With the growing development of nanotechnology and the increase in exposure to nanoparticles, there is an urgent need for more studies to assess the toxicity caused by these particles to the body and to find ways to avoid their harmful effects. This experiment was designed to estimate the toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on rats hepatic function parameters, and then noting the beneficial effect of Cichorium intybus (CI) on those disorders that may be caused by ZnO-NPs. 24 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, each group comprising 6. CON group without treatment, the ZnO-NPs group received ZnO-NPs, in the ZnO-NPs + CI group animals were co-administered with a combination of ZnO-NPs with CI, and finally the animals of the CI group were dosed only with CI extract. Levels of hepatic biochemical parameters including ALT, AST, and ALP were measured to detect toxic changes in the liver. The study found that ZnO-NPs caused a significant increase in the activity of those serological parameters compared to the control. But it was seen that the combined treatment of CI led to a clearly reduce in the levels of hepatic parameters in the serum. Thus, we can consider Cichorium intybus as a medicinal plant capable of reducing the ZnO-NPs hepatotoxicity in laboratory rats.

This study aimed to the identification of Fifty isolates of Iraqi Carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) collected from the ponds and farms in different locations of Karbala governorate during the summer of 2021 from June to September. Biochemical identification was completed by using the VITEK 2 compact system, depending on several biochemical and physiological test responses. Six groups of rats (6 rats per group) were used to determine the lethal dose of 50 (LD₅₀). All rats infected (virulent) group were injected with (8.4 ⤫ 10⁸ CFU/ml) of virulent Aeromonas veronii. The pathogenesis study showed a significant increase in the experimental (Virulent) group compared with the control group. All rats in the Virulent group suffered from severe clinical signs of diseases and died within 3-4 days. Post mortem examination & bacterial isolation after injection it general congestion and hyperemia of multiple organs, the small intestine mildly congested and hemorrhagic areas, Organs collected were culturally positive for A. vironii.

Aim: One of the commonest bacterial infection that affects all age groups is urinary tract infection. The objective of this study is to know it prevalence among the university undergraduate students. Materials and Methods: Sterile universal bottles were provided to void mid steam urine. This is transported without delay to the laboratory. It is subjected to assay microscopically, cultured with appropriate differential media, subsequently biochemical analysis carried out to identify the isolates. Result: A total number of one hundred and sixty (160) investigated, comprising 80 males and 80 females. Their age ranged from 16 to 30 years. The number of students with urinary tract infection (UTI) were 58 (36.2%) while 102 (63.8%) were asymptomatic. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of students to urinary tract infection (UTI) is 36.2%. Predominantly female students account for 67.2% of the populace while 32.8% were male.

Background: The present study was done to evaluate the pattern of various clinical specimens from the patients admitted in intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital, their positivity and isolated organisms. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of Microbiology Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital where in the various clinical samples received from various ICUs were analysed. The duration of the study was from 14^th January 2019 to 13^th January 2020. Results: A total of 2458 samples were processed out of which 766 (31.16%) were found to be culture positive, sterile were 1463 (59.52%) and contaminants were found in 229 (9.32%). Among all isolates gram negative bacteria were most common, followed by Candida spp. and gram positive bacteria. Maximum number of samples obtainedwere of blood (52.31%).Most common culture positive clinical specimen in the present study was pus (63.49%) followed by endotracheal secretions (59.31%). Gram negative bacteria (91.96%) were predominant in endotracheal secretions, gram positive bacteria (100%) predominated in CSF, and Candida (53.58%) was predominant in blood samples. The most common bacteria isolated in the present study were Klebsiella pneumoniae followed by Non fermenter group of organism. Klebsiella pneumoniae was also found to be the most common isolate from blood, endotracheal secretions, pus and drain whereas in urine Enterococcus faecium and Escherichia coli were found to be predominant isolates. Conclusion: Maximum number ofsamples obtained were of blood and the Most common culture positive clinical specimen in the present study was pus followed by endotracheal secretions.

