Introduction and Importance of the Research

Athletics is one of a group of sports that depend in particular on basic physical abilities and examples of these activities include (running, jumping and throwing). Athletics is one of the most important and oldest competitions in history in general, as it is considered an important part of the ancient Olympic events for more than 2700 years and is also known as the (Queen of Sports) due to the diversity of its competitions as well as its important and major role in shaping sports in general. Athletics includes a wide variety of events, the most prominent and important of which are running races of various distances (short, medium, long) and other jumping competitions including   (long   jump,    pole    vault)    in   addition    to throwing competitions including (discus throw, javelin throw), which require such sports high physical fitness, endurance and accuracy in motor technique in terms of technique. Athletics championships are held in tracks designated for this purpose, which are among the most prominent events in international championships such as the Olympic, continental and world games, which reflect the essence of human competition between them by challenging athletes to their physical and psychological abilities and thus achieving achievements. The 1500m running event is an event in which the aerobic and anaerobic systems participate, but to a large extent the aerobic system and this event’s race is a special endurance race (speed endurance, strength endurance and performance endurance). The longer the race distance, the shorter the stride length and frequency, as the average stride is (125-215 cm) with a frequency rate of (175-185) steps per minute. One of the important factors that play a major role in stride length is the angle of the trunk’s inclination, which is (5-10) degrees forward. This runner uses a method close to the technique of the (800m) event, but as a result of the length of the race distance compared to the 800m race, it is necessary to relax more from this method so that the runner can be effective over the entire race distance. The average time for this event is (3.47.5) with an average of 65 seconds for 400m and 32.5 seconds for every 200m, so the runner must run within a specific rhythm to reach this specific time, as changing the time of running short distances may lead to an imbalance in the total time of the race, which is why racing rabbits appeared more in these events (phantom runners) [1].

The 1500-meter race is one of the important and famous races in running sports in particular and athletics in general. It is considered one of the medium-distance races, which is considered to combine speed and endurance and requires players to have a high ability to distribute effort in a manner that is proportional to the distance of 1500 meters while maintaining speed in competition between them. This race is usually held on a track designated for athletics, where runners participate seeking to achieve the best possible time. Therefore, the race requires the player to have an accurate strategy that includes distributing effort over the different stages of the race, knowing that runners often start at an average pace and then their speed increases in the final distance of the race, especially in the last lap of the stadium. Therefore, the importance of the research came in focusing on aerobic capacity training (special endurance), which represents the largest proportion in this event related to the stages of the 1500-meter race, as these stages require special aerobic endurance capabilities and what is related to them are some biokinematic indicators that players need in the race, such as maintaining the length and frequency of the stride The resulting speed rate and thus maintaining the acceleration acquired by the players, despite the fact that the length of the race distance requires endurance according to the target time, which is done by determining the intensity of training for the race distances and thus achieving the required time after completing the training that was prepared on the basis of the time for the event.

Research Problem

Through researchers' observation in many local sports championships in athletics, especially the 1500-meter running event, there is a weakness in some biokinematic indicators and the player's aerobic capacity (special endurance) and what follows from that of the player making incorrect mechanical movements related to the length of the steps, their number, their frequency, etc. while running in the race for the different stages, especially in the final stages of the race, which require the player to maintain the level and not drop in speed and thus what was mentioned led to a decrease in the level of performance among the competitors, which in turn leads to the players losing a lot of time and not achieving the achievement. After reviewing the training that was prepared by the coaches, it was found that they were of a traditional pattern that did not improve the body's muscular activity, through which muscle work could be improved and the ideal achievement could be achieved. Because this activity is performed at medium and less than medium intensity, which the player must maintain speed throughout the race distance without reducing it, therefore the focus in training should be on developing the player's physical abilities (special endurance), as endurance of speed in general for the activity from the aerobic and anaerobic abilities of the movements is very necessary because it consists of two elements, endurance and speed endurance and through what was mentioned, the researchers will prepare special training for special aerobic endurance abilities according to the effect of the target time for the activity in improving some biokinematic and endurance indicators for the advanced category racing players, which is one of the scientific solutions in training that positively affects achieving the highest levels for players in the 1500-meter running race.

Research Objectives 

• Prepare special training according to the effect of the target time in improving the players' aerobic and anaerobic abilities (special endurance) and accomplishing a 1500-meter running event for advanced athletes 
• Identify the biokinematic indicators according to the effect of the target time and accomplishing a 1500-meter running event for advanced athletes
• Identifying the effect of the proposed special training according to the target time in improving some of the player's abilities (special endurance) and achieving the 1500-meter event for advanced athletes

Research Hypotheses

• There are significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in the biokinematic indicators and achievement of the two research groups in the 1500-meter running event for advanced athletes
• There are significant differences between the pre- and post-tests according to the effect of the target time in improving the players' abilities (special endurance) and achievement in the 1500-meter running event for advanced athletes
• There are significant differences between the post-tests in the biokinematic indicators and the target time for achievement between the two research groups in the 1500-meter running event for advanced athletes

The human field of the national team players in athletics for the 1500-meter running event for advanced athletes for the 2022-2023 season. The spatial scope is the stadium of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences-Al-Qadisiyah University. The temporal scope is from (10/7/2024) to (12/26/2024).

Research Areas

Human Scope

National team players in athletics for the 1500-meter running event who applied for the 2022-2023 season.

Human Scope

The stadium of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences-Al-Qadisiyah University.

Temporal Scope

From (10/7/2024) to (12/26/2024).

Research Methodology and Field Procedures

Research Methodology

The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equivalent groups with a pre-test and post-test to suit the research problem.
Research Community and Sample

The research community was selected, which is the players of the elite national team for the 1500-meter running event, who advanced for the 2022-2023 season, numbering (12) players, who were deliberately selected from the research community and represented 100% of this community. The researcher divided them randomly by lottery into two equal groups, with (6) players for each group, one of which is the experimental group and the other the control group. This is to suit the research problem. All attempts were subjected to analysis and processing, in order to find homogeneity and equivalence for the research sample between the two groups. The research conducted homogeneity in the variables (total height, trunk length, weight, leg length, age, training age) (Table 1).

From Table 2, the variables appeared equivalent because all values ​​appeared to have a random significance between the measurements between the experimental and control groups.

Tools and Devices Used in the Research

• Arab and foreign sources.
• Internet information network
• Information registration form
• Tests for the motor performance of the event
• Personal interviews
• Tape to measure height
• Scale to measure weight
• Stopwatches number (6) to calculate the players' times
• Modern video camera type (Casio) 300 images/minute number (4)
• Whistle
• Colored tapes to determine distances

Field Research Procedures

Determining Special Physical Abilities and their Tests

The physical tests for the performance stages in the 1500-meter running event were chosen, which aim to develop the runner's abilities for endurance, speed and strength within the various stages of the race. Each stage of the race

Table 1: 

Table 2: The equivalence between the experimental and control groups in some of the players’ special physical abilities

Significance level at (0.05) and degree of freedom (10)

requires a specific set of physical abilities and the tests are divided based on these stages to determine the runner's readiness, as two (6) timers were adopted so that the timing is from the start of the 1500m event and ends at the end of each test, as follows:

• The first stage: Start distance (0-300 m):
  • (Maximum speed test): Running a distance of 100 meters or 200 meters at maximum speed and recording the time running a distance of 300 meters at the pace of the 1500m race from standing
  • Purpose of the test: Measuring the time of the 300m distance at maximum starting speed from the 1500m starting line
  • Objective of the test: Measuring the runner's ability to start at high speed
  • Tools used: Stopwatch, whistle, measuring tape, time recording form, indicators to determine the start and end of the test

  • Performance method: The tester stands at the 1500m starting line and upon hearing the start signal, the timer starts timing and the test ends at the end of the 300m distance in the 1500m race, where the runner's ability to reach his maximum speed quickly and efficiently without exerting extra effort is measured. The biokinematic indicators at this distance are measured through timing and recording by the camera (video)

     

• The second stage: Maintaining a constant pace (300-800 m):
  • (Aerobic endurance test): Running a distance of 1000-2000m at a slightly lower race pace and recording the time
  • Purpose of the test: Measure the aerobic endurance capacity for a distance of 1000m from the start of the 1500m race
  • Objective of the test: Measure the runner's ability to maintain a constant pace for a long time using aerobic energy
  • Tools used: Time recording form, stopwatch, whistle, measuring tape, indicators to determine the start and end of the test

  • Performance method: The tester stands at the 1500m starting line and upon hearing the start signal, the timer starts timing and the test ends at the end of 1000 m within the 1500 m race and the time is recorded while maintaining a constant pace without a significant decrease in performance. The biokinematic indicators are measured at this distance through timing and recording by the camera (video):

     

Exploratory Experiment

The exploratory experiment is one of the important experiments before conducting the main experiment, as  it  is  used  to  identify  the  negatives  and  positives that  the  researcher  may  face  during  the  application of  the  test  to  avoid  errors,  as  it  is  considered  a mini-experiment of the main experiment and its purpose is:

• The validity of the devices and tools used

• The efficiency of the auxiliary staff

• Knowing the capabilities of the test sample

• The circumstances surrounding the experiment

• The obstacles facing the researcher during the performance of the test

The exploratory experiment was conducted on the players on Monday (10/13/2024) after determining the test and biokinematic indicators, including the 800-meter running test on the research sample members with the auxiliary staff in the stadium of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Qadisiyah University.

The First Field Experiment (Pre-test)

The researcher conducted the pre-test on Sunday (10/21/2024) at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences stadium at Al-Qadisiyah University at nine o'clock in the morning as follows:

• Measuring the achievement of the 1500-meter running event, where the physical abilities specific to the stages of performing the 1500-meter running were measured through this test as follows

• The first maximum speed through a time of 200 meters at the maximum and the number of its steps

• Aerobic endurance capacity through a time of 1000 meters and the number of its steps

• Lactate tolerance capacity through 600 meters and the number of its steps

• Gradual running ability through 400 meters and the number of its steps

• Maximum speed ability after fatigue through 1200 meters and the number of its steps

• Achievement of the 1500-meter run

• Biokinematic variables were extracted, which are the average step length and frequency in each distance and the average speed in it

Main Experiment

The researcher prepared proposed exercises for aerobic endurance training according to the effect of the target time on the biokinematic variables of the 1500m running event. After reviewing the scientific sources and taking into account the opinions of experts and specialists in the sports field, which is related to athletics in this field, a time of (3:49:00 minutes) or (229 seconds) was determined as a target time for aerobic training for the research sample after reviewing the regulations of the Athletics Federation, where the intensity, repetitions and rest time were determined, which achieves improvement in aerobic capacity according to the target time, as follows:

• The targeted time (3:49:00), which is equivalent to converting it to seconds (229 seconds)

• We extract the runner's speed rate according to this time through the following law: Speed ​​= distance/time, which is 1500/235 = 6.38 m/s

We extract the maximum times for any training distance according to the target speed rate above and it is as in Figure 1.

The Second Field Experiment (Post-test)

After completing the application of the training curriculum, aerobic training with special physical abilities on the sample, the main experiment (post-test) was conducted on Wednesday, corresponding to (10/1/2023) under the same field conditions and measurements that were conducted in the first field experiment (pre-test) and on the field of the College of Physical Education at Al-Qadisiyah University at nine o'clock in the morning and the players were photographed while performing the 1500-meter running event, as it was taken into account that the competition between the players would be at a high level.

Statistical Methods

• Arithmetic mean

• Standard deviation

• (t) test for independent samples

• Skewness

• Median

Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of the Results

Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of the Results of the Distance Tests

Table 3 shows the results of the arithmetic means, standard deviations, differences between means and (t) values ​​between the pre- and post-tests of the two research groups (control and experimental) in the tests for different distances.

Table 3 shows the differences between the pre- and post-tests   of   the   experimental    group    for    distance   tests (maximum speed for a distance of 300 m-zigzag running for a distance of 400 m-lactate tolerance for 600 m-aerobic tolerance for a distance of 1000-maximum speed after stress 1200 m-completion of running 1500 m) where it is noted that all the differences were significant for the distances and in favor of the post-test according to the differences in the arithmetic means between the two tests, except for (step frequency distances for a distance of 300 m as well as the average step length for a distance of 400 m) where insignificant differences appeared, at degree of freedom (5) and significance level (0.05) for the two tests.

Figure 1: Flow chart showing field experiment and video recording

Discussion of the variables that showed significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group, as follows:

• In the first stage of the 300 m test, the reason for this is that this stage is considered one of the important stages in the 1500 m race when the player starts running and the race is decided and the achievement is achieved in it and it is possible that it is affected by the development of anaerobic endurance capabilities, as the training that was applied to the members of the experimental group achieved its goal in terms of the development of the 300 m distance time, speed rate and stride length at the expense of the stride frequency rate in a significant way better than the results of the control group, which is one of the main goals of using speed and speed endurance training in terms of the targeted goal. The researcher believes that the training should be towards developing speed endurance according to the aerobic system, especially the variables of frequency rate and stride length for this stage of the race

   

• Regarding this stage of the 400-meter test, it is noted that the values ​​of (t) for the variables of this test were all significant except for the variable of the average length of the steps, in favor of the post-test for the experimental group. Running a distance of 400 meters, i.e. a full lap, requires high endurance from the players from the beginning of the race until its end and this appears from the beginning of the first stages of the race and is done with the least possible effort. This does not come arbitrarily, but rather as a result of correct and appropriate training for this stage without   a   decrease   in   speed,   but   rather   remains

 Table 3: Differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group for the distances
 

Under degree of freedom (5) and error level ≥0.05, (maximum speed for a distance of 300 m, zigzag running for a distance of 400 m, lactate tolerance for 600 m, aerobic tolerance for a distance of 1000, maximum speed after fatigue 1200 m, completion of running 1500 m

in extension of the remaining stages represented by the anaerobic capacity for a distance of 400. The further the player advances in the race, the more the load on the physiological functional systems increases and thus lactic acid is generated, which leads to fatigue. Through skilled training, it leads to a high-level physical preparation and enables him to maintain the speed he acquired during the first stages of the race until the final stages. Here, the importance of the runner’s long anaerobic capacity appears to maintain his speed, which requires strong and better performance in order to achieve good achievement [4]

• As for the 600-meter test stage, it is noted from the table above that all variables showed significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test, if it was noted that the speed rate tended to increase in this stage and the reason for that was the repeated training that led to general endurance and also a development appeared in the rate of step length. The researcher believes that the players deliberately took larger steps at the expense of speed frequency in an appropriate manner so that they could obtain sufficient capacity and maintain the speed acquired from the previous stages and that reaching the appropriate speed requires the players to achieve a balance and close ratios between the length and frequency of the step. This does not come from nothing, but rather from organized training that is based on scientific foundations. Also, the time to complete the 600-meter distance developed significantly in the post-test and this indicates that the training bears the lactic acid did its job

   

• The 1000-meter test stage showed all variables with significant differences in terms of their significance, which confirms that the aerobic endurance training achieved its purpose in terms of its performance. This is clearly evident from the differences in the arithmetic means between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test, where a noticeable development is shown in terms of the distance of the race time, the rate and length of the steps and the special aerobic training according to the target time, which was relied upon during the training, which helped to mobilize the muscle fibers to participate in the muscular work, as well as improve the neuromuscular coordination within the muscle and between the muscle groups. This is clearly evident from the results

   

• The 1200-meter test stage, the table above and through the differences between the arithmetic means of the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group, all the variables related to the maximum stress test after the stress of the 1200-meter distance appeared to be significant in terms of influence, as a result of the mentioned race distance, which is close to completing the 1500-meter race according to the target time for special aerobic training, which led to a noticeable change in the muscle fibers in terms of their performance forming the muscle or muscle groups, as the repeated training for this distance led to the development of the physical requirements of the race in order to achieve the qualitative efficiency of training as well as control over the training rules and this improvement is significant in the variables above

   

• For 1500 meters completion distance, it is noted from the table above that there are significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in favor of the post-test in all variables for this distance. The previous stages are an inevitable result of this stage and all that occurred in terms of development in the speed rate, frequency rate and length of steps had a positive effect on this stage. Therefore, the results showed significant differences in terms of their arithmetic means. The resort to phased training (different stages) according to the time used according to specific timings for the race to determine the required intensity is to develop all the available individual capabilities of the players in order to improve performance and thus achieve the achievement in the shortest possible time according to these special trainings, which depend on aerobic training more than anaerobic training due to the nature of the race that requires the players to bear the speed and distribute the effort correctly. It is necessary to rely on the target time in determining the required intensity of training to estimate the required speed in each stage of the race, as well as to pay attention to the players' special abilities in terms of speed, frequency rate and length of steps, which are related to the change in force during the moment of pushing the ground with the foot while running, as each is affected by the other in each stage of the race, thus achieving the required achievement from the players as a result of the integration of performance

The Table 4 shows that the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of the pre- and post-test for the control group in the variables under study for the distance tests (maximum speed for a distance of 300 m-zigzag running for a distance of 400 m, lactate tolerance for 600 m, aerobic endurance for a distance of 1000, maximum speed after stress 1200 m, completion of running 1500 m) and the tabular value was greater than its calculated (t) value for the variables, which indicates that the differences are random between the two tests because the training that was prepared by the researcher did not have an effect on the variables studied during these distances.

Presenting the results of the arithmetic means, standard deviations, differences between means and (t) values ​​between the post-tests for the two research groups (control and experimental) in the tests for different distances.

The Table 5 shows that the differences between the arithmetic means in the distance tests of the control and experimental groups, where there were significant differences in each of the following variables (maximum speed for a distance of 300 m, zigzag running for a distance of 400 m, lactic endurance 600 m, aerobic endurance for  a  distance  of  1000,  maximum  speed  after

Table 4: Differences between the pre- and post-tests of the control group for distances

Under degree of freedom (5) and error level ≥0.05, (maximum speed for a distance of 300 m, zigzag running for a distance of 400 m, lactic endurance for 600 m, aerobic endurance for a distance of 1000, maximum speed after fatigue 1200 m, 1500 m running achievement)

Table 5: Results of the differences in the post-tests between the experimental and control groups for the distances

Under degree of freedom (4) and level of error ≥0.05, (maximum speed for a distance of 300 m, zigzag running for a distance of 400 m, lactic endurance for 600 m, Aerobic endurance for a distance of 1000, maximum speed after fatigue for 1200 m, completion of running for 1500 m)

stress 1200 m, completion of running 1500 m) and in favor of the post-test of the experimental group at degree of freedom 4 and level of significance 0.05, meaning that the level of these variables has developed significantly on the members of the experimental group, except for the variables of the following distance tests (step length rate for a distance of 300 m, step frequency rate for a distance of 1000 m, step frequency rate for a distance of 1200 m, step frequency rate for a distance of 1500 m appeared insignificant.

Discussion of the variables that showed significant differences between the two groups:

• Three hundred meters distance time: This stage is considered important in the race and the most influential in determining the result and achieving the achievement of this competition, as this stage is greatly affected by anaerobic endurance capabilities in terms of development in particular and the special training that was applied to the members of the experimental group achieved good results (it worked to increase the frequency of the step during this distance and thus the speed developed, i.e. (speed rate) during the speed endurance stage, which is the last stage of performance and the speed drop during it is a natural thing compared to previous distances) [3], which led to reducing the time taken to cover the distance and this may be explained (on the basis that the runner who covers short distances at high speed can cover longer distances at a lower speed and this may be a result of the method prepared by the coach who worked to develop speed endurance and this is one of the aspects of evaluating the level of training) [5]. Therefore, the training method with the target time can contribute to raising the effectiveness of training significantly, which leads to progress in the level of short anaerobic capacity [2]

   

• Four hundred meters test time: The results of the variables related to the test were affected by the training for anaerobic endurance for this distance according to the target time and also through the results that appeared, they were somewhat consistent with the development that occurred in the level of variables specific to this stage, as the performance of the nature of the training for this distance by the members of the experimental group led to a link with a large response of the muscle fibers of the muscles in order to carry out the motor duty according to the target time for the conditions of anaerobic endurance for muscle work and the special exercises in this stage of the race led to the extension of the muscle fibers with energy sources according to a limited period of time, which led to the development of the results of the speed rate and speed frequency in improving the achievement of the members of the experimental group compared to the members of the control group and it is also noted that the step length variable did not change (because the development of this variable cannot be at the expense of the step frequency variable even if there was a slight improvement in it) [6]

   

• Six Hundred meters test time: Most runners increase the frequency of steps and reduce the length of the step at this stage of the race and through the results, which showed that the members of the experimental group were at a high level in terms of speed rates, which made their results develop significantly with respect to the moral variables as a result of applying special training according to the target time

   

• One thousand meters test time: At this stage, it is noted that the rates of step length and speed achieved good results at the expense of the frequency of the step and the reason for this is that the training that was prepared by the researcher caused a noticeable change in the muscle fibers of the motor muscle work of the members of the experimental group at the expense of the control group and thus it is reflected in the results achieved in the race and this is the desired goal of the training that caused a development in the achievement

   

• Twelve hundred meters distance test time: It is noted from the table that the special training for maximum speed after fatigue in this stage depended mainly on aerobic endurance training, which requires players to train well and correctly to withstand the high capacity of the race in this stage and thus the players' stride length rates developed significantly and noticeably, which is considered a prelude to the next stage of the race

   

• Fifteen hundred meters distance time: This stage of the race is considered an inevitable result of the previous stages that were mentioned, that is, precisely, the special training, whether anaerobic or aerobic endurance training according to the target time, in which the researcher relied on speed training and speed endurance, helped to mobilize the muscle fibers involved in muscular work and also led to an improvement in neuromuscular work within the muscle in particular and between it and the working muscle groups in general, which caused a significant development for the members of the experimental group compared to the control group and this is what was observed through the results that appeared in the table

• The researcher concluded that there is a clear improvement in the anaerobic endurance of the first stage of the biokinematic indicators (300-meter distance time, 400-meter distance time) in both the speed variables and the frequency of steps for the post-test for the experimental group compared to the control group

• There is a clear effect of special training according to the effect of the target time that led to an improvement in the indicators and long aerobic capacity represented by running a distance (1000 meters, 1200 meters) for the experimental group

• Training using running with time and target speed and in a high-intensity method led to the development of biokinematic indicators (frequency and length of steps) in all stages of technical performance in the 1500-meter race

• The researcher concluded that the training used by the experimental group had an effective impact in developing the biokinematic indicators of digital achievement

• It  was  found  that  training  with  three  training units per week according to the effect of the target time for the muscle groups involved in muscle work led to improving muscle endurance and achievement

• The variable of stride length for a distance (1000 meters time, 1200 meters distance time) improved significantly in the experimental group

• Each of the variables of speed, step frequency and time for covering distances of 300 meters, 400 meters and 600 meters for the experimental group led to a significant improvement that was consistent with the players' physical abilities related to the effectiveness

• The emergence of the development of muscle endurance for a distance of 600 meters in the post-tests of the experimental group as a result of standardized training by speed and target time

• The training was effective and fast in developing the player's ability to start and accelerate for a distance of 300 meters as a result of training according to the target time

• The result of standardized and scientific training by means of anaerobic and aerobic endurance abilities for the different stages of the race according to the target time for the mentioned distances led to the development of the players' performance and thus achieving the required achievement

Recommendations

• The researcher recommends conducting studies aimed at analyzing the movements of the players' steps during the race, as well as the length and frequency of the step, as it is the important and main factor in achieving and deciding the achievement

• Preparing special exercises according to the target time in order to develop the biokinematic indicators and achieve the 1500-meter running event

• Paying attention to giving exercises according to the method prepared by the researcher to develop the speed endurance of 1500-meter runners

• Paying attention to the exercises specific to the long and medium aerobic capacity of 1500-meter runners

• Emphasizing when training according to the target time to develop the kinematic indicators that are related to the effectiveness of the 1500-meter running event

• Emphasizing the use of special exercises with the addition of modern things according to the target time to increase the effectiveness of the exercises that affect the physical, physiological and biomechanical abilities that affect the race

• The necessity of working on linking the biomechanical indicators related to the players' steps (step length and frequency) with the physiological indicators when training the players in the 1500-meter running event

• Conducting similar research for different running events in order to develop the aerobic endurance specific to the biomechanical indicators according to the target time

• Preparing special exercises for different running events that work on developing muscle work and muscle groups according to the target time for the event

Appendix 1: A table showing the exercises used during the special preparation period for the 1500 m event competitors

1. Al-Janabi, Akram Hussein. Technical and Biomechanical Analysis of the Men's Decathlon and Women's Heptathlon and Training Methods. 1st ed., Iraqi Library and Documents, 2010, p. 76.

2. Abdul Maqsoud, Sayed. Sports Training-Strength Training Physiology. Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 1996, p. 307.

3. Al-Ali, Hussein and Amer Fakher Ashghati. Strategies of Sports Training Methods and Techniques. Al-Noor Library, 2010, p. 252.

4. Al-Fahdawi, Saad Mohammed Khalil. The Effect of Proposed Training Curricula to Develop the Final Stage of Special Endurance in Achieving the 110m Hurdles. Master’s thesis, University of Baghdad, 2001, p. 14.

5. Thorne, Kai and David McKay. Everything You Need to Know About Training. 1st ed., Jarir Bookstore, 2008, p. 297.

6. Watson, S.W. Physical Fitness and Athletic Performance. Longman Inc., 1993, p. 7.