Graves' disease (GD) represents one of the most prevalent autoimmune disorders affecting the thyroid gland. Our investigation aimed to evaluate serum levels and the DNA methylation in the promoter regions of INF-γ in patients with GD compared to healthy controls. Methods: Blood samples were collected to measure serum levels of TSH, TPO antibodies, and cytokines (INF-γ), followed by DNA extraction and bisulfite conversion for methylation analysis using Methylation-Specific PCR (MSP). Results: Non-significant differences were noted between groups regarding age distribution or gender. Serum analysis revealed significantly lower mean TSH levels in GD patients, Additionally, there is statistically significant increase in INF-γ among GD patients compared to controls. Analysis of DNA methylation patterns showed hypomethylated INF-γ promoter regions with statistically non-significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: INF-γ is elevated significantly in GD patients and promoter regions were hypomethylated, although the difference in methylation did not reach statistical significance. This finding indicates that methylation in INF-γ promoter may has a critical role in the gene regulation.

Key Findings: This study suggests that phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) (a female reproductive hormone disorder affecting millions of women of reproductive age with a global prevalence ranging from 4-20% based on diagnostic criteria) in the serum of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can be used as a biomarker to detect PCOS and compare it with healthy women and study its relationship with some vitamins, electrolytes, and minerals. The results indicated an increase in the levels of both phoenixin-14 and barium in the serum of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, while a significant decrease in the concentrations of (calcium, potassium, lithium, sodium) and vitamins (C, D3, E) in the serum of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at a probability level (p≤ 0.05) compared to healthy women. What is Known and What is New: A well-known aspect of this summary is the crucial role of phoenixin-14 in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The novel contribution is to explore phoenixin-14(PNX-14) as a potential biomarker for PCOS, along with the study of biochemical and clinical parameters in PCOS patients, providing insights into modern diagnostic approaches and potential clinical implications.