Background: The profile of organisms causing ICU infections varies widely one country to the other, one hospital to another and even amongst different ICUs of the same hospital.The present study attempts to know the bacteriological profile of bacterial isolates from ICU patients in our institution. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of Microbiology Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital where in the clinical samples received from various ICUs were analysed for bacteriological profile. The duration of the study was from 14^th January 2019 to 13^th January 2020. Results: The age distribution of the patients whose samples were sent was age ranged from 1day to 90 years. Numbers of males were more compared to females. A total of 2458 samples were processed out of which 766 (31.16%) were found to be culture positive, sterile were 1463 (59.52%) and contaminants were found in 229 (9.32%). Among all isolates gram negative bacteria were most common, followed by Candida spp. and gram positive bacteria. Positivity rate was maximum from general ICU 58.36% followed by sick neonatal care unit 25.06% and lowest positivity rate was seen from respiratory ICU 16.66%.The percentage of gram negative bacteria were maximum from HDU (80%), gram positive bacteria were found to be maximum from CTVS-ICU (27.27%) and Candida were maximum from pediatric ICUs (83.08%). In pediatric ICUs highest percentage of Candida spp. were isolated from NICU (64.28%) followed by PICU (60.14%) and SNCU (60%).From GICU Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common isolate followed by Non fermenter group of organism. Klebsiella pneumoniae was also the commonest isolate from HDU, SNCU and NICU. Whereas Non fermenter group of organism was common in RICU and CTVS ICU. In PICU Escherichia coli was the most common isolate.Conclusion: A periodic surveillance of the ICUs is thus essential as many of the pathogens are not incubating in the patient at the time of admission but are transmitted by the hands of the treating physicians and other inanimate objects that are used during invasive procedures.

The Ockhi cyclone was one of the unforeseen events which intensely affected all normal lives. It has been believed that the characteristics of seawater would alter due to cyclones. As water is considered essential for survival, it needs to be monitored so that the organism that lives in it would have a carefree life which will result in more productivity. Water samples collected from the Colachel harbor were investigated for Physico-chemical analysis by following standard procedures. The surface temperature of seawater during the analysis was 29°C±2.0 when compared with the before cyclone it was increased by 10.3%(p<0.05), the pH range was 8.6±0.2 but when it was compared with the before cyclone there was 9.3% (p<0.05) increase in pH was noticed, the seawater salinity is 31 ppt±2.0 (p<0.05), the dissolved oxygen is one of the most important qualities of water and it was recorded as 5.4 mg/l^-1±0.2 which is found to be higher by 12.9%(p<0.05) when compared with the previous cyclone, the amount of ammonia present in the seawater was 0.022 mg/l^-1±0.002 when compared with the before cyclone it was decreased by -22.7%(p>0.05), the concentration of nitrite in the collected seawateris1.69 mg/l^-1±0.02 but when compared to before cyclone it was reported to increase by 40.8%(p<0.05), the level of silicate in the study area was0.661mg/l^-1±0.002 but when compared with the before cyclonic data, a decrease in trend was noticed by -7.4%(p>0.05).

Plastics are commonly used product without knowing much of its adverse effects. Their presence in marine interferes with the life forms of aquatic ecosystem and cause unimaginable crux. Plastics ends up in the aquatic environment leads to breakdown of larger into small plastic particles and fibres in the environment called microplastics which are further bioaccumulated into different marine life forms and then biomagnified in various trophic levels in food chain and food web. The Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve is a biological paradise inhabited with unique organisms which need to be preserved. To avoid the future detrimental effects of microplastic, it is necessary to assess its distribution and hence this study has been carried out. Samples from 12 islands were collected, separated, cleaned, and examined for the presence of plastics and then analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for the confirmation of polymer. The study reveals that, the microplastics were mostly derived from plastic bottles, plastic bags, fishing net, buoys and abundantly present in sediments of 10 islands followed by seagrass in Krusadai island and seaweed in Appa island. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis reveals that, the microplastic size ranged from 0.8 to 1.0mm in diameter and the derivatives are polyurethane, high density polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate.

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) is a rare tumor with hepatocellular differentiation arising from extrahepatic tissue. Morphologically this tumor exhibits both adenocarcinomatous and hepatocellular differentiation and most of the tumors shows immunohistochemical staining for alpha-fetoprotein or elevated AFP levels. HAC of gall bladder is very rarely reported in literature. Tumor is most commonly found in stomach as a specific subtype of primary gastric carcinoma with occasional reports describing location in other organs like lung, kidney, female reproductive tract, pancreas and gall bladder. Here we present a case of 61 year old female patient with HAC gall bladder.

Introduction: Until the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, TB was the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. TB is present in all countries and age groups. But TB is curable and preventable. Its persistent morbidity and mortality burden remains one of the major public health challenges in India. Globally, TB incidence is falling at about 2% per year and between 2015 and 2020 the cumulative reduction was 11%. This was over half way to the End TB Strategy milestone of 20% reduction between 2015 and 2020. United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO’s End-TB strategy aims to end the global TB epidemic with targets to reduce TB deaths by 95% and to cut new cases by 90% by 2035 globally. India’s National Strategic plan 2017–2025 aims to achieve a TB free India, 5 years ahead of the global elimination plan. As it may take some time to achieve TB free status, in order to motivate States/Districts, interim recognition is also being given under the bronze, silver and gold categories based on improvement in TB score, increase in NNT and TB drug sale data. Methodology: This is an observational, descriptive study based on secondary data retrieved from Nikshay portal. The study population includes patients notified for tuberculosis from January 2017 through December 2021. The data was entered into Microsoft excel spreadsheet and was analyzed using Epi-info version 7. Due permissions were taken from higher authorities for data collection and publication. Results: A total of 3721 TB patients were notified between January 2017 to December 2021. A total of 3721 TB patients were notified during this period in the district. The mean age of study participants was 47±9.5 years. Majority (2577 i.e., 69%) of them were males. 298 (8%) were smokers, 59 (1.6%) were contacts of confirmed Tb case, 63 (1.7%) were migrant workers. Out of the total 95 patients were having drug resistant of any kind. 40 of them were put on Mono-H resistant regimen, 37 were on shorter MDR regimen, 8 on conventional MDR regimen, 7 on all longer oral regimen and 3 were on XDR regimen. Treatment success rate was 88%, NNT was 9 in 2017 and 14.2 in 2021. Annual TB incidence was 187 per lakh in 2017 and 165 in 2021. 70% patients were having Pulmonary TB, 1.3% were HIV positive, 11% were Diabetic and gap in notification for the district was almost 30% for each year. Conclusion and Recommendations: There is a need for rigorous efforts in diagnostic, treatment, ACSM activities to achieve the End TB strategy targets of TB elimination in the country till 2025.

The synergistic effect of COVID-19 and NCDs has the potential to augment the global burden of the disease. People living with NCDs like diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney diseases, heart failure, cancer or any other cardiovascular disease are more prone for acquiring severe infection due to COVID-19. With this background, a study was done on a population more than18 years of age by an online survey, to assess the possible hurdles in management of NCDs during COVID-19 pandemic. The study observed the lack of physical exercise as a major risk factor. It was reported that there was difficulty in seeking the services of a doctor, there was insufficient staff in the hospitals to provide primary healthcare services during the lockdown period. Telemedicine consultation on the other hand has proved to be useful for the individuals and study showed that there was easy accessibility. The prevention and management of NCDs during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a challenge for the whole world. There is an utmost need to strengthen the primary healthcare services and alleviate people’s fear about living with NCDs during COVID-19.

Background: A limited number of randomized controlled trials available on comparison of efficacy of Nasal Fluticasone and Combination Therapy of Montelukast and Levocetirizine in allergic rhinitis patients. Therefore, we conducted the present study to compare the efficacy of intranasal Fluticasone and oral Levocetrizine and Montelukast therapy in treatment of allergic rhinitis. Material and Methods: The study was a prospective randomized, single blinded, comparative, parallel group study, with two intervention groups conducted at Civil Hospital Jogindernagar of Himachal Pradesh, India. A total of Fifty patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis was randomly allocated to either  Group A receiving oral Montelukast and Levocetrizine or Group B receiving  Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and followed up for 6 weeks. Recovery status after 6 weeks was taken as primary outcome variables. Results: Among Group A , maximum patients 11(44%) were in age group of 31-40 years while in Group B maximum patients were in age group of 21-30 years.(p value 0.004) . Among both groups maximum patients were females i.e. in Group A , 14(56%)  patients were in  female while in Group B  17(68%) patients were females.(p value 0.561) Among both groups maximum patients  had symptoms of  Sneezing & Headache  i.e. in Group A , 16(64%)  patients had symptoms of  Sneezing & Headache  while in Group B  19 (76%) patients had symptoms of  Sneezing & Headache  .(p value 0.215) .Among Group A , Inferior turbinate hypertrophy was present in 14(56%) patients while in Group B Inferior turbinate hypertrophy was present in 18(72%)  patients.(p value 0.377) Among Group A , Recovery at 6 weeks was occurred in 9 (36%)  patients while in Group B Recovery at 6 weeks  was occurred  in 17(68 %) patients.(p value 0.046). Conclusion: Study concluded that there was statistically significant recovery at 6 weeks occurred in patients who were given intranasal fluticasone sparay as compared to patients who were given oral Montelukast and Levocetrizine tablets.