residents is encouraging, significant gaps remain in recognizing less visible symptoms and understanding the full disease trajectory. These gaps are more prominent among individuals with lower education or residing in rural settings. To combat this, tailored, grassroots-level interventions are essential-focusing on culturally sensitive messaging, community health worker engagement and the integration of oral cancer awareness into routine dental care and school-based programs.

Background: Stresses caused by the freezing/thawing process may alter the spermatozoa's lipid content in the plasma membrane, leading to elevated levels of oxidative stress. Cryopreserved spermatozoa may recover more quickly from oxidative damage if antioxidants are added to the cryosolution. Objectives: To determine whether coconut water (CW) has any effect on the quality of human sperm after the freezing/thawing process. Methodology: This study included 70 semen samples from men who met the World Health Organization's 2010 criteria for normozoospermia. After seminal fluid analysis, sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), and mitochondrial function were measured. Each sample was cryopreserved with three different concentrations of CW (P1-P3): P1: Only SpermFreezTM –a glycerol-containing cryosolution- (zero- CW). P2: SpermFreezTM and 5% CW. P3: SpermFreezTM and 10% CW. Post-thawing samples were tested for sperm motility, SDF, and mitochondrial activity after a month of vapor-dependent cryopreservation. Results: Total and progressive motility and mitochondrial function were reduced significantly post-thawing compared to fresh samples, while the SDF statistically increased (P < 0.05). Among post-thawing groups, the additive of CW significantly improves motility, SDF, and mitochondrial function compared to the zero-CW group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the additive of 10% CW increased motility and decreased SDF significantly compared to 5% CW, while there was no significant difference observed between 5% and 10% CW regarding mitochondrial function. Conclusion: The addition of coconut water to cryosolution (SpermFreez^TM) improves motility, DNA integrity, and mitochondrial function in human spermatozoa post-cryopreservation.

Water is very important an organic compound in the earth because it enters directly in our life and without water we cannot live, water can polluted due to factories, industrials, waste water, hospitals and another human-made activities, and this pollutants can cause a lot of diseases to human and may cause death, this study were conducted to a sample from sludge water have been took from Erwandana, Pune city, India. This study trying to decrease the water pollution by using microorganisms degrading phenol, Removal of phenol by solvent extraction, adsorption, chemical oxidation, incineration and other non biological methods have serious drawbacks such as high cost and formation of hazardous byproducts. Whereas biological degradation is generally preferred due to lower cost and possibility of complete mineralization. The present method of Bioremediation (as native microorganisms are used for degradation of phenol) is accepted worldwide, as it is an environmentally friendly method. Industrialization leads to a diverse harmful impact on ecology and environment. In favor of developmental purposes, developing countries have to switch industrialization but this must be done in such a way that there should not be any impact or less impact on the environment. Waste management, waste lessening, waste handling should be carried out to trim down the environmental pollution. The present investigation was carried out to see the bioremediation of phenol from sewage water, to analyze sewage water quality parameters, and study the effect of isolated microorganisms on COD, pH, sulfate, TDS etc